As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages, and after its conquests in Asia the Mongol Empire stretched from Korea to Eastern Europe. A millennium (pl. ... On the Gregorian calendar, the 2nd millennium commenced on 1 January 1001, and ended at the end of 31 December 2000. ... These pages contain the trends of millennia and centuries. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... This is a list of decades which have articles with more information about them. ... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s - 1200s - 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s Years: 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 Events and Trends 1200 University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France 1202-1204 Fourth Crusade - diverted to... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s - 1210s - 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s Years: 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 Events and Trends 1210 End of the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan Emperor Juntoku ascends to the throne... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s - 1220s - 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s Years: 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 Events and Trends Categories: 1220s ... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s 1220s - 1230s - 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s Years: 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 Events and Trends Categories: 1230s ... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1190s 1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s - 1240s - 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s Years: 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 Events and Trends Hungary was partially demolished with a great loss of life in 1241–1242 by Mongol armies of... The 1250s is the decade starting January 1, 1250 and ending December 31, 1259. ... The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269. ... The 1270s is the decade starting January 1, 1270, and ending December 31, 1279. ... The 1280s is the decade starting January 1, 1280 and ending December 31, 1289. ... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s - 1290s - 1300s 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s Years: 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 Events and Trends Categories: 1290s ... Look up time in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A century (From the Latin cent, one hundred) is one hundred consecutive years. ... // The town of Riga was chartered as a city. ... Events February 22 - Jubilee of Pope Boniface VIII. March 10 - Wardrobe accounts of King Edward I of Englanddo (aka Edward Longshanks) include a reference to a game called creag being played at the town of Newenden in Kent. ... The cathedral Notre Dame de Paris, a significant architectural contribution of the High Middle Ages. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent Güren; 1206–1405) was the largest contiguous empire in world history founded in Mongolia, covering over 33 million km²[1] (12 million square miles) at its...

Events

The Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, overran most of Asia, thus creating the second largest empire to ever exist, surpassed only by the British Empire. They achieved this success in large part due to their amazing horse archers.

• 1199 — Pope Innocent III writes to Kaloyan, inviting him to unite the Bulgarian Church with the Roman Catholic Church.
• 1204 — Fourth Crusade sacks Byzantine Constantinople and creates the Latin Empire.
• 1205 — Battle of Adrianople (1205): Tsar Kaloyan with his army crushed the (otherwise unbeaten) Fourth Crusade's knights and the soldiers of Emperor Baldwin I of Constantinople who was attacking Bulgarian lands with the goal to conquer them.
• 1206 — Mongols united under Temüjin, who is proclaimed "one Khan".
• 1212 — The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Iberia sees the beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula, with the defeat of Moorish forces.
• 1215 — King John of England forced to sign Magna Carta at Runnymede.
• 1222 — Andrew II of Hungary signs the Golden Bull which afferms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.
• 1227 — Genghis Khan dies during the prolonged siege of the Western Xia Dynasty capital (located in northwestern China), while the Tangut Western Xia Dynasty falls soon after.
• 1234 — the Jin Dynasty of northeastern China is conquered by the forces of the Mongol ruler Ögedei Khan.
• 1238 — The Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai is established, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion. Later in the century it vassalises significant parts of modern Thailand, Laos, Burma, and Malaysia.
• 1249 — End of the Portuguese Reconquista against the Moors, when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the Algarve.
• 1250-1275 — the Arab or Persian born Muslim Kuwabara (Chinese: Pu Shou-geng) was appointed by the Song Dynasty Chinese government as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for Quanzhou. He published a detailed monograph of the shipping industry and maritime economy of China's seaports during his tenure there.
• 1258 — Baghdad (Iraq), seat of the Muslim Abbasid dynasty, is besieged and burnt to the ground by the forces of the Mongol commander Hulagu Khan. The last Abbasid ruler Al-Musta'sim is executed by means of trampling horses.
• 1259 — the Mongol ruler Möngke Khan is killed in battle by a Chinese cannon blast at Fishing Town, Chongqing, located in southwestern China.
• 1260 — the Mongols are defeated by the Egyptian Mamluks in the Battle of Ain Jalut.
• 1270 — Restoration of Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia, deposing the Zagwe dynasty.

