NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ï

In Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ...linguistics, a diaeresis or dieresis ( American English or U.S. English is the diverse form of the English language used mostly in the United States of America. ...AE) (from The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo_European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. ...Greek diairein, "to divide") is the modification of a syllable by distinctly pronouncing one of its Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ...vowels. The A diacritic mark or accent mark is an additional mark added to a basic letter. ...diacritic mark composed of two small dots ( ¨ ) placed over a vowel to indicate this modification is also called a diaeresis. (In the case of an "i", it replaces the original dot.)

ä ë ï ö ü ÿ

Contents

1 Usage

2 Similar looks, different functions

2.1 Umlaut
2.2 Other evolved ligatures

3 Diaeresis in Cyrillic

4 How to produce the characters on computers

5 Time derivatives in mathematics

6 See also

Usage

In French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ...French, The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo_European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. ...Greek, and Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...Dutch, and in The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...English borrowings from them, this is often done to indicate that the second of a pair of vowels is to be pronounced as a separate vowel rather than being treated as silent or as part of a In phonetics, a diphthong ( Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds) is a vowel combination usually involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ...diphthong, as in the word naïve or the names Chloë and Zoë. Welsh redirects here, and this article describes the Welsh language. ...Welsh also uses the accent for this purpose, with the diaeresis usually indicating the stressed vowel. French also uses the diaeresis to indicate syllabification in, for example, Gaëlle and païen. It is called trema or deelteken in Dutch, tréma in French.

The diaeresis is also occasionally used on native English words for the above purposes (as in "coöperate", "reënact", and the surname "Brontë"), but this usage has become very rare since the Centuries: 19th century _ 20th century _ 21st century Decades: 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s _ 1940s _ 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Years: 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 Events and trends Technology First nuclear bomb First cruise missile, the V1 flying bomb and the first ballistic missile, the...1940s. The New Yorkers first cover, which is reprinted each year on the magazines anniversary. ...The New Yorker magazine is noted as one of the few publications that still spells "coöperate" with a diaeresis.

In This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ...Spanish and Portuguese (português) is a Romance language predominantly spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and East Timor. ...Portuguese, it is used over the vowel u to indicate that it is pronounced in places where that vowel would normally be silent. In particular, the u is silent in the letter combinations gue and gui, but in words such as vergüenza ("shame") or pingüino ("penguin"), the u is pronounced, forming a diphthong with the following vowel ([we] and [wi] respectively). Only Brazilian Portuguese uses the diaeresis like Spanish and when the "u" is not silent in the letter combinations "que" and "qui", in words such "cinqüenta" ("fifty") and "qüinqüênio" (a five_year period). The diaeresis doesn't exist in the Portuguese of Portugal and its other former colonies.

In Catalan (Català, Valencià) is a Romance language spoken by as many as approximately 12 million people in portions of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, although the majority of Catalan speakers are in Spain. ...Catalan, diaereses serve two different purposes. Similarly to Spanish, they are used in the groups güe, güi, qüe, and qüi to indicate that the u is in fact pronounced forming a diphthong with the following vowel ([we] and [wi] respectively). For example, aigües ("waters"), qüestió ("matter"). Also, similarly to French, diaereses are used over i or u to indicate that they do not form a diphthong with a preceding vowel. For example, veïna [b@'in@] ("neighbour", feminine), diürn [di'urn] ("diurnal").

Ÿ can also be used in transcribed The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo_European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. ...Greek: there it represents the non_ In phonetics, a diphthong ( Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds) is a vowel combination usually involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ...diphthong αυ (alpha upsilon), e.g. in the Persian name Artaÿctes at the very end of Herodotus was an ancient historian who lived in the 5th century BC (484 BC _ c. ...Herodotus. Ÿ is also rarely found in French in certain proper nouns (for instance, the name of the The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. ...Parisian suburb of l'Haÿ_les_Roses).

Similar looks, different functions

This page is about punctuation. ...Umlaut

The same diacritic mark is used for a different purpose in German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ...German: in this language it marks a variation in the pronunciation of vowels known as This page is about punctuation. ...umlaut. Although sometimes rendered as two vertical or oblique bars above the letter, in most typescripts it is almost indistinguishable from diaeresis — the only difference being that in well_designed typographical fonts umlaut dots will be very close to the letter's body, while diaeresis dots will be a bit farther up with a bit more of white space between the letter and the dots. In computer screen fonts the difference is usually not noticeable.

