16 mm film refers to a popular, economical gauge of film used for motion pictures. Other common film gauges include 8 mm and 35 mm. 16 mm refers to the width of the negative. Neu! (the German word for new, pronounced noy) were a German band, probably the archetypal example of what the UK music press at the time dubbed Krautrock. ... This article is about a song by Neu!. For the popular 16mm gauge film nicknamed Super 16, see 16 mm film. ... Film gauge is a physical property of film stock which defines its size. ... This article is about the 8mm film format. ... 35 mm film frames. ...

16mm Sound movie - showing a variable area sound track on single perforation film stock

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 338 × 598 pixelsFull resolution (1288 × 2280 pixel, file size: 518 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This photo was made by me and my wife, and is released into the public domain as far as we are concerned, the underlying image is... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 338 × 598 pixelsFull resolution (1288 × 2280 pixel, file size: 518 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This photo was made by me and my wife, and is released into the public domain as far as we are concerned, the underlying image is...

History

16 mm film was introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1923 as an inexpensive amateur alternative to the conventional 35 mm film format. During the 1920s the format was often referred to as sub-standard film by the professional industry. Initially directed toward the amateur market, Kodak hired Willard Beech Cook from his 28 mm Pathescope of America company to create the new 16 mm Kodascope Library. In addition to making home movies, one could buy or rent films from the library, one of the key selling aspects of the format. As it was intended for amateur use, 16 mm film was one of the first formats to use acetate safety film as a film base, and Kodak never manufactured nitrate film for the format due to the high flammability of the nitrate base. 35 mm did not abandon nitrate until 1952. Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is an American multinational public company which produces photographic materials and equipment. ... 35 mm film frames. ... Movie film formats Amateur formats: 8 mm Single-8 Super 8 mm 9,5 mm film 17. ... 28mm diacetate film compared to 35mm nitrate film 28 mm film was introduction by the Pathé Film Company in 1912. ... Home Movies is a dialogue-driven animated series about 8-year-old Brendon Small (voiced by the creator, head writer, and lead musician of Home Movies Brendon Small), who makes films with his friends, Melissa and Jason, in his spare time. ... An acetate, or ethanoate, is a salt or ester of acetic acid. ... Photographic film called safety film is made with an acetate base, chemically either cellulose diacetate, cellulose acetate propiarate, cellulose acetate butyrate, or cellulose triacetate. ... Film base is a transparent substrate which acts as a support medium for the photosensitive emulsion that lies atop it. ... Nitrocellulose (Cellulose nitrate, guncotton) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose (e. ...

16 mm Black and white reversal Silent Home Movie on double perforation film stock

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (600x820, 272 KB) This is a scan showing a double perf black and white reversal home movie, (my dogs at play) which illistrates what a 16mm home movie in the 1930s would have looked like. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (600x820, 272 KB) This is a scan showing a double perf black and white reversal home movie, (my dogs at play) which illistrates what a 16mm home movie in the 1930s would have looked like. ...

Production evolution

The silent 16 mm format was initially aimed at the home enthusiast, but by the 1930s it had begun to make inroads into the educational market. The addition of optical sound tracks and, most notably, Kodachrome in 1935, gave an enormous boost to 16 mm fortunes. The format was used extensively in WW2, and there was a huge expansion of 16 mm professional filmmaking companies in the post-war years. Films for government, business, medical and industrial clients created a large network of 16 mm professional filmmakers and related service industries in the 1950s and 1960s. The advent of television also enhanced the use of 16 mm film, initially by its advantage of cost and portability over early larger television technology. Initially as a news-gathering format, the 16 mm format was also used to create programming shot outside the confines of the more rigid television production sets. Thus thanks to the compact size and lower cost, 16 mm was adopted for use in professional news reporting, corporate and educational films, and other uses, while the home movie market gradually switched to even less expensive 8 mm film and Super 8 mm format. This article is about the 8mm film format. ... Kodachrome 40 KMA464P Super 8 Catridge Super 8 mm film, also called Super 8 is a motion picture film format that was developed in the 1960s and released on the market in 1965 by Eastman Kodak as an improvement of the older 8mm home movie format, and the Cine 8...