Portrait of the Chinese Zen Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan, painted in 1238 AD, Song Dynasty.

• 1279, the Battle of Yamen marks the fall of the Chinese Song Dynasty and the rise of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty led by Khublai Khan.
• 1282 — Aragon acquires Sicily, after the Sicilian Vespers.
• 1284 — Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely.
• 1291 — The Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
• Bantu-speaking peoples arrive in modern Angola, partially displacing the original Khoisan inhabitants.
• Battle of Bouvines
• Persian historian Rashid al-Din records eleven Buddhist texts circulating in Arabic translation.
• James I of Aragon takes control of Balearic Islands and Valencia.
• Marco Polo and his family reach China.
• Norway cedes the Isle of Man to Scotland, following the signing of the Treaty of Perth.
• Ögedei Khan establishes a Mongolian dynasty in China. Some Mongol leaders convert from Tantric Buddhism to Islam.
• Teutonic Knights begin activity in Eastern Europe.
• Theravada overtakes Mahayana as the dominant form of Buddhism in Cambodia.
• A period of civil unrest, Sturlungaöld, leads to Iceland becoming part of the Kingdom of Norway.
• End of Hohenstaufen dynasty at the Battle of Tagliacozzo. The Kingdom of Sicily goes to French Anjou house.
• Fall of the Ghana Empire.
• Fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. Sicily and Naples are acquired by the French count Charles I of Naples.
• Fifth through eighth crusades of western European kingdoms against Islam.
• Finland gets its first city, Turku.
• First European universities founded.
• Most of Asia and Eastern Europe is conquered and incorporated into the Mongol Empire.
• The Medieval Warm Period ends.
• The Utiguri Bulgar state on the Volga vanishes from history.
• The Chinese become familiar with the story of the Lighthouse of Alexandria.

