NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 12 March 1993 Bombay bombings

The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of thirteen bomb explosions that took place in Bombay (now Mumbai), India on March 12, 1993.^[3] The coordinated attacks were the most destructive bomb explosions in Indian history. The single-day attacks resulted in over 250 civilian fatalities and 700 injuries.^[4] The attacks are believed to have been coordinated by Dawood Ibrahim, don of the organized crime syndicate named D-Company, which had operated as a terrorist organization.^[5] It is believed that the attacks were carried out in retaliation for the destruction of the historic Babri Mosque on December 6, 1992, which resulted in nationwide riots that led to the deaths of hundreds of Muslims and Hindus.^[6] This article or section should be merged with Mumbai Mumbai (previously known as Bombay) is the worlds most populous conurbation, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (72nd in leap years). ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... ... â€œBombayâ€ redirects here. ... â€œBombayâ€ redirects here. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (72nd in leap years). ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... The Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) bomb produced in the United States. ... The archaeological record in India (encompassing the territory of the modern nations of the Republic of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) shows first traces of Homo sapiens from ca. ... Dawood Ibrahim (also known as Dawood Ebrahim and Sheikh Dawood Hassan, birth name Sheikh Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar), born in Ratnagiri, India was the former Don of the organized crime syndicate D-Company in Mumbai, which operated as a notorious terrorist organisation. ... D-Company is a criminal organization based primarily in Mumbai, India which is closely linked to a range of organised criminal and terrorist activities in the South Asian (especially India) and the Persian Gulf region, and headed by mafioso Dawood Ibrahim. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... A view of the Babri Mosque, pre-1992. ... December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ...

Background

In December 1992 and January 1993, there was widespread rioting in Bombay following the December 6 destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya by extreme Hindu groups. Although there was no loss of life in the incident at the Babri Mosque, a series of riots soon erupted throughout the nation, most notably in Bombay. After five years following the December-January riots, the Srikrishna Commission Report stated that nine hundred individuals lost their lives and over two thousand were injured, most of them Muslim, in the riots.^[7] A view of the Babri Mosque, pre-1992. ... Ayodhya (Hindi: à¤…à¤¯à¥‹à¤§à¥à¤¯à¤¾, Urdu: Ø§ÛŒÙˆØ¯Ú¾ÛŒØ§ IAST AyodhyÄ) is an ancient city of India, the old capital of Awadh, in the Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Although numerous Riots have occurred in the City of Mumbai (Bombay) since Independence, usually this term refers to the riots in Mumbai in 1992-1993. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... January is the first month of the year and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...

The bombings

At 1:30 p.m. a powerful car bomb exploded in the basement of the Bombay Stock Exchange building. The 28-story office building housing the exchange was severely damaged, and many nearby office buildings also suffered some damage. About 50 were killed by this explosion. About 30 minutes later, another car bomb exploded elsewhere in the city, and from 1:30 p.m. to 3:40 p.m. a total of 13 bombs exploded throughout Bombay. Most of the bombs were car bombs, but some were in scooters. Car bomb in Iraq, made from a number of concealed artillery shells in the back of a pickup truck. ... The Bombay Stock Exchange The Bombay Stock Exchange Limited (formerly, The Stock Exchange, Mumbai; popularly called The Bombay Stock Exchange, or BSE) is the oldest stock exchange in Asia. ...

Three hotels, the Hotel Sea Rock, Hotel Juhu Centaur, and Hotel Airport Centaur, were targeted by suitcase bombs left in rooms booked by the perpetrators. Banks, the regional passport office, hotels, an airline office (the Air India Building), and a major shopping complex were also hit. Bombs exploded at Zaveri Bazar, Century Bazar, Katha Bazar, Shiv Sena Bhawan, and Plaza Theatre. A jeep-bomb at the Century Bazar exploded early, thwarting another attack. Grenades were also thrown at Sahar International Airport and at Fishermen's Colony, apparently targeting Hindus at the latter. A double decker bus was very badly damaged in one of the explosions and that single incident accounted for the greatest loss of life - perhaps up to ninety people were killed. Air India (formerly Air-India, Hindi: ) is the national flag carrier of India with a worldwide network of passenger and cargo services. ... Grenade may refer to: The well-known hand grenade commonly used by soldiers. ... Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport (also transliterated as Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport), formerly Sahar International Airport, is an airport in Mumbai, India. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ...

Aftermath

The official number of dead was 257 dead with 1,400 others injured (some news sources say 317 people died;^[8] this is due to a bomb which killed 60 in Calcutta on March 17^[9]). Several days later, unexploded car bombs were discovered at a railway station. Islamic terrorist groups based in Pakistan were suspected to be responsible for these bombings, and evidence uncovered pointed to the involvement of underworld don Dawood Ibrahim. This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (77th in leap years). ... Dawood Ibrahim (also known as Dawood Ebrahim and Sheikh Dawood Hassan, birth name Sheikh Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar), born in Ratnagiri, India was the former Don of the organized crime syndicate D-Company in Mumbai, which operated as a notorious terrorist organisation. ...