16 mm is also extensively used for television production in countries where television economics make the use of 35 mm too expensive. Digital video tape has made significant inroads in television production use, even to the extent that in some countries, 16 mm (as well as 35 mm) is considered obsolete as a TV production format by broadcasters. Nevertheless, it is still in extensive use in its Super 16 ratio (see below) for high-quality programming in the US and UK. Independently produced documentaries and shorts (intended mainly for TV use) may still be shot on film. Furthermore television documentary film-makers will frequently use clockwork 16 mm cameras to shoot scenes in extreme climates. Digital video is a type of video recording system that works by using a digital, rather than analog, of the video signal. ... The video cassette recorder (or VCR, less popularly video tape recorder) is a type of video tape recorder that uses removable cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later. ...

Format standards

Double-perforation 16 mm film has perforations down both sides at every frame line. Single-perf only has perforations on one side of the film. The picture area of regular 16 mm has an aspect ratio close to 1.33, and 16 mm film prints use single-perf film so that there is space for a monophonic soundtrack where the other perf side would be on the negative. Double-sprocket 16 mm stock is slowly being phased out by Kodak, as single-perf film can be used by regular 16 mm as well as Super 16, which requires single-perf. Film perforations, also known as perfs, are the holes placed in the film stock during manufacturing and used for transporting (via sprockets and claws) and steadying (via pin registration) the film. ... Frame lines shown in red on a full-frame negative, and a 1:1,85 projection print, both on 35 mm film. ... The aspect ratio of an image is its displayed width divided by its height (usually expressed as x:y or x×y, with the joining colon or multiplication symbol articulated as the preposition by or sometimes to). Currently, the most popular standard ratios are the anamorphic (2. ... Label for 1. ... In film formats, the soundtrack is the physical area of the film which records the synchronized sound. ... Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ...

Today, most of these uses have been taken over by video, and 16 mm film is used primarily by budget-conscious independent filmmakers. The variant called Super 16 mm, Super 16, or 16 mm Type W uses single-sprocket film, and takes advantage of the extra room for an expanded picture area with a wider aspect ratio of 1.67. Super 16 cameras are usually 16 mm cameras which have had the film gate and ground glass in the viewfinder modified for the wider frame. Since Super 16 takes up the space originally reserved for the soundtrack, films shot in this format can be "blown up" by optical printing to 35 mm for projection. However, with the recent development of digital intermediate workflows, it is now possible to "digitally blow up" to 35 mm with virtually no quality loss (given a high quality digital scan). This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In photography a viewfinder is what the photographer looks through to compose, and in many cases to focus, the picture. ... An optical printer with two projector heads, used in producing movie special effects. ... 35 mm film frames. ... Digital intermediate (often abbreviated as DI) describes the process of digitizing a motion picture and manipulating color and other image characteristics to change the look, and is usually the final creative adjustment to a movie before distribution in theaters. ...

A variation of the Super 16 format is the DIY-crafted "Ultra-16", which is formed by widening the gate of a standard 16mm camera to expose the area between the perforations. The placement of the perforations on a standard strip of 16mm film (to the left of the division between frames) allows for use of this normally unexposed area. The Ultra-16 format, with frame dimensions of 11.66mm by 6.15mm, allows for a frame size between those of standard 16mm and Super 16 while avoiding the expense of converting a 16mm camera to Super 16, the lens requirements of Super 16 cameras, and the image vignetting caused by traditional 16mm cameras. Thus, standard 16mm optics may be used to achieve a wider image. See also: DIY Network, a cable TV network. ... An example of vignetting in a photograph Vignetting is a common feature of photographs produced by toy cameras such as this shot taken with a Holga In photography and optics, vignetting is a reduction in image brightness in the image periphery compared to the image center. ...

Modern usage

The two major suppliers of 16 mm film today are Kodak and Fujifilm. 16 mm film is still used in television today, such as for the Hallmark Hall of Fame anthology series and "The O.C." in the US. In the UK, the format is still exceedingly popular for dramas and commercials; in fact, the BBC has a large part in the history of the format. They worked extensively with Kodak back in the 1950s and 1960s to bring 16 mm to a professional level, since the BBC needed cheaper, more portable production solutions while maintaining a higher quality than was offered at the time, when the format was almost exclusively for amateur filmmaking. Today the format also is frequently used for student films, while usage in documentary has almost disappeared. With the advent of HDTV, Super 16 film is still used for some productions destined for HD. Some low-budget theatrical features are shot on 16mm and super 16mm such as Kevin Smith's 16mm 1994 independent hit Clerks.; ironically, thanks to advances in film stock and digital technology - specifically digital intermediate (DI) - the format now seems to be seen as revitalized option. Vera Drake, for example, was shot on Super 16 mm film, digitally scanned at a high resolution, edited and color graded, and then printed out onto 35 mm film via a laser film recorder. Because of the digital process, the quality of the final 35 mm print is high enough to often fool professionals into thinking the footage was shot on 35 mm. Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is a large multinational public company producing photographic equipment. ... Fujifilm Holdings Corporation or Fujifilm ) is a Japanese company known for its photographic film and cameras. ... Hallmark Hall of Fame is a long running anthology program on American television. ... The O.C. is an American teen drama television series that originally aired on FOX in the United States from August 5, 2003, to February 22, 2007, running a total of four seasons. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... High-definition television (HDTV) means broadcast of television signals with a higher resolution than traditional formats (NTSC, SECAM, PAL) allow. ... HD may refer to: See also: Wikipedia:Help desk // Henry Draper Catalogue, a sequential numbering system for stars ordered by right ascension. ... Kevin Smith at a comics convention in 2005 Kevin Patrick Smith (born August 2, 1970) is an American screenwriter, film director, comic book writer, and creator of View Askew. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... Clerks. ... Digital intermediate (often abbreviated as DI) describes the process of digitizing a motion picture and manipulating color and other image characteristics to change the look, and is usually the final creative adjustment to a movie before distribution in theaters. ... Vera Drake (2004) is a British film directed by Mike Leigh. ... Arschloch The simplest film recorders typically work by displaying the image on a grayscale cathode ray tube (CRT) placed in front of a photographic camera. ...

In Britain most exterior television footage was shot on 16 mm from the 1960s until the 1980s, when the development of more portable television cameras and videotape machines led to video replacing 16 mm in many instances. Some drama shows and documentaries were made entirely on 16 mm, notably Brideshead Revisited, The Jewel in the Crown, The Ascent of Man and Life on Earth. The advent of digital television and widescreen sets led to the widespread use of Super 16. However, improvements in film stock have resulted in a dramatic improvement in picture quality since the 1970s. The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ... The 1980s refers to the years from 1980 to 1989. ... Brideshead Revisited, The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder is a novel by the English writer Evelyn Waugh, first published in 1945. ... The Jewel in the Crown is a British television drama series produced by Granada Television for ITV and based on the Raj Quartet novels by Paul Scott. ... The Ascent of Man (1973) was a groundbreaking BBC documentary series, produced in association with Time-Life Films, written and presented by Jacob Bronowski. ... This article is about the television documentary series Life on Earth. ...

The Academy Award winning Leaving Las Vegas (1995) was shot on 16 mm. To see more films filmed in Super 16 mm, see Super 16. Although he never won an Oscar for any of his movie performances, the comedian Bob Hope received two honorary Oscars for his contributions to cinema. ... For other uses, see Leaving Las Vegas (disambiguation). ... The year 1995 in film involved some significant events. ...

Cameras

Professional cameras

The Arriflex SR3, a popular industry-standard 16 mm and Super 16 camera.

A 16 mm spring-wound Bolex camera.

Today, the professional industry tends to use 16 mm cameras from Arri and Aaton, most notably the Arri SR3, Arri 416, and the Aaton XTRprod. Recently Aaton released the A-Minima, which is about the size of a camcorder and has been used for specialized filming requiring smaller or more versatile cameras. Photo Sonics have special extremely high speed cameras for 16 mm which can go up to 10,000 frames per second. Panavision even has a rarely-seen model known as "the Elaine" which appears to be making somewhat of a comeback. Image File history File links Arri16sr3. ... Image File history File links Arri16sr3. ... The ARRI Group has been the largest world wide supplier of high quality motion picture film equipment since 1917. ... Image File history File links BolexH16. ... Image File history File links BolexH16. ... A Bolex H16 Reflex spring-wound clockwork16 mm camera Bolex is a Swiss company (Bolex International S.A. of Yverdon) that manufactures motion picture cameras and lenses, the most notable products of which are in the 16 mm and Super 16 mm formats. ... The ARRI Group has been the largest world wide supplier of high quality motion picture film equipment since 1917. ... Aaton is a motion picture equipment manufacturer, based in Grenoble, France. ... Panavision is a motion picture equipment company specializing in camera, lens, and grip equipment, along with related accessories. ...