The mark evolved from the ligatures Æ æ For the article on Æ, the Irish writer, see: George William Russell Æ, or æ, is a vowel and a grapheme used in the Icelandic, Danish, Faroese, and Norwegian alphabets. ...æ and œ to a small Sütterlin 'e' written above the letter, which would appear as small bars or dots; the umlauts, when needed, can be substituted by 'ae', 'oe' and 'ue'; they should not be substituted by the bare vowels 'a', 'o', and 'u'.

The need to distinguish between Umlaut and Trema in In computing, Unicode is the international standard whose goal is to provide the means to encode the text of every document people want to store in computers. ...Unicode has led to the following recommendation by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2, for use only in cases where a need to distinguish between umlaut and trema is present:

To represent Trema use Combining Grapheme Joiner (CGJ, 034F) + Combining Diaeresis (0308)
To represent Umlaut use Combining Diaeresis (0308)

Other evolved ligatures

In Finnish is spoken by the majority (92%) in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. ...Finnish, The Hungarian language is a Finno_Ugric language spoken in Hungary and in adjacent areas of Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Slovenia (all territories lost after World War I). ...Hungarian, Turkish (Türkçe or Türk dili) is a Turkic language, spoken natively by over 100 million speakers in Turkey, Cyprus, and worldwide. ...Turkish and A North Germanic language is any of several Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia, parts of Finland and on the islands west of Scandinavia. ...North Germanic languages (i.e., Danish is one of the Scandinavian languages, a sub_group of the Germanic group of the Indo_European language family. ...Danish, Icelandic (íslenska) is a North Germanic language spoken in Iceland. ...Icelandic, Norwegian is a Germanic language spoken in Norway. ...Norwegian and Swedish (svenska) is a language spoken principally in Sweden, Finland (Finland_Swedish, Swedish: finlandssvenska), Åland and in the coastland of Estonia Swedish is classified as a member of the East section of the Scandinavian languages, a sub_group of the Germanic group of the Indo_European language family. ...Swedish) there are characters that appear similar to German This page is about punctuation. ...umlauts (ü, Ä - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...ä, and Ö, or ö, is a glyph which represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, the letter O with umlaut, or a letter O with diaeresis. ...ö), and represent sounds similar to the corresponding sounds in German. Despite this, they are in fact considered as letters in their own right, as is Å, or å, is a letter, representing a vowel, in the Swedish, Finnish, Danish, Norwegian, Walloon and Chamorro alphabets. ...å. This is the reason why, unlike in German, it is not correct to replace them with 'ae' or 'oe'. The umlaut, particularly on the letter u, is also used in the transcription of languages that do not use the Roman alphabet, such as Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino_Tibetan family of languages. ...Chinese. For example, 女 (meaning female) is transcribed as nü.

In Luxembourgish or Luxembourgian (in French, Luxembourgeois; in German, Luxemburgisch; in Luxembourgish Lëtzebuergesch) is a West Germanic language spoken in Luxembourg. ...Lëtzebuergesch, the native language of Luxembourg, the two dots over the first 'e' represent a stressed See Schwa (art) for the underground artist. ...schwa. Since the language uses the mark to show stress, it cannot be used to modify the 'u' which therefore has to be 'ue'.

As such uses do not mark grammatical variation, i.e. of Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...tense or In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ...mood, nor syllable modification, they are not properly cases of umlaut. Hence it is improper to call these characters umlauts.

The Ĳ (IJ) is a letter from the Dutch alphabet used to represent the diphthong or . ...letter IJ is sometimes written Ÿ/ÿ, but this is not a standard use. IJ/ij should be used for these character; Ĳ/ĳ is a poorly supported and discouraged alternative. Ÿ is used because the "Dutch Y" represents a single letter in all cases, for example IJsselmeer. Note that in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) the 'y' does correspond to and is pronounced the same as the Dutch 'ij'.

Other evolved ligatures include the letters W is the twenty_third letter of the modern Latin alphabet. ...W ("double U"), Æ æ For the article on Æ, the Irish writer, see: George William Russell Æ, or æ, is a vowel and a grapheme used in the Icelandic, Danish, Faroese, and Norwegian alphabets. ...æ, and the German The ß — Eszett ( IPA ) in German or scharfes S (sharp S) if spelled out — is a letter used only in the German alphabet. ...ß.

