NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Évariste Galois

portrait of Évariste Galois Taken from this page. This portrait was drawn during the 19th century and thus is out of copyright. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history...

Galois was young-looking for his age and had black hair.

Evariste Galois ( October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 67 days remaining. Events 732 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into... October 25, Events February 5 - George, Prince of Wales becomes Regent because of the perceived insanity of his father, King George III of the United Kingdom.He is known as the Prince Regent. This is the beginning of the period known as the English Regency. March 1 - Egyptian ruler Mohammed Ali kills... 1811 – May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years). There are 214 days remaining. Events 1500-1899 1578 - Martin Frobisher sails from Harwich, England, destined to mine fools gold at Frobisher Bay, which is used to pave streets in London. 1779... May 31, Events February 12 - Ecuador annexes the Galapagos Islands February 12 – serious cholera epidemic begins in London from the East London. It is declared officially over in early May but deaths continue. At least 3000 victims March 24 - In Hiram, Ohio a group of men beat, tar and feather Mormon... 1832) was a The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... French A mathematician is a person whose area of study and research is mathematics. Roles Mathematicians not only study, but also research, and this must be given prominent mention here, because a misconception that everything in mathematics is already known is widespread among persons not learned in that field. In fact... mathematician born in Bourg-la-Reine is a commune in the suburbs of Paris. It is located about 5 km from Paris. It is part of the communauté dagglomération of Hauts de Bièvre. Postal code: 92340 INSEE code: 92014 Population: 18,500 Area: 186 hectares Elevation: 48m Miscellaneous Bourg-la... Bourg-la-Reine. He was a mathematical Prodigies are masters of a specific skill or art, a talent which manifests itself at an early age. One generally accepted definition of a prodigy is a person who, by the age of 10, displays expert proficiency in a field usually only undertaken by adults. Some of the fields more... child prodigy. While still in his teens, he was able to determine a necessary and sufficient condition for a In mathematics, polynomial functions, or polynomials, are an important class of simple and smooth functions. Here, simple means they are constructed using only multiplication and addition. Smooth means they are infinitely differentiable, i.e., they have derivatives of all finite orders. Because of their simple structure, polynomials are very easy... polynomial to be solvable by radicals, thereby solving a long-standing problem. His work laid the fundamental foundations for In mathematics, Galois theory is that branch of abstract algebra which studies the symmetries of the roots of polynomials. In other words, the Galois theory is the study of solutions to polynomials and how the different solutions are related to each other. Symmetries are usually expressed in terms of symmetry... Galois theory, a major branch of Abstract algebra is the field of mathematics concerned with the study of algebraic structures such as groups, rings and fields. The term abstract algebra is used to distinguish the field from elementary algebra or high school algebra which teaches the correct rules for manipulating formulas and algebraic expressions involving real... abstract algebra, and the subfield of In mathematics, especially in order theory, a Galois connection is a particular correspondence between two partially ordered sets (posets). Galois connections generalize the correspondence between subgroups and subfields investigated in Galois theory. They find applications in various mathematical theories as well as in the theory of programming. A Galois connection... Galois connections. He was the first to use the word " In mathematics, a group is a set, together with a binary operation, such as multiplication or addition, satisfying certain axioms, detailed below. The branch of mathematics which studies groups is called group theory. The historical origin of group theory goes back to the works of Evariste Galois (1830), concerning the... group" as a technical term in mathematics to represent a group of permutations. He died in a For an account of the Steven Spielberg film, see Duel (movie). A duel or duel of honour is a form of armed combat in which two individuals participate. Duels represent a contrived combat situation designed to maximize fairness of combat. They usually develop out of a desire for one party... duel at the age of twenty.

In Events January 4 - The Vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Comte de Villèle as Prime Minister of France. January 22 - The Duke of Wellington succeeds Lord Goderich as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He repeals the Test Act, Catholics, and introduces the Roman Catholic Relief Act the following year... 1828 he attempted the entrance exam to The cadets of Polytechnique rushed to the defense of Paris against the foreign armies in 1814. A statue set in the honor courtyard of the school commemorates this deed. The École polytechnique (the Polytechnic School), often nicknamed X, is the foremost of the French Grandes écoles of engineering... École Polytechnique, without the usual preparation in mathematics, and failed. He failed yet again on the second, final attempt the next year. It is undisputed that Galois was more than qualified; however, accounts differ on why he failed. The legend holds that he thought the exercise proposed to him by the examiner to be of no interest, and, in exasperation, he threw the rag used to clean up chalk marks on the blackboard at the examiner's head. More plausible accounts state that Galois refused to justify his statements and answer the examiner's questions. Galois's behavior was perhaps influenced by the recent suicide of his father.