Image File history File links Mongol_Archer. ... Image File history File links Mongol_Archer. ... For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ... This article is about the person. ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ... This article is about the political and historical term. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... A horse archer (or horsed archer, mounted archer) is a cavalryman armed with a bow. ... Events John Lackland, becomes King of England Births Isobel of Huntingdon (d. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Pope (from Latin... Innocent III, né Lotario de Conti ( 1161–June 16, 1216), was Pope from January 8, 1198 until his death. ... Kaloyan Asen, Kalojan, Johannizza, John, The Romankiller (c. ... The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church with some 6. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... [Neilhughandafriendlypeasant. ... The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (Eugène Delacroix, 1840). ... Byzantine redirects here. ... This article is about the city before the Fall of Constantinople (1453). ... The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. ... January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin Is death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire April 1 - King Amalric II of Jerusalem (born 1145) May 7... This Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14, 1205 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I. It was won by the Bulgarians after a skillful ambush. ... Tsar (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian цар, Russian  , in scientific transliteration respectively car and car ), occasionally spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term designating certain monarchs. ... Kaloyan Asen, Kalojan, Johannizza, John, The Romankiller (c. ... The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (Eugène Delacroix, 1840). ... A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ... Baldwin I (July 1172 – 1205, Bulgaria), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, as Baldwin IX Count of Flanders and as Baldwin VI Count of Hainaut, was one of the most prominent leaders of the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the capture of Constantinople, the conquest of the... Temüjin is proclaimed Genghis Khan of the Mongol people, founding the Mongol Empire Qutb ud-Din proclaims the Mameluk dynasty in India, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. ... For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ... Events The first Great Fire of London burns most of the city to the ground Battle of Navas de Tolosa Childrens crusade Crusaders push the Muslims out of northern Spain In Japan, Kamo no Chōmei writes the Hōjōki, one of the great works of classical Japanese... Combatants Castile, Aragon, Portugal, Navarre Almohads Commanders Alfonso VIII of Castile Sancho VII of Navarre Peter II of Aragon Afonso II of Portugal Muhammad al-Nasir Strength ~50,000 reliable sources suggest it was between 125,000 - 150,000 ~125,000 - 400,000 Casualties ~2,000 dead or wounded ~100... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... Combatants Asturias Castile Galicia Portugal León Aragon Navarre Umayyad Caliphate Caliphate of Cordoba Almoravids For other senses of this word, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ... For other uses, see moor. ... A certified copy of the Magna Carta March 4 - King John of England makes an oath to the Pope as a crusader to gain the support of Innocent III. June 15 - King John of England was forced to put his seal on the Magna Carta, outlining the rights of landowning... This article is about the King of England. ... Magna Carta Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter, literally Great Paper), also called Magna Carta Libertatum (Great Charter of Freedoms), is an English charter originally issued in 1215. ... Location of Runnymede at grid reference SU998727 in the United Kingdom Runnymede is a water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the county of Surrey, England, associated with the signing of the Magna Carta and today the site of a collection of memorials. ... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s - 1220s - 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s Years: 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 See also: 1222 state leaders Events Foundation of the University of Padua Completion of the Cistercian convent in Alcobaca... Andrew II of Hungary with queen Gertrude von Andechs-Meranien Andrew II (Hungarian: András or Endre, Slovak: Ondrej, Croatian: ) (c. ... The Golden Bull of 1222 was a golden bull, or edict, issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. ... January 11 first mention of city of Požega in a charter of Andrew II of Hungary March 19 - Pope Gregory IX succeeds Pope Honorius III as the 178th pope. ... See Xia for other meanings of the Chinese character 夏 xià. Western Xia (西夏 pinyin: Xīxià), was a kingdom from 1032 up to 1227 of the Tibetan-speaking Tanguts tribes that was established in the 11th century and flourished through the early 13th century until it was... The Tangut, also known as the Western Xia were a Qiangic-Tibetan people who moved to the highlands of western Sichuan sometime before the 10th century AD. They spoke Tangut language a now-extinct Tibeto-Burman language. ... This article is about the year 1234. ... The Jin Dynasty (金 pinyin: JÄ«n 1115-1234; Anchu in Jurchen), also known as the Jurchen dynasty, was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchen, the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years later. ... Ögedei Khan, (Mongolian: , Ögöödei; also Ogotai or Oktay; c. ... Events In the Iberian peninsula, James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia September 28 from the Moors; the Moors retreat to Granada. ... The Sukhothai kingdom was a kingdom in the north of Thailand around the city Sukhothai. ... Theravada (Pāli: theravāda; Sanskrit: स्थविरवाद sthaviravāda; literally, the Way of the Elders) is the oldest surviving Buddhist school, and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of Sri Lanka (about 70% of the population[1]) and most of continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand). ... A silhouette of a Buddha statue at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ... Events University, the first College at Oxford founded Births Emperor Kameyama of Japan Pope John XXII Frederick I, Margrave of Baden Deaths July 6 - Alexander II of Scotland (b. ... Combatants Asturias Castile Galicia Portugal León Aragon Navarre Umayyad Caliphate Caliphate of Cordoba Almoravids For other senses of this word, see Reconquista (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see moor. ... Afonso III of Portugal (Portuguese pron. ... Algarve NUTS II region, and the district of Faro in Portugal. ... // April 30 - King Louis IX of France released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta. ... // April 22 - The first of the Statutes of Westminster are passed by the English parliament, establishing a series of laws in its 51 clauses, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of bailable and non-bailable offenses. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960–1127) Linan (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960-976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... The characters 泉州 are also used for SenshÅ«, an alternate name for the former Japanese province of Izumi. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Port. ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Mashriq Dynasties  Maghrib Dynasties  The Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid (Arabic: , ) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ... Hulagu Khan, also known as Hulagu, Hülegü or Hulegu (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Chaghatay/Persian: ; Arabic:هولاكو; c. ... Al-Mustasim (d. ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... Möngke Khan (Мөнх хаан), also transliterated as Mongke, Mongka, Möngka, Mangu or Mangku (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; c. ... For other uses, see Cannon (disambiguation). ... Fishing town or Fishing City(Simplified Chinese: 钓鱼城; Traditional Chinese: 釣鱼城;Pingyin: diaoyucheng), be called “oriental Mecca” also be called “the Place Breaking off the Gods Whip”, is one of the three ancient battlefields in China. ... Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Postal map spelling: Chungching, also Chungking) is the largest and most populous of the Peoples Republic of Chinas four provincial-level municipalities, and the only one in the less densely populated western half of China. ... The magnificent Cathedral of Chartres was dedicated in 1260. ... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for... // Combatants Egyptian Mamluks Mongols Commanders Saif ad-Din Qutuz Baibars Kitbuqa † Strength About 120,000 10-30,000 Casualties light all the force died or was captured The Battle of Ain Jalut (or Ayn Jalut, in Arabic: عين جالوت, the Eye of Goliath or the Spring of Goliath) took place on September... The cathedral atop the Rock of Cashel in Ireland was completed in 1270. ... The Solomonid dynasty is the traditional royal house of Ethiopia, claiming descent from King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, who is said to have given birth to the traditional first king Menelik I after her Biblically-described visit to Solomon in Jerusalem. ... The Zagwe Dynasty ruled Ethiopia from the end of the Kingdom of Axum to 1270, when Yekuno Amlak defeated and killed the last Zagwe king in battle. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1576x1937, 272 KB) Description: Title: de: Porträt des Chan-Meisters Wu-chun Technique: de: Tusche und Farben auf Seide Dimensions: Country of origin: de: China Current location (city): de: Kyoto Current location (gallery): de: Tofukuji Other notes: de: Detail... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1576x1937, 272 KB) Description: Title: de: Porträt des Chan-Meisters Wu-chun Technique: de: Tusche und Farben auf Seide Dimensions: Country of origin: de: China Current location (city): de: Kyoto Current location (gallery): de: Tofukuji Other notes: de: Detail... For other uses, see Zen (disambiguation). ... Portrait of Zen master Wuzhun Shifan, painted in 1238 AD, Song Dynasty. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960–1127) Linan (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960-976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... Combatants Song Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Commanders Zhang Shijie Zhang Hongfan Strength 200,000 1000+ warships 20,000 50+ warships Casualties unknown, though almost all perished unknown The Battle of Yamen (崖門戰役; or 崖山海戰, lit. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960–1127) Linan (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960-976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ... Kublai Khan or Khubilai Khan (1215 – 1294), Mongol military leader, was Khan (1260-1294) of the Mongol Empire and founder and first Emperor (1279-1294) of the Chinese Yuan Dynasty. ... For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... Capital Zaragoza Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47,719 km²  9. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... Sicilian Vespers (1846), by Francesco Hayez The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I, who had taken control of the island with Papal support in 1266. ... // Events War and politics King Charles II of Naples is captured in a naval battle off Naples by Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon. ... Full name Peterhouse Motto - Named after St Peter Previous names The Scholars of the Bishop of Ely St Peter’s College Established 1284 Sister College(s) Merton College Master The Lord Wilson of Tillyorn Location Trumpington Street Undergraduates 253 Postgraduates 125 Homepage Boatclub The chapel cloisters, through which Old Court... Arms of the Bishop of Ely The Bishop of Ely is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Ely in the Province of Canterbury. ... For broader historical context, see 1290s and 13th century. ... Uri (German:  ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. ... The town of   (French: , Italian: ) is the capital of the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. ... Unterwalden is the old name for what is now two cantons in central Switzerland, south of Lake Lucerne. ... Map showing the approximate distribution of Bantu (light brown) vs. ... Khoisan (increasingly commonly spelled Khoesan or Khoe-San) is the name for two major ethnic groups of southern Africa. ... The Battle of Bouvines, July 27, 1214, was the first great international conflict of alliances among national forces in Europe. ... Anthem SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e Īrān Â² Capital (and largest city) Tehran Official languages Persian Demonym Iranian Government Islamic Republic  -  Supreme Leader  -  President Unification  -  Unified by Cyrus the Great 559 BCE   -  Parthian (Arsacid) dynastic empire (first reunification) 248 BCE-224 CE   -  Sassanid dynastic empire 224–651 CE   -  Safavid dynasty... Rashid al-Din Tabib also Rashid ad-Din Fadhlullah Hamadani (1247 - 1318), was a Persian physician, writer and historian, who wrote an enormous Islamic history volume, the Jami al-Tawarikh, in the Persian language. ... Arabic redirects here. ... James I of Aragon. ... Capital Zaragoza Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47,719 km²  9. ... Capital Palma de Mallorca Official language(s) Spanish and Catalan Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 17th  4,992 km²  1. ... Capital Valencia Official language(s) Valencian and Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 8th  23,255 km²  4. ... Marco Polo (September 15, 1254[1] – January 9, 1324 at earliest but no later than June 1325[2]) was a Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels, recorded in the book Il Milione (The Million or The Travels of Marco Polo). ... This article is about the country. ... The Treaty of Perth ended military conflict between Norway under Magnus the Law-mender and Scotland under Alexander III over the sovereignty of the Western Isles, the Isle of Mann and Caithness. ... Ögedei Khan, (Mongolian: , Ögöödei; also Ogotai or Oktay; c. ... A mandala used in Vajrayana Buddhist practices. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... For the state, see Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. ... Theravada (Pāli: theravāda; Sanskrit: स्थविरवाद sthaviravāda; literally, the Way of the Elders) is the oldest surviving Buddhist school, and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of Sri Lanka (about 70% of the population[1]) and most of continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand). ... Relief image of the bodhisattva Kuan Yin from Mt. ... A silhouette of a Buddha statue at Ayutthaya, Thailand. ... Sturlungaöld (English: The Age of the Sturlungs or The Sturlung Era) was a 42-44 year period of civil war in mid 13th century Iceland. ... Arms of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty The Hohenstaufen (or the Staufer(s)) were a dynasty of Kings of Germany, many of whom were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Dukes of Swabia. ... The Battle of Tagliacozzo was fought on August 23, 1268 between the French forces of Charles of Anjou and the Sicilians, led by Conradin. ... Flag The Kingdom of Sicily as it existed at the death of its founder, Roger II of Sicily, in 1154. ... Modern département of Maine-et-Loire, which largely corresponds to Anjou Anjou is a former county (c. ... Not to be confused with the modern country Ghana. ... Arms of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty The Hohenstaufen (or the Staufer(s)) were a dynasty of Kings of Germany, many of whom were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Dukes of Swabia. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... For other uses, see Naples (disambiguation). ... Charles I (March 1227 - January 7, 1285) was the posthumous son of King Louis VIII of France, created Count of Anjou by his elder brother King Louis IX in 1246, thus founding the second Angevin dynasty. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Location of Turku in Northern Europe Coordinates: , Country Finland Province Western Finland Region Finland Proper Sub-region Turku sub-region Government  - Mayor Mikko Pukkinen Area  - City 306. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent Güren; 1206–1405) was the largest contiguous empire in world history founded in Mongolia, covering over 33 million km²[1] (12 million square miles) at its... The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) or Medieval Climate Optimum theorizes that there was a time of unusually warm climate in the North Atlantic region, lasting from about the tenth century to about the fourteenth century. ... Bulgar warriors slaughter Byzantines, from the Menology of Basil II, 10th century. ... For other meanings of the word Volga see Volga (disambiguation) Волга Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge  ? m³/s Area watershed 1. ... Graphic reconstruction of the lighthouse according to a comprehensive study of 2006. ...

Significant people

William Wallace of Scotland.

• Albertus Magnus, German philosopher and theologian
• Alexander of Hales, philosopher and theologian
• Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
• Baibars, Mamluk sultan
• Béla IV of Hungary rebuilder of Hungary after the devastating Mongol invasion
• Birger jarl, Swedish statesman, earl, and founder of Stockholm
• Bonaventure, Franciscan theologian
• Ch'in Chiu-Shao, Chinese mathematician
• Dante Alighieri, Italian writer
• Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan order
• Frederick II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
• Genghis Khan, founder of Mongol Empire
• Giotto di Bondone Italian painter
• Ibn Taymiyyah, famous Hanbali, Salafi Scholar of Islam
• Ivan Asen II, Emperor of Bulgaria
• Kaloyan, Emperor of Bulgaria
• Kitbuqa, Christian Mongol commander
• Kublai Khan, Khan ruler, founder of Yuan Dynasty in China
• Lembitu, Estonian ruler
• Louis IX of France, St. Louis, French king and crusader
• Emperor Ningzong of Song, ruler of China
• Petrus Peregrinus, scientist
• Qutuz, Mamluk sultan
• Ramon Llull, Majorcan philosopher
• Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, theologian, and scientist
• Roger Bacon, Franciscan, philosopher, and scientist
• Saadi Persian poet
• Snorri Sturluson, historian and saga-writer
• Sundiata Keita semi-historical founder of the Mali Empire
• Thomas Aquinas, theologian
• Wen Tianxiang, Chinese Prime Minister
• William Wallace, Scottish national leader
• William Marshal, knight and statesman
• Yang Hui, Chinese mathematician
• Zhao Mengfu, Chinese painter

William Wallace at the battle of Stirling Bridge, 11th September, 1297, by Mark Churms. ... William Wallace at the battle of Stirling Bridge, 11th September, 1297, by Mark Churms. ... Albertus Magnus (b. ... Alexander Hales (also Halensis, Alensis, Halesius, Alesius; called Doctor Irrefragabilis and Theologorum Monarcha) was a scholastic theologian. ... For other uses, see Alexander Nevsky (disambiguation). ... Velikiy Novgorod (Russian: ) is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia, situated on the M10(E95) federal highway connecting Moscow and St. ... Population 315,954 (2002) Time zone Moscow (MSK/MSD), UTC +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD) Latitude/Longitude Vladimir (Russian: ) is an old city in Russia. ... al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (Arabic: ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. ... Béla IV c. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Stockholm (disambiguation). ... Saint Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (Italian: San Bonaventura) (1221 – 15 July 1274), born John of Fidanza (Italian: Giovanni di Fidanza), was the eighth Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, commonly called the Franciscans. ... Ch’in Chiu-Shao (秦九韶 or 秦九劭, transcribed Qin Jiushao in pinyin) (ca. ... Dante in a fresco series of famous men by Andrea del Castagno, ca. ... Saint Francis of Assisi, St. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 – December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... This article is about the medieval empire. ... This article is about the person. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent Güren; 1206–1405) was the largest contiguous empire in world history founded in Mongolia, covering over 33 million km²[1] (12 million square miles) at its... Giotto di Bondone (c. ... Taqi al-Din Ahmad Ibn Taymiyyah (Arabic: )(January 22, 1263 - 1328), was a Sunni Islamic scholar born in Harran, located in what is now Turkey, close to the Syrian border. ... Hanbali (Arabic: حنبلى ) is one of the four schools (Madhhabs) of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam. ... This article is on the beliefs of the followers of the Salaf. ... Portrait of Ivan Asen II from the Zograf Monastery on Mount Athos, 1817 Ivan Asen II (Bulgarian: Иван Асен II, and also Йоан Асен II, Ioan Asen II, in English sometimes John Asen II), emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 1218 to 1241. ... Kaloyan Asen, Kalojan, Johannizza, John, The Romankiller (c. ... Kitbuqa Noyen was the Christian lieutenant and confidant of Hulagu Khan, assisting him in his conquests in Persia and the Middle East. ... For other uses, see Kublai Khan (disambiguation). ... Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ... Lembitu (year of birth unknown; died on September 21, 1217) was one of the best-known Estonian leaders in the fight against the conquest of German Sword Brethren in the beginning of the 13th century. ... Louis IX (25 April 1215 – 25 August 1270), commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 to his death. ... Emperor Ningzong 寧宗 (1168 – 1224) was the 13th emperor of the Song dynasty who reigned from 1194-1224. ... Petrus Peregrinus (Pierre de Maricourt) was a Medieval French scientist who lived in the 13th century. ... Saif ad-Din Qutuz (died October 24, 1260) was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1259 until his death. ... Ramon Llull. ... A 13th century portrait of Grosseteste. ... For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician). ... Saadi may refer to one of the following: Saadi (poet), the medieval Persian Sufi poet Saadi Dynasty, the Moroccan dynasty Vicente Saadi, the Argentine politician Saïd Sadi, the Algerian political activist Abd ar-Rahman as-Saadi, Islamic scholar of fiqh and tafsir Category: ... A statue of Snorri Sturluson by Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland was erected at Reykholt in 1947. ... Sundiata Keita or Sundjata Keyita or Mari Djata I (c. ... {{Infobox Former // Christine rules Country |native_name = Manden Kurufa |conventional_long_name = Mali Empire |common_name = Mali Empire | |continent = Africa |region = North-West Africa |country = Mali |status = Empire |government_type = Constitutional monarchy | |year_start = 1235 |year_end = 1645 | |event_start = |date_start = |event_end = |date_end = | |event1 = |date_event1 = |event2 = |date_event2 = |event3 = |date_event3 = |event4 = |date_event4 = | |event_pre = |date_pre = |event_post = |date_post = | | |p1 = Ghana Empire... Saint Thomas Aquinas, O.P.(also Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino; c. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other persons named William Wallace, see William Wallace (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Scottish as an ethnic group. ... William Marshal was the greatest jouster of his age. ... The silver Anglia knight, commissioned as a trophy in 1850, intended to represent the Black Prince. ... Yang Hui (楊輝, c. ... Categories: Artist stubs | Calligraphers | Chinese painters ...

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• List of 13th century inventions
• The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Western European music.
• Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
• Pecia system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.
• Wooden movable type printing invented by the Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen (official) in 1298.
• The earliest known rockets, landmines, and handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
• The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world.

This is a chronological list of inventions. ... In Western music, motet is a word that is applied to a number of highly varied choral musical compositions. ... Ars antiqua is a term which refers to the music of Europe of the late Middle Ages between approximately 1170 and 1310, covering the period of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the subsequent years which saw the early development of the motet. ... This article is about Western art music from 1000 AD to the 2000s . ... The transition of communication technology: Oral Culture, Manuscript Culture, Print Culture, and Information Age Manuscript culture refers to the development and use of the manuscript as a means of storing and disseminating information until the age of printing. ... The transition of communication technology: Oral Culture, Manuscript Culture, Print Culture, and Information Age Manuscript culture refers to the development and use of the manuscript as a means of storing and disseminating information until the age of printing. ... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The historic University of Paris (French: ) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganised as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII). ... For the weblog software, see Movable Type. ... Wáng Zhēn (王禎) (fl. ... Events July 2 - The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg. ... This article is about vehicles powered by rocket engines. ... U.S. Army soldier removes fuse from a Russian-made mine to clear a minefield outside of Fallujah, Iraq. ... Gunpowder was developed in far eastern countries, notably India and China, for display at religious festivals. ... A Dutch tower windmill, sporting sails, surrounded by tulips A windmill is an engine powered by the wind to produce energy, often contained in a large building as in traditional post mills, smock mills and tower mills. ... The Islamic world is the world-wide community of those who identify with Islam, known as Muslims, and who number approximately one-and-a-half billion people. ...

Decades and Years