Diaeresis in The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ...Cyrillic

Cyrillic letters А, О, У with diaeresis are used in The Altay language is a language of the Turkic group of languages. ...Altay, Mari, or Cheremis, is a language of the Finno_Ugric family. ...Mari and Keräşen Alphabet for Kazan Tatar language Two versions of the Tatar alphabet are currently used. ...Tatar alphabets for sounds ä, ö, ü since the 19th century. The The Early Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in Bulgaria during the 10th century A.D. for the writing of Old Church Slavonic. ...early Cyrillic alphabet, used to write Old Church Slavonic (also called Old Church Slavic or Old Bulgarian, incorrectly Old Slavic ) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Solun (Thessaloniki) by 9th century Byzantine missionaries, Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius. ...Old Church Slavonic, also employed diaeresis. In Udmurt (удмурт кыл, udmurt kyl) is a Finno_Ugric language spoken by the Udmurts, native of the Russian constituent republic of Udmurtia, where it is co_official with the Russian language. ...Udmurt language diaeresis is also used with consonat letters З,Ж.

How to produce the characters on computers

The ISO 8859_1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859_1 or less formally as Latin_1, is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard character encoding defined by ISO. It encodes what it refers to as Latin alphabet no. ...ISO 8859_1 character encoding includes the letters ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, and their respective Majuscules or capital letters (in the Roman alphabet: A, B, C, ...) are one type of case in a writing system. ...capital forms, as well as ÿ in Minuscule, or lower case, is the smaller form (case) of letters (in the Roman alphabet: a, b, c, ...). Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule (capital) letters which were spaced between well_defined upper and lower bounds. ...lower case only (Ÿ was added in the revised edition, ISO 8859_15, also known as Latin_9, and unofficially as Latin_0 but not as Latin_15, is part 15 of ISO 8859, a standard character encoding defined by ISO. It encodes characters as 8 bits and can be used to represent the alphabet and other important characters for...ISO 8859_15). Dozens of more letters with the diaeresis are available in In computing, Unicode is the international standard whose goal is to provide the means to encode the text of every document people want to store in computers. ...Unicode. Unicode also provides the diaeresis as a Combining diacritical marks are Unicode characters that are intended to modify other characters (see Diacritic). ...combining character U+0308. Unicode treats the umlaut as the same diacritic mark as diaeresis, and does not encode seperate characters for the same letter with umlaut and with diaeresis. In those cases where umlauts must be distinguished from diaeresis, the special character U+034F COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER (CGJ) can be used:

For diaeresis: X + CGJ + COMBINING DIAERESIS (e.g. a͏̈)

For umlauts: X + COMBINING DIAERESIS (e.g. ä)

It is then up to the A user agent is the client application used with a particular network protocol; the phrase is most commonly used in reference to those which access the World Wide Web. ...user agent and In typography, a typeface is a co_ordinated set of character designs, which usually comprises an alphabet of letters, a set of numerals and a set of punctuation marks. ...typeface being used to provide meaningful distinction between the two characters.

The HTML has been in use since 1991 (note that the W3C international standard is now XHTML), but the first standardized version with a reasonably complete treatment of international characters was version 4. ...HTML entities for these characters all end in uml; e.g. ä = ä. These entities however use the Unicode diaeresis codepoints when rendered.

The TeX mascot, by Duane Bibby TEX, written as TeX in plain text, is a typesetting system written by Donald Knuth. ...TeX also allows double dots to be placed over letters in math mode, using "ddot{}", or outside of math mode, with the " control sequence:

However this will give the diaeresis_style dots that are too far above the letter's body for good typographical umlauts. TeX's "german" package should be used if possible: it adds the " control sequence (without backslash) which gives nice umlauts.

On the Macintosh, also known as Mac, is a family of personal computers manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc. ...Apple Macintosh, the diaeresis is produced with the keystroke Option+U, followed by the character to receive the diaeresis.

Using Microsoft Word is a word processor program from Microsoft. ...Microsoft Word, the diaeresis is produced by pressing Ctrl+Shift+:, then the letter.

Time derivatives in mathematics

The In mathematics, the derivative of a function is one of the two central concepts of calculus. ...derivative with respect to time is often represented as a dot above a variable. Two dots represents the second derivative.

This may be contrasted with the more common notation for a derivative using a This article is not about the symbol for the set of prime numbers, ℙ. The prime (′, Unicode U+2032, ′) is a symbol with many mathematical uses: A complement in set theory: A′ is the complement of the set A A point related to another (e. ...prime: