NationMaster - Encyclopedia: À

The grave accent ( ` ) is a A diacritic mark or accent mark is an additional mark added to a basic letter. The word derives from Greek διακρητικός, distinguishing and diacritical is used to mean distinguishing or distinctive. The mark can be added over, under, or through... diacritic mark used in written The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. Ancient Greek in its various forms was the language both of classical Greek civilisation and of the origins of Christianity, and... Greek until 1982 is a number and represents a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar Events January-February January 6 - William Bonin is convicted of being the freeway killer. January 8 - AT&T agrees to divest itself of twenty-two subdivisions January 11 - Mark Thatcher, son of the... 1982 ( Polytonic orthography is the traditional way of writing Greek, which is used for Ancient Greek, Koine and Katharevousa but since the 1980s has mostly been replaced by monotonic orthography for Modern Greek. It contains three accents (grave, acute and circumflex) and the rough and smooth breathings (spiritus lenis and spiritus... polytonic orthography), French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. In 1999 French was the 11th most spoken language in the world being spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother tongue, and... French, Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language spoken by as many as approximately 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of Catalan speakers are in Spain. Classification Catalan is a Romance language. According to the Ethnologue, its specific classification is a... Catalan, Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. For other meanings, see Wales (disambiguation). Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg), not to be confused with the Welsh dialect of English, is a Brythonic branch of Celtic spoken natively in the western part of Britain known as Wales (Cymru), and... Welsh, Italian is a Romance language spoken by about 70 million people, most of whom live in Italy. Standard Italian is based on Tuscan dialects and is somewhat intermediate between the languages of Southern Italy and the Gallo-Romance languages of the North. The long-established Tuscan standard has, over the... Italian, Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, less commonly tiếng Việt Nam or Việt ngữ), formerly known as Annamite, is the national and official language of Vietnam (Việt Nam). It is the mother tongue of the Vietnamese people (ngườ... Vietnamese, Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. See IPA in Unicode if you have display problems. Scottish Gaelic, or just Gaelic (Gàidhlig; IPA: ), is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The branch includes Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Manx... Scottish Gaelic, Norwegian is a Germanic language spoken in Norway. Norwegian is closely related to, and generally mutually intelligible with Swedish and Danish. Together with these two languages, Norwegian belongs to the Northern, or Scandinavian group of the Germanic languages. Proficient speakers of any of the three languages can understand the others... Norwegian, Portuguese (português) is a Romance language predominantly spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and East Timor. Many linguists consider that Galician (galego), the native language of Galicia, is actually a variety of Portuguese, that has been strongly influenced by Spanish. With more than 200 million native... Portuguese, and other languages.

à è ì ò ù

In The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. Ancient Greek in its various forms was the language both of classical Greek civilisation and of the origins of Christianity, and... Greek the grave accent occurs only on the last syllable of a word, in cases where the normal high tone (indicated by an The acute accent (´) is a diacritic mark used in written French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician, Greek, Welsh, Hungarian, Faroese, Icelandic, Italian, Swedish, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Vietnamese, Dutch, Irish Gaelic, Croatian, Navajo and other languages. á é í ó ú ý Á É Í Ó Ú Ý Openness In French... acute accent) was lowered in Ancient Greek because of a following word in the same sentence. It is used in the traditional Polytonic orthography is the traditional way of writing Greek, which is used for Ancient Greek, Koine and Katharevousa but since the 1980s has mostly been replaced by monotonic orthography for Modern Greek. It contains three accents (grave, acute and circumflex) and the rough and smooth breathings (spiritus lenis and spiritus... polytonic orthography, but the Monotonic orthography is the simplified way for spelling modern Greek introduced in the 1980s. It replaces all the traditional Greek accents — grave accent ( ` ), acute accent ( ´ ), and circumflex ( ^ or ~ ) — by only one, the acute accent, and abandons the use of the rough breathing or spiritus asper) ( ) and smooth... monotonic orthography used for Modern Greek has replaced it with an acute accent.

In French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. In 1999 French was the 11th most spoken language in the world being spoken by about 77 million people (called Francophones) as a mother tongue, and... French, the grave accent has two uses. On the letter e it marks the distinct quality of the vowel: è [ɛ], and e [ə]. On the letters a and u it is used only as a grammatical mark that has no effect on pronunciation. On a it distinguishes the preposition à ("to") and the verb a (present tense of avoir), as well as distinguishing là ("there") and the feminine Definite Article is the title of British comedian Eddie Izzards 1996 performance released on video and CD. The video/DVD and CD performances were both recorded on different nights at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London, England. Both recordings cover topics such as The Italian Job, Pavlovs dogs and... definite article la; it is also used in the word déjà and the phrase çà et là. On u it is used only to distinguish où ("where") and ou ("or").

In Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language spoken by as many as approximately 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of Catalan speakers are in Spain. Classification Catalan is a Romance language. According to the Ethnologue, its specific classification is a... Catalan, the grave accent is used to mark both the stress and the distinct quality of certain stressed vowels, such as è [ɛ] versus é [e], or such as ò [ɔ] versus ó [o]. The letter a is the only one that takes the grave accent but not the acute.

In Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. For other meanings, see Wales (disambiguation). Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg), not to be confused with the Welsh dialect of English, is a Brythonic branch of Celtic spoken natively in the western part of Britain known as Wales (Cymru), and... Welsh, the accent is used to denote a short vowel sound in a word which would otherwise be pronounced with a long vowel sound, for example mẁg ("a mug") versus mwg ("smoke").

In Italian is a Romance language spoken by about 70 million people, most of whom live in Italy. Standard Italian is based on Tuscan dialects and is somewhat intermediate between the languages of Southern Italy and the Gallo-Romance languages of the North. The long-established Tuscan standard has, over the... Italian, it marks final In linguistics, stress is the emphasis given to some syllables (often no more than one in each word, but in many languages, long words have a secondary stress a few syllables away from the primary stress, as in the words cóunterfòil or còunterinté... stress, as in virtù ("virtue") or città ("city") or as in è ("it is").

In some Tone refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words. All languages use intonation to express emphasis, emotion, or other such nuances, but not every language uses tone to distinguish meaning outright. When this occurs, tones are equally important and essential as phonemes (discrete sounds, for example, /t... tonal languages such as Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, less commonly tiếng Việt Nam or Việt ngữ), formerly known as Annamite, is the national and official language of Vietnam (Việt Nam). It is the mother tongue of the Vietnamese people (ngườ... Vietnamese and This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. For the standardized official spoken Chinese language (Putonghua/ Guoyu), see Standard Mandarin. Mandarin listen?( Traditional: 北方話, Simplified: 北方话, Hanyu Pinyin: Běifānghuà, lit. Northern speech OR 北方方言 Hanyu... Mandarin Chinese, the grave accent is used to indicate a falling tone.

In Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. See IPA in Unicode if you have display problems. Scottish Gaelic, or just Gaelic (Gàidhlig; IPA: ), is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The branch includes Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Manx... Scottish Gaelic, it denotes a long vowel.

In Portuguese (português) is a Romance language predominantly spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and East Timor. Many linguists consider that Galician (galego), the native language of Galicia, is actually a variety of Portuguese, that has been strongly influenced by Spanish. With more than 200 million native... Portuguese, the grave accent indicates the fusion of the feminine definite article "a" with the preposition "a" (required by several verbs; can be equivalent, for instance, of "to"). The fusion is called crase: "à" or "às". The grave accent does not change the pronunciation of "a". The grave accent can be used also in the fusion of the preposition "a" and demonstrative pronouns: "aquele" and "aquela" (that one), "aqueles" and "aquelas" (those) and "aquilo" (that), composing "àquele", "àquela", "àqueles", "àquelas" and "àquilo".

In transliterating texts written in Cuneiform script The Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. Created by the Sumerians in the late 4th millennium BC, cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. Over time, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract. The awesome Sumerian script was adapted for... Cuneiform, a grave accent over the vowel indicates that the original sign is the third representing that value in the canonical lists. Thus u is used to transliterate the first sign with the phonetic value [u], while ù transliterates the third sign with the value [u] (usually used for "and").

The grave accent is used in The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. It is the third most common first language (native speakers), with around 402 million people in 2002. English has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence... English only in poetry and song lyrics. It indicates that a vowel usually silent is to be pronounced, in order to fit the rhythm or meter. Most often, it is applied to a word ending with -ed. For instance, the word looked is usually pronounced as a single syllable, with the e silent; when written as lookèd, the e is pronounced—look-ed. It can also be used in this capacity to distinguish certain pairs of identically spelled words like the The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past. In English, there are two dictinct types of past tense: Present perfect Preterite (or simple past) Each of these may also be found in the progressive (continuous) aspect. See also: present tense, future tense... past tense of learn, learned, from the An adjective is a part of speech which modifies a noun, usually making its meaning more specific. Adjectives are used in a predicative or attributive manner. In some languages, attributive adjectives precede the noun. This is the case in the Germanic languages, to which the English language belongs. In other... adjective learnèd.

The word grave is derived from the Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. It gained great importance as the formal language of the Roman Empire. All Romance languages are descended from Latin, and many words based on Latin are found in other modern languages such as English. It is said... Latin gravis (heavy), itself a translation of the Greek barys (βαρύς). In English the word is normally pronounced "grahv" (IPA /gɹɑːv/), in other words not like grave meaning serious or a tomb.

