NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Émile Littré

Émile Maximilien Paul Littré (February 1, 1801 - June 2, 1881) was a French lexicographer and philosopher. February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events January 1 - Legislative union of Ireland completed under the Act of Union 1800, bringing about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... Events January - April January 16-24 ? Siege of Geok Tepe ? Russian troops under general Skobeleff defeat Turkomans January 25 - Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company February 5 - Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated. ... France - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... A lexicographer is a person devoted to the study of lexicography, especially an author of a dictionary. ... A philosopher is a person devoted to studying and producing results in philosophy. ...

He was born in Paris. His father had been a gunner, and afterwards sergeant-major of marine artillery, in the French navy, and was deeply imbued with the revolutionary ideas of the day. Settling down as a collector of taxes, he married Sophie Johannot, a free-thinker like himself, and devoted himself to the education of his son Émile. The boy was sent to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where he had for friends Hachette and Eugène Burnouf. After he had completed his course at school, he hesitated for a time as to what profession he should adopt, and meanwhile made himself master, not only of the English and German languages, but of the classical and Sanskrit literature and philology. The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ... The Sanskrit language ( संस्कृता वाक्) is one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family and is not only a classical language, but also an official language of India. ... Philology is the study of ancient texts and languages. ...

At last he determined to study medicine, and in 1822 entered his name as a student of medicine. He passed all his examinations in due course, and had only his thesis to prepare in order to obtain his degree as doctor when in 1827 his father died, leaving his mother absolutely without resources. He at once renounced his degree, and, while attending the lectures of PFO Rayer and taking a keen interest in medicine, began teaching Latin and Greek for a livelihood. He carried a musket on the popular side in the Revolution of February 1830, and was one of the national guards who followed Charles X to Rambouillet. In 1831 he obtained an introduction to Armand Carrel, the editor of the National, who gave him the task of reading the English and German papers for excerpts. Carrel by chance, in 1835, discovered the ability of his reader, who from that time became a constant contributor, and eventually director of the paper. See drugs, medication, and pharmacology for substances that are used to treat patients. ... Events March 30 - Florida becomes a United States territory. ... Events February 20 - Battle of Huzaingo February 28 - The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad is incorporated, becoming the first railroad offering commercial transportation of both people and freight. ... Latin - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Charles X, King of France and of Navarre ( October 9, 1757 – November 6, 1836) was born at the Palace of Versailles. ... Rambouillet is a town and commune in the Yvelines département, lying about 50 km south-west of Paris. ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Armand Carrel (May 8, 1800 _ July 25, 1836) was a French writer. ... 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1836, Littré began to contribute articles on all sorts of subjects to the Revue des deux mondes; in 1837 he married; and in 1839 appeared the first volume of his edition of the works of Hippocrates. The value of this work was recognized by his election the same year into the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. At this epoch he came across the works of Auguste Comte, the reading of which formed, as he himself said, "the cardinal point of his life," and from this time onward appears the influence of positivism on his own life, and, what is of more importance, his influence on positivism, for he gave as much to positivism as he received from it. He soon became a friend of Comte, and popularized his ideas in numerous works on the positivist philosophy. At the same time he continued his edition of Hippocrates, which was not completed till 1862, published a similar edition of Pliny's Natural History, and after 1844 took Fauriel's place on the committee engaged on the Histoire littéraire de la France, where his knowledge of the early French language and literature was invaluable. Events January - Book by Maria Monk claims that she was sexually exploited in a Canadian convent February 3 - United States Whig Party holds its first convention in Albany, New York. ... The Revue des Deux Mondes is a monthly French language magazine. ... Events January 10 - DePauw University founded in Greencastle, Indiana January 26 - Michigan is admitted as the 26th U.S. state February 8 - Richard Johnson becomes the first Vice President of the United States chosen by the United States Senate February 11 - American Physiological Society organizes in Boston February 13 - Rowland... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Hippocrates: a conventionalized image in a Roman portrait bust (19th century engraving) Hippocrates of Cos (c. ... The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres is a French learned society founded in 1663 and concerned with the humanities. ... Auguste Comte Auguste Comte (full name Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte) ( January 17 (recorded January 19), 1798 - September 5, 1857) was a positivist thinker and a founder of the discipline of sociology. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Events January-March January 10 - End of term for John Gately Downey, 7th Governor of California. ... Gaius Plinius Secundus, (23–79) better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient author and scientist of some importance who wrote Naturalis Historia. ... Events January 15 - University of Notre Dame receives its charter from Indiana. ... Claude Charles Fauriel (October 21, 1772 _ July 15, 1844) was a French historian, philologist and critic. ...

It was about 1844 that he started working on his great Dictionnaire de la langue française, which was, however, not to be completed till thirty years after. In the revolution of July 1848 he took part in the repression of the extreme republican party in June 1849. His essays, contributed during this period to the National, were collected together and published under the title of Conservation, revolution et positivisme in 1852, and show a thorough acceptance of all the doctrines propounded by Comte. However, during the later years of his master's life, he began to perceive that he could not wholly accept all the dogmas or the more mystic ideas of his friend and master, but he concealed his differences of opinion, and Comte failed to perceive that his pupil had outgrown him, as he himself had outgrown his master Saint-Simon. Events January 15 - University of Notre Dame receives its charter from Indiana. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (October 17, 1760 - May 19, 1825), the founder of French socialism, was born in Paris. ...

