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ITALIAN VERNACULAR LITERATURE (4061 words) |
 | In connection with the Italian language, he claims that none of the existing dialects is worthy of being used for literature, and that, therefore, a common language must be created. |
| Since Petrarch was an excellent judge of literature as well as a great Italian poet, it is conceivable that his criticisms of Dante are not without an element of jealousy, possibly unconscious; he may well have known that Dante's poem was an achievement that stood by itself. |
| Boccaccio is also responsible for introducing into Italian literature the pastoral element, derived from antiquity, emphasizing the lives and loves of nymphs and shepherds in the setting of fields and forests. |
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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Chivalry (1928 words) |
| Provence and Normandy were the chief centres of this kind of literature, which was spread throughout all Europe by the trouvères and troubadours. |
| The "vow of the Swan" of 1306, was instituted during the feast of the dubbing of the son of Edward I. It was before God and the swan that the old king swore with his knights to avenge on Scotland the murder of his lieutenant. |
| Literature, which had in the past so greatly contributed to the exaltation of chivalry, now reacted against its extravagances. |
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