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The ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 or less formally as Latin-1, is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard character encoding defined by ISO. It encodes what it refers to as Latin alphabet no. 1, consisting of 191 characters from the Latin script... ISO-8859-1 character encoding includes the letters à, è, ì, ò, ù, and their respective Majuscules or capital letters (in the Roman alphabet: A, B, C, ...) are one type of case in a writing system. Compare minuscule (a, b, c, ...). Majuscules and minuscules are sometimes also known as uppercase (or upper case) and lowercase (or lower case) letters, respectively. Some languages make no distinction between... capital forms. Dozens more letters with the grave accent are available in In computing, Unicode is the international standard whose goal is to provide the means to encode the text of every document people want to store in computers. This includes all scripts still in active use today, many scripts known only by scholars, and symbols which do not strictly represent scripts... Unicode. Unicode also provides the grave accent as a This article shows Unicode characters from 128 to 999. Depending on the fonts installed on your computer and the settings of the browser the number of characters shown correctly may vary. Since the first 256 code points of Unicode are based on ISO 8859-1, Unicode characters 128 to 159... combining character.

In the There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), generally pronounced ass-key, is a character set and a character encoding based on the Roman alphabet as used in modern English and other Western European languages. It is most commonly used by... ASCII character set the grave accent is encoded as character 96, hex 60. Outside the US character 96 is often replaced by the local currency symbol. Many UK computers have the The pound sterling, which strictly speaking refers to basic currency unit of sterling, now the pound, can generally refer to the currency of the United Kingdom (UK). The standard ISO 4217 currency code is GBP = Great British Pound, (UKP is non-standard and sometimes wrongly used) The sign for the... UK pound symbol as character 96.

On many computer keyboards, the grave accent occupies a key by itself, and is meant to be combined with vowels as a multi-key combination. However, programmers have used the key by itself for a number of tasks.

Many of the A Unix shell, also called the command line, provides the traditional user interface for the Unix operating system. Users direct the operation of the computer by entering command input as text for a shell to execute. Within the Microsoft Windows suite of operating systems the analogous program is command.com... UNIX shells and the An alternate rewrite has been has been proposed. Please refer to it for large rewrites. A programming language or computer language is a standardized communication technique for expressing instructions to a computer. It is a set of syntactic and semantic rules used to define computer programs. A language enables a... programming language Programming Republic of Perl logo Perl, also Practical Extraction and Report Language (a backronym, see below), is a programming language released by Larry Wall on December 18, 1987 that borrows features from C, sed, awk, shell scripting (sh), and (to a lesser extent) from many other programming languages. Rationale Perl... Perl use pairs of this character—known as backquote or backtick—to indicate substitution of the The standard streams are a set of input and output channels featured in Unix and Unix-like operating systems, and provided by the standard I/O library (stdio.h) of the C programming language. They consist of three channels through which data can be passed to or from a program... standard output from one command into a line of text defining another command. A safer and often easier way to accomplish such a task is using the command xargs is a command of the Unix and most Unix-like operating system which eases passing command output to another command as command line arguments. It splits its often piped input at whitespaces (or the null character) and calls the command given as an argument with each element of the... xargs instead of backquotes.

In Lisp is a family of functional programming languages with a long history. Developed first as a practical model of computation (in comparison to Alan Turings), it later became the favored language of artificial intelligence research during the fields heyday in the 1970s and 1980s. Lisp languages are today... Lisp Macro (meaning large or wide) is also applied to macroeconomics, and macroscopic or macro lenses. Macro (meaning a kind of close-up photography) is found at Macro photography. A macro is an abstraction, whereby a certain textual pattern is replaced according to a defined set of rules. The interpreter or... macro systems, the backquote character (called quasiquote in The Scheme programming language is a functional programming language and a dialect of Lisp. It was developed by Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman in the 1970s and introduced to the academic world via a series of papers now referred to as Sussman and Steeles Lambda Papers. Scheme... Scheme) introduces a quoted expression in which comma-substitution may occur. It is identical to the plain quote, except that symbols prefixed wğith a A comma ( , ) is a punctuation mark. It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single quotation mark in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline of the text. Some typefaces render it as a small line, slightly curved or straight, some... comma will be replaced with those symbols' values as variables. This is roughly analogous to the Unix shell's variable interpolation with $ inside double quotes.

In Pico is a programming language developed at the PROG lab at the Dutch-speaking Free University of Brussels (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB). The language was created to introduce the essentials of programming to non computer science students. Pico can be seen as an effort to generate a palatable and enjoyable... Pico the backquote is used to indicate comments in the programming language.

In The Verilog HDL is a hardware description language, used for the design of ASICs and FPGAs. The designers of Verilog wanted to design a language that was based on the C programming language so that it would be familiar to engineers and readily accepted. In practice, it bears only a... Verilog the grave accent is used to help define a size constant (for example, 2`b01). Accidental use of an apostrophe instead of a grave accent is one of the top five beginner mistakes in the language.

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