Comte's death in 1858 freed Littré from any fear of embittering his master's later years, and he published his own ideas in his Paroles de la philosophie positive in 1859, and at still greater length in his work in Auguste Comte et la philosophie positive in 1863. In this book he traces the origin of Comte's ideas through Turgot, Kant and Saint-Simon, then eulogizes Comte's own life, his method of philosophy, his great services to the cause and the effect of his works, and finally proceeds to show' where he himself differs from him. He approved wholly of Comte's philosophy, his great laws of society and his philosophical method, which indeed he defended warmly against JS Mill, but declared that, while he believed in a positivist philosophy, he did not believe in a religion of humanity. 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. ... Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, often referred to as Turgot (May 10, 1727 ? March 18, 1781), was a French statesman and economist. ... Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724 – February 12, 1804) was a Prussian philosopher, generally regarded as one of Europes most influential thinkers and the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment. ... John Stuart Mill (May 20, 1806 - May 8, 1873), aka JS Mill, an English philosopher and political economist, was the most influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. ...

About 1863, after completing his Hippocrates and his Pliny, he set to work in earnest on his French dictionary. In the same year he was proposed for the Académie française, but rejected, owing to the opposition of Mgr. Dupanloup, bishop of Orleans, who denounced him in his Avertissement aux pères de famille as the chief of the French materialists. He also at this time started with G Wyrouboff the Philosophie Positive, a review which was to embody the views of modern positivists. 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Categories: Dictionaries | Lists | Technical communication tools ... The Académie française, or French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. ... Felix Antoine Philibert Dupanloup (January 3, 1802 - October 11, 1878), French ecclesiastic, was born at St Felix in Savoy. ...

His life was thus absorbed in literary work till the overthrow of the Empire called on him to take a part in politics, lie felt himself too old to undergo the privations of the siege of Paris, and retired with his family to Britanny, whence he was summoned by M. Gambetta to Bordeaux, to lecture on history, and thence to Versailles to take his seat in the senate to which he had been chosen by the département of the Seine. In December 1871 he was elected a member of the Académie Française in spite of the renewed opposition of Mgr. Dupanloup, who resigned his seat rather than receive him. This is about the region in France; for other meanings of Brittany and Bretagne, see Brittany (disambiguation). ... Painting of Léon Gambetta by Léon Bonnat Léon Gambetta ( April 2, 1838 - December 31, 1882), French statesman, was born at Cahors. ... City motto: Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem. ... Versailles, formerly the capital city of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important administrative and judicial center. ... The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France, roughly analogous to British counties and are now grouped into 22 metropolitan and four overseas régions. ...

Littré's Dictionary was completed in 1873. An authoritative interpretation is given of the use of each word, based on the various meanings it had held in the past. In 1875 Littré was elected a life senator. The most notable of his productions in these years were his political papers attacking and unveiling the confederacy of the Orleanists and Legitimists, and in favour of the republic, his republication of many of his old articles and books, among others the Conservation, révolution et positivisme of 1852 (which he reprinted word for word, appending a formal, categorical renunciation of many of the Comtist doctrines therein contained), and a little tract Pour la derniere fois, in which he maintained his unalterable belief in materialism. When it became obvious that the old man could not live much longer, his wife and daughter, who had always been fervent Catholics, strove to convert him to their religion. He had long interviews with Père Millériot, a celebrated controversialist, and was much grieved at his death; but it is hardly probable he would have ever been really converted. Nevertheless, when on the point of death, his wife had him baptized, and his funeral was conducted with the rites of the Catholic Church. 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Orleanists comprised a French political faction or party which arose out of the Revolution, and ceased to have a separate existence shortly after the establishment of the Third Republic in 1872. ... Legitimists are those Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Salic Law. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Roman Catholic Church believes its founding was based on Jesus appointment of Saint Peter as the primary church leader, later Bishop of Rome. ...

In the domain of science must be noted his edition, with Charles Robin, of Nysten's Dictionnaire de medicine, de chirurgie, &c. (1855) Hippocrates: a conventionalized image in a Roman portrait bust (19th century engraving) Hippocrates of Cos (c. ... Gaius Plinius Secundus, (23–79) better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient author and scientist of some importance who wrote Naturalis Historia. ... David Friedrich Strauss (January 27, 1808 - February 8, 1874), was a German theologian and writer. ...

For his life consult CA Sainte-Beuve, Notice sue M. Littré, sa vie et ses travaux (1863); and Nouveaux Lundis, vol. v.; also the notice by M. Durand-Gréville in the Nouvelle Revue of August 1881; E Caro, Littré et le positivisme (1883); Pasteur, Discours de récéption at the Academy, where he succeeded Littré, and a reply by Ernest Renan. Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve (December 23, 1804 – October 13, 1869) was a literary critic and one of the major figures of French literary history. ... Elme Marie Caro (March 4, 1826 - July 13, 1887), was a French philosopher. ... Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist who demonstrated the germ theory of disease and developed techniques of inoculation, most notably the first vaccine against rabies. ... Ernest Renan (February 27, 1823 - October 12, 1892) was a French philosopher and writer. ...

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911) in many ways represents the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. ...

Categories: 1911 Britannica | 1801 births | 1881 deaths | French philosophers | Lexicographers | Members of the Académie française This is a list of members of the Académie française (French Academy) by seat number. ... The Académie française, or French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. ... Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist who demonstrated the germ theory of disease and developed techniques of inoculation, most notably the first vaccine against rabies. ...