Amateur cameras

For amateur, hobbyist, and student usage it is more economical to use older models from Arri and Aaton as well as Auricon, Beaulieu, Bell and Howell, Bolex, Canon, Cinema Products, Eclair, Keystone Mitchell, and others. Beaulieu is the name of a French motion picture camera manufacturer. ... Abraham Zapruders Bell & Howell Zoomatic movie camera, in the collection of the US National Archives Founded in 1907 and headquartered in Skokie, Illinois, the Bell & Howell Company merged with Böwe Systec Inc in 2003 to become Böwe Bell & Howell. ... A Bolex H16 Reflex spring-wound clockwork16 mm camera Bolex is a Swiss company (Bolex International S.A. of Yverdon) that manufactures motion picture cameras and lenses, the most notable products of which are in the 16 mm and Super 16 mm formats. ... Canon Inc. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... It is proposed that this article be deleted, because of the following concern: Article lacks notability If you can address this concern by improving, copyediting, sourcing, renaming or merging the page, please edit this page and do so. ... Mitchell as a name is a variant form of Michael. ...

Technical specifications

• 40 frames per foot (7.6 mm per frame)
• 400 feet (122 meters) = about 11 minutes at 24 frame/s
• vertical pulldown

A strip of single perf 16 mm film with Super 16-sized frames.

16 mm Image File history File links S16. ... Image File history File links S16. ...

• 1.33 aspect ratio
• enlarging ratio of 1:4.58 for 35 mm Academy format prints
• camera aperture: 0.404 by 0.295 in (10.26 by 7.49 mm)
• projector aperture (full 1.33): 0.378 by 0.276 in (9.60 by 7.01 mm)
• projector aperture (1.85): 0.378 by 0.205 in (9.60 by 5.20 mm)
• TV station aperture: 0.380 by 0.286 in (9.65 by 7.26 mm)
• TV transmission: 0.368 by 0.276 in (9.34 by 7.01 mm)
• TV safe action: 0.331 by 0.248 in (8.40 by 6.29 mm); corner radii: 0.066 in (1.67 mm)
• TV safe titles: 0.293 by 0.221 in (7.44 by 5.61 mm); corner radii: 0.058 in (1.47 mm)
• 1 perforation per frame (may also be double perf, ie one on each side)

Super 16 The Academy ratio of 1. ...

• 1.66 aspect ratio
• camera aperture: 0.493 by 0.292 in (12.52 by 7.41 mm)
• projector aperture (full 1.66): 0.463 by 0.279 in (11.76 by 7.08 mm)
• projector aperture (1.85): 0.463 by 0.251 in (11.76 by 6.37 mm)
• 1 perforation per frame, always single perf

Ultra 16

• 1.89 aspect ratio
• camera aperture: 0.459 by 0.295 in (11.66mm by 7.49mm)
• projector aperture: 0.459 by 0.242 in (11.66mm by 6.15mm)
• 1 perforation per frame (may also be double perf, ie one on each side)

See also

• List of film formats
• Category:Films shot in Super 16

This is a list of film formats known to have been developed for shooting or viewing motion pictures since the development of such photographic technology towards the end of the 19th century. ...

External links

A 100 foot tin of 16 mm Fujifilm.

• Sub-35mm film formats history webpage
• Modifying a Bolex 16 mm camera for Super 16
• "Sweet 16: A-list Cinematographers Say the Emulsion’s Never Looked So Good, Here’s Why...", written February 1, 2005 and accessed December 29, 2005.
• "Snapshot of a Trend: Against All Odds, Super 16 Keeps Growing", Spring 2005 issue, accessed December 29, 2005
• Shooting Super-16mm On A Low Budget - a practical filmmaking guide
• DIY processing 16mm - guide for DIY processing of black/white 16mm. film