Events and Trends

• The personal union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal ends due to a revolution in the latter (1640). Philip IV of Spain is succeeded in the throne of Portugal by King John IV, previously Duke of Braganza
• Growing conflict between King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and the Long Parliament results in the outbreak of the English civil war (1642 - 1649). Supporters are respectively called Royalists and Roundheads. The Parliament eventually emerges victorious. The captive King is put on trial (January 19 - January 27, 1649) and then executed by decapitation (January 30, 1649). The monarchy is abolished and briefly replaced by the Commonwealth of England (1649 -1653).
• Anthony van Diemen, colonial governor of the Dutch East India Company, assigns Abel Tasman with the mission to explore the Terra Australis (Oceania). During his two years' expedition (1642 - 1644), the later becomes the first European to reach Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and New Zealand.
• Evangelista Torricelli constructs the first Mercury barometer (1643/ 1644).
• A series of treaties, known collectively as the Peace of Westphalia (October 24, 1648) put an end to:
  • The Eighty Years' War (1568 - 1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic. The later is recognized as being fully independent.
  • The Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648) between the various Catholic and Protestant forces of Europe. Each of the about 360 German Princes of the Holy Roman Empire gains almost complete sovereignty over his/her respective territory/ territories. Switzerland is recognized as being independent from the Empire.

Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. ... Jump to: navigation, search Philip IV of Spain Philip IV (Spanish: Felipe IV) (April 8, 1605 – September 17, 1665) was the king of Spain, from 1621 until his death, and king of Portugal as Philip III (Portuguese: Filipe III) until 1640. ... John IV of Portugal (Portuguese João IV) (March 1603 - November 6, 1656), the Restoring King (Port. ... The Duchy of Bragança or Braganza is one of the most important titles of the Portuguese Royal Family. ... Charles I (19 November 1600–30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625, until his death. ... Jump to: navigation, search Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) (Scots: Wha daur meddle wi me) Scotlands location within the UK Languages with Official Status1 English Gaelic Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK... The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, in 1640, following the Bishops Wars. ... Jump to: navigation, search The term English Civil War (or Wars) refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... The noun or adjective, Royalist, can have several shades of meaning. ... The Roundheads was the nickname given to supporters of the Parliamentarian cause in the English Civil War. ... January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... January 27 is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Beheading—Facsimile of a Miniature on Wood in the Cosmographie Universelle of Munster: in folio, Basle, 1552. ... January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Jump to: navigation, search A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Britain, Ireland, the colonies and other Crown possessions during the periods from 1649 (the monarch Charles I being beheaded on January 30 and An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth being passed by the... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ... Anthony van Diemen (1593–1645), or Antonius, Dutch colonial governor, was born in Culemborg in the Netherlands, the son of Bartholomeus van Diemen and Elisabeth Hoevenaar. ... Dutch colonial possessions, with the Dutch East India Company possessions marked in a paler green, surrounding the Indian Ocean plus Saint Helena in the mid-Atlantic. ... Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603 - October, 1659), was a Dutch seafarer and explorer, born in Lutjegast, a village in the province of Groningen, best known for his voyages of 1642 and 1644, in the service of the VOC (Dutch East India Company). ... Terra Australis is the large continent on the bottom of the map Terra Australis (more completely Terra Australis Incognita, (the) unknown southern land) was an imaginary continent, appearing on European maps from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. ... Map of Oceania. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... World map showing Europe (geographically) When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... Van Diemens Land was the original name used by Europeans for Tasmania, an island state of Australia. ... Jump to: navigation, search Motto: Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Nickname: The Apple Isle Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Governor Premier Const. ... Evangelista Torricelli, portrait by an unknown artist Bold textBold text == == Evangelista Torricelli (October 15, 1608 - October 25, 1647) was an Italian physicist and mathematician. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 200. ... Schematic drawing of a simple mercury barometer with vertical mercury column and reservoir at base A barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. ... Jump to: navigation, search // Events January 21 - Abel Tasman discovers Tonga February 6 - Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster by Gerard Terborch (1648) Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of Münster by Bartholomeus van der Helst, 1648 Known also as the treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, The Peace of... Jump to: navigation, search October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 68 days remaining. ... // Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. ... The Eighty Years War, or Dutch Revolt, was the war of secession between the Netherlands and Spain, as well as subsequent union of Portugal and Spain, that lasted from 1568 to 1648. ... Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... // Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. ... This article is about the Dutch United Provinces. ... Jump to: navigation, search The victory of Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) The Thirty Years War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire, but also involving most of the major continental powers. ... Events March 8 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery). ... // Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... World map showing Europe (geographically) When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... Jump to: navigation, search This page is about the Germanic empire. ... Jump to: navigation, search Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region, group of people or oneself. ... A territory is a defined area (including land and waters), usually considered to be a possession of an animal, person, organization, or institution. ... A territory is a defined area (including land and waters), usually considered to be a possession of an animal, person, organization, or institution. ...

World Leaders

• King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway (1588 - 1648).
• King Frederick III of Denmark (1648 - 1670).
• King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (1625 - 1649).
• King Louis XIII of France (1610 - 1643).
• Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of France (1624 - 1642).
• Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France (1642 - 1661).
• Anne of Austria, Queen Dowager and Regent of France (1643 - 1651).
• King Louis XIV of France (1643 - 1715).
• Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637 - 1657).
• Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel and Gelderland (1625 - 1647).
• William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel and Gelderland (1647 - 1650).
• Pope Urban VIII (1623 - 1644).
• Pope Innocent X (1644 - 1655).
• King John IV of Portugal (1640 - 1656).
• King Philip IV of Spain (1621 - 1665).
• Queen Christina of Sweden (1632 - 1654).

An image of Christian IV. Christian IV (1577–1648), king of Denmark and Norway, the son of Frederick II, king of Denmark and Norway, and Sophia of Mecklenburg, was born at Frederiksborg castle in 1577, and succeeded to the throne on the death of his father (April 4, 1588), attaining... 1588 was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... // Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. ... King Frederick III Frederick III (March 28, 1609 – February 19, 1670) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1648 until his death. ... // Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. ... 1670 was a common year beginning on a Saturday in countries using the Julian calendar and a Wednesday in countries using the Gregorian calendar. ... This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely: England (united with Wales from 1536) up to 1707; Scotland up to 1707; The Kingdom of Great Britain... Charles I (19 November 1600–30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625, until his death. ... Jump to: navigation, search Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) (Scots: Wha daur meddle wi me) Scotlands location within the UK Languages with Official Status1 English Gaelic Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK... Events March 27 - Prince Charles Stuart becomes King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Louis XIII (September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643), called the Just (French: le Juste), was King of France from 1610 to 1643. ... // Events January 7 - Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter. ... Jump to: navigation, search // Events January 21 - Abel Tasman discovers Tonga February 6 - Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands. ... Cardinal Richelieu was the French chief minister from 1624 until his death. ... In most Protestant churches, a minister is a member of the ordained clergy who leads a congregation or participates in a role in a parachurch ministry; such a person may also be called a Pastor, Preacher, Bishop, Chaplain or Elder. ... Events January 24 - Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... Cardinal Jules Mazarin, French diplomat and statesman Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino; but best known as Cardinal Mazarin (July 14, 1602 – March 9, 1661) served as the France from 1642, until his death. ... In most Protestant churches, a minister is a member of the ordained clergy who leads a congregation or participates in a role in a parachurch ministry; such a person may also be called a Pastor, Preacher, Bishop, Chaplain or Elder. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... Events January 6 - The fifth monarchy men unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London. ... Anne of Austria Anne of Austria (September 22, 1601 _ January 20, 1666) was Queen Consort of France and Regent for her son, Louis XIV of France. ... A monarch is a type of ruler or head of state, whose titles and ascent are often inherited, not earned, and who represents a larger monarchical system which has established rules and customs regarding succession, duties, and powers. ... A dowager is a widow who holds a title or property derived from her deceased husband. ... // High public office A regent, from the Latin regens who reigns is anyone who acts of head of state, especially if not the Monarch (who has higher titles). ... Jump to: navigation, search // Events January 21 - Abel Tasman discovers Tonga February 6 - Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... Jump to: navigation, search For the musical group of the same name, see Louis XIV (band). ... Jump to: navigation, search // Events January 21 - Abel Tasman discovers Tonga February 6 - Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands. ... // Events September 1 - King Louis XIV of France dies after a reign of 72 years, leaving the throne of his exhausted and indebted country to his great-grandson Louis XV. Regent for the new, five years old monarch is Philippe dOrléans, nephew of Louis XIV. September - First of... Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (July 13, 1608 – April 2, 1657), ruled February 15, 1637 – 1657. ... Events February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor December 17 - Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermats last theorem. ... Events January 8 - Miles Sindercombe, would-be-assassin of Oliver Cromwell, and his group are captured in London February - Admiral Robert Blake defeats the Spanish West Indian Fleet in a battle over the seizure of Jamaica. ... Frederick Henry (January 29, 1584–March 14, 1647), Prince of Orange, the youngest child of William the Silent, was born at Delft about six months before his fathers assassination. ... A stadtholder (Dutch: stadhouder meaning representative of state, a literal translation of the French lieutenant or the Latin locum tenans) was the person who ruled an area in the name of the land owner, in the Netherlands (which included present-day Belgium) from the 15th to the 18th century. ... Jump to: navigation, search Holland is a region in the central-western part of the Netherlands. ... Location of Zeeland in the Netherlands Zeeland is a province of the Netherlands. ... Utrecht is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country. ... Flag of Overijssel Overijssel is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country. ... Capital Arnhem Queens Commissioner Jan Kamminga Area  - Total  - % water 2nd 5137 km²  ?% Population  - Total (2004)  - Density 4th 1,966,929 379/km² Anthem Ons Gelderland For the historical duchy also called Gelderland, see Guelders Gelderland (English also Guelders) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern... Events March 27 - Prince Charles Stuart becomes King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... // Events March 14 - Thirty Years War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm. ... William II, Prince of Orange (May 27, 1626 - November 6, 1650), stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (March 14, 1647 - November 6, 1650). ... A stadtholder (Dutch: stadhouder meaning representative of state, a literal translation of the French lieutenant or the Latin locum tenans) was the person who ruled an area in the name of the land owner, in the Netherlands (which included present-day Belgium) from the 15th to the 18th century. ... Jump to: navigation, search Holland is a region in the central-western part of the Netherlands. ... Location of Zeeland in the Netherlands Zeeland is a province of the Netherlands. ... Utrecht is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country. ... Flag of Overijssel Overijssel is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country. ... Capital Arnhem Queens Commissioner Jan Kamminga Area  - Total  - % water 2nd 5137 km²  ?% Population  - Total (2004)  - Density 4th 1,966,929 379/km² Anthem Ons Gelderland For the historical duchy also called Gelderland, see Guelders Gelderland (English also Guelders) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern... // Events March 14 - Thirty Years War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm. ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ... Urban VIII, né Maffeo Barberini (April 1568 - July 29, 1644) was pope from 1623-1644. ... Events August 6 - Pope Urban VIII is elected to the Papacy. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Innocent X born Giovanni Battista Pamphili (May 6, 1574 – January 5, 1655) was Pope from 1644 to 1655. ... // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Events New Sweden (Delaware) attacked and captured by Dutch forces. ... John IV of Portugal (Portuguese João IV) (March 1603 - November 6, 1656), the Restoring King (Port. ... Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. ... // Events Mehmed Köprülü becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. ... Jump to: navigation, search Philip IV of Spain Philip IV (Spanish: Felipe IV) (April 8, 1605 – September 17, 1665) was the