On August 25, 2003, two large and destructive bombs left in taxis exploded in south Mumbai - the Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar in the busy Kalbadevi area - killing 52 people, again entirely Hindus and wounding more than a hundred others. Two Islamic militant groups, Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Toiba, were found to be responsible for the attacks. Along with the July 2006 train bombings in Mumbai, these attacks are believed to be in retaliation for the 2002 Gujarat riots in which more than a thousand persons, mostly Muslims were killed,^[10], though the Gujarat government denies such a connection.^[11] August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Gateway of India as seen from the water. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Mohammads Army. ... Lashkar-e-Toiba (Urdu: Ù„Ø´ÙƒØ±Ù Ø·ÙŠØ¨Ù‡ laÅ¡kar-Ä• á¹¯aiyyiba, literally The Army of Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba, Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, Lashkar-e-Tayyiba or Lashkar-i-Toiba) is one of the largest and most active Islamic terrorist organizations in South Asia. ... Map showing the Western line and blast locations. ... 2002 Gujarat violence refers to a series of riots and other incidents of mob violence that occurred in the Indian state of Gujarat in 2002. ... GujarÄtlanguage|GujarÄtÄ«]]: , IPA: , ) is a state in the Republic of India. ...

On August 11, 2006, the former Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Sharad Pawar, admitted, on record, that he had "deliberately misled" people following the 1993 Bombay blasts by saying there were "12 and not 11" explosions, adding the name of a Muslim-dominated locality to show that people from both communities had been affected.^[12] He tried to justify this deception by claiming that it was a move to prevent communal riots by falsely portraying that both Hindu and Muslim communities in the city had been affected adversely. He also admits to lying about evidence recovered and misleading people into believing that some of it pointed to the Tamil Tigers as possible suspects.^[12] August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Sharadchandra Govindrao Pawar (Marathi: à¤¶à¤°à¤¦à¤šà¤‚à¤¦à¥à¤° à¤—à¥‹à¤µà¤¿à¤‚à¤¦à¤°à¤¾à¤µ à¤ªà¤µà¤¾à¤°)(born December 12, 1940) Maratha strongman and president of the Nationalist Congress Party which he formed in 1999 in India; and he leads its delegation in the Lok Sabha, representing his home town of Baramati. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Arrests, convictions and verdict

Many hundreds of people were arrested and detained in Indian courts. In 2006, 100 of the 129 finally accused were found to be guilty and were convicted by the specially designated TADA court. Many of the 100 are still missing including the main conspirators and masterminds of the attacks - Tiger Memon and Dawood Ibrahim. On September 12, 2006, the special TADA court hearing the case convicted four members of the Memon family for their involvement in the 1993 Bombay bombings.^[13] The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, commonly known as TADA, was an Indian law active between 1985 and 1995 (modified in 1987) for the prevention of terrorist activities. ... Tiger Memon (Ibrahim Abdul Razak Memon) is the most wanted accused in the 1993 Mumbai bomb blasts case. ... Dawood Ibrahim (also known as Dawood Ebrahim and Sheikh Dawood Hassan, birth name Sheikh Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar), born in Ratnagiri, India was the former Don of the organized crime syndicate D-Company in Mumbai, which operated as a notorious terrorist organisation. ... September 12 is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

Three other members of the Memon family were acquitted by the special TADA court with the judge giving them the benefit of doubt.^[13] The four members of the Memon family are being held after being found guilty on charges of conspiring and abetting acts of terror.^[14] All four of them face jail terms from five years in prison to life imprisonment, that will be determined based on the severity of their crime.^[13] A day later, the TADA court announced that it would start pronouncing the verdict of the thirty-one people charged with transporting and planting bombs.

Yakub Memon, the brother of prime accused Tiger Memon, was charged for possession of unauthorised arms. After the blasts, family members of Tiger, including Yakub, escaped from Bombay to Dubai and Pakistan. Correspondents say Tiger Memon owned a restaurant in Bombay and was allegedly closely associated with Dawood Ibrahim, the chief suspect.^[15] Tiger Memon (Ibrahim Abdul Razak Memon) is the most wanted accused in the 1993 Mumbai bomb blasts case. ... This article or section should be merged with Mumbai Mumbai (previously known as Bombay) is the worlds most populous conurbation, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. ... Coordinates: Emirate Dubai Government - Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Area [1] - Metro 4,114 kmÂ² (1,588. ... Dawood Ibrahim (also known as Dawood Ebrahim and Sheikh Dawood Hassan, birth name Sheikh Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar), born in Ratnagiri, India was the former Don of the organized crime syndicate D-Company in Mumbai, which operated as a notorious terrorist organisation. ...

Except for Tiger and his brother Ayub, the entire family returned back to India and were prompty arrested by the Central Bureau of Investigation in 1994. Since then, Yakub has been in custody and is undergoing treatment for depression. The Memon family was subsequently tried in court and found guilty of conspiracy. The defense lawyers have asked for leniency in the sentencing and have caused delays in the process.^[15] The CBI emblem. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ...