His memoir on equation theory would be submitted several times but was never published in his lifetime, due to various events. Initially he sent it to Augustin Louis Cauchy Augustin Louis Cauchy (August 21, 1789 – May 23, 1857) was a French mathematician. He started the project of formulating and proving the theorems of calculus in a rigorous manner and was thus an early pioneer of analysis. He also gave several important theorems in complex analysis... Cauchy, who told him his work overlapped with recent work of Niels Henrik Abel (August 5, 1802–April 6, 1829), Norwegian mathematician, was born in Finnøy. In 1815 he entered the cathedral school at Christiania (as Oslo was then called), and three years later he gave proof of his mathematical genius by his brilliant solutions of the original problems... Abel. Galois revised his memoir and sent it to Fourier in early 1830, upon the advice of Cauchy, to be considered for the Grand Prix of the Academy. Unfortunately, Fourier died soon after, and the memoir was lost. The prize would be awarded that year to Abel posthumously and also to Jacobi.

Despite the lost memoir, Galois published three papers that year, which laid the foundations for Galois Theory.

In January 1831, Galois returned to mathematics after a brief hiatus. Simeon Poisson. Siméon-Denis Poisson (June 21, 1781 – April 25, 1840), was a French mathematician, geometer and physicist. Poisson was born at Pithiviers in the département of Loiret, France. His father, Siméon Poisson, served as a common soldier in the Hanoverian wars; but, disgusted by the... Simeon Poisson asked him to submit his work on solutions of equations. Later that year, Galois would receive a letter of rejection from Poisson while in prison for his revolutionary activities. Poisson stated (to others): His argument is neither sufficiently clear nor sufficiently developed to allow us to judge its rigour.

It was resubmitted again in shorter form. The importance of the work was not generally recognized during his lifetime, although some mathematicians such as Cauchy understood its implications.

Galois was a staunch This article is on the political theory of republicanism. Republicanism can also refer to the positions of the United States Republican Party. Republicanism is a philosophy that begins with Platos Socratic dialogue, Republic. The modern variety of republicanism incorporates additional ideas, some derived from a belief in the old... Republican, famous for having toasted Louis-Philippe of France (October 6, 1773–August 26, 1850), served as the Orleanist king of the French from 1830 to 1848. Born in Paris, Louis-Philippe, as the son of Louis Philippe Joseph, duc dOrl ans (known as Philippe galit ), descended directly from King Louis XIII. During... Louis-Philippe with a dagger above his cup, which leads some to believe that his death in a duel was set up by the secret police.

The night before the duel, supposedly fought in order to defend the honor of a woman, he was so convinced of his impending death that he stayed up all night writing letters to his Republican friends and composing what would become his mathematical testament. In his final papers he outlined the rough edges of some work he had been doing in analysis and annotated a copy of the manuscript submitted to the academy and other papers. On the 30th of May 1832, early in the morning, he was shot in the abdomen and died the following day at ten in the Cochin hospital (probably of Peritonitis is infection (or inflammation) of the peritoneum, which is a two-layered membrane covering both the surfaces of the organs that lie in the abdominal cavity and the inner surface of the abdominal cavity itself. It is frequently life-threatening and acute peritonitis is a medical emergency. Outlook for... peritonitis) after refusing the offices of a priest.

His last words to his brother Alfred were: "Don't cry! I need all my courage to die at twenty."

Galois' mathematical contributions were finally fully published in Events February 6 - The first United States The Virginia Minstrels opens (Bowery Amphitheatre in New York City). February 11 - Giuseppe Verdis opera I Lombardi premieres in Milan May 18 - The Disruption of the Church of Scotland took place in Edinburgh May 22 - The first major wagon train headed for... 1843 when Joseph Liouville (born March 24, 1809, died September 8, 1882) was a French mathematician. Liouville graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1827. After some years as assistant at various institutions he was appointed as professor at the École Polytechnique in 1838. He obtained a chair in mathematics at the Coll... Liouville reviewed his manuscript and declared that he had indeed solved the problem first proposed and also solved by Niels Henrik Abel (August 5, 1802–April 6, 1829), Norwegian mathematician, was born in Finnøy. In 1815 he entered the cathedral school at Christiania (as Oslo was then called), and three years later he gave proof of his mathematical genius by his brilliant solutions of the original problems... Abel. The manuscript was finally published in the October-November Events January 5 - The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Territory with the United Kingdom February 5 - The Oregon Spectator becomes the first newspaper on the United States. February 10 - Many Mormons begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois to Great Salt Lake led by... 1846 issue of the Journal des mathématiques pures et appliquées.

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