Dawood Ibrahim, believed to have masterminded the terrorist attacks, was the former Don of the Mumbai organized crime syndicate D-Company, largely consisting of Muslims. He is suspected of having connections to several Islamic terrorist groups,^[16] such as al-Qaeda and it's leader, Osama bin Laden,^[17] as well as Lashkar-e-Toiba^[18] and was declared a terrorist by the governments of India and the United States in 2003. Ibrahim is now wanted by Interpol as a part of the worldwide terror syndicate of Osama bin Laden.^[19] He has been in hiding since the blasts and is believed to be hiding in Pakistan, which the Pakistani government denies.^[20] The Bush administration in the United States imposed sanctions on Ibrahim in 2006.^[21] Dawood Ibrahim (also known as Dawood Ebrahim and Sheikh Dawood Hassan, birth name Sheikh Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar), born in Ratnagiri, India was the former Don of the organized crime syndicate D-Company in Mumbai, which operated as a notorious terrorist organisation. ... D-Company is a criminal organization based primarily in Mumbai, India which is closely linked to a range of organised criminal and terrorist activities in the South Asian (especially India) and the Persian Gulf region, and headed by mafioso Dawood Ibrahim. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: â€Ž; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ... Lashkar-e-Toiba (Urdu: Ù„Ø´ÙƒØ±Ù Ø·ÙŠØ¨Ù‡ laÅ¡kar-Ä• á¹¯aiyyiba, literally The Army of Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba, Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, Lashkar-e-Tayyiba or Lashkar-i-Toiba) is one of the largest and most active Islamic terrorist organizations in South Asia. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Interpol, or International Criminal Police Organization, was established as The International Criminal Police Commission in 1923 to assist international criminal police cooperation. ... Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: â€Ž; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ... The Bush administration includes President George W. Bush, Vice President Richard Cheney, Bushs Cabinet, and other select officials and advisors. ...

The penalty stage of the longest running trial in India's history is still ongoing. In February 2007, prosecutors asked for the death penalty for forty-four of the hundred convicted. The prosecution also requested the death penalty for those convicted of conspiracy in the case.^[22] Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ...

See also

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Map showing the Western line and blast locations. ... This article is about the Bollywood actor. ... Black Friday is an Indian movie about the 1993 Mumbai bombings by director Anurag Kashyap. ...

References

^ Bomb Blasts in Mumbai, 1993-2006. Institute for Conflict Management. Retrieved on March 15, 2007
^ Monica Chadha. "Victims await Mumbai 1993 blasts justice", BBC News, September 12, 2006. Retrieved on March 15, 2007
^ "Mumbai bombings: 400 detained", CNN, July 13, 2006. Retrieved on March 15, 2007
^ Hansen, Thomas (2001). Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p125. ISBN 0691088403.
^ James S. Robbins. "The Mumbai Blasts", National Review Online, July 12, 2006. Retrieved on March 15, 2007
^ Aaron Mannes. "Been Here Before", National Review Online, July 12, 2006. Retrieved on March 15, 2007
^ B.N. Srikrishna (August 1998). Srikrishna Commission Report: Chapter II. Retrieved on March 15, 2007
^ Other Group attacked Business target (Mar. 12, 1993, India). TKB. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ Chris Quillen (2004-02-19). "Mass Casualty Bombings Chronology". Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25 (5): 293-302.
^ S. Balakrishnan. "Attacks retaliation for Gujarat riots?", The Times of India, July 13, 2006. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ "Bombay blasts revenge for Gujarat riots -Indian state", China Daily, August 27, 2003. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ ^a ^b "To keep the peace, I misled people on ’93 blasts: Pawar", Indian Express, August 12, 2006. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ ^a ^b ^c "1993 Mumbai blasts: Four of Memon family convicted", Rediff.com, September 12, 2006. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ "'93 verdict: 4 of Memon family guilty", CNN IBN, September 12, 2006. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ ^a ^b "Mumbai bombing sentencing delay", BBC News, September 13, 2006. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ "U.S. Designates Dawood Ibrahim as Terrorist Supporter", United States Department of the Treasury, October 16, 2003. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ Robert Windrem. "Possible al-Qaida link to India train attacks", MSNBC, July 11, 2006. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ "Dawood Ibrahim is a global terrorist: US", Rediff.com, October 17, 2003. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ Vishwa Mohan. "Interpol sends special notice against Dawood Ibrahim", The Times of India, April 8, 2006. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ "Here is all the addresses of global terrorist Dawood Ibrahim in Pakistan : will Interpol act?", India Daily, July 7, 2006. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ "Bush administration imposea sanctions on India's most wanted criminal Dawood Ibrahim", India Daily, June 2, 2006. Retrieved on March 16, 2007
^ "Prosecutors Ask for Death Penalty for 44 in 1993 Mumbai Bombings", Voice of America News, February 15, 2007. Retrieved on March 16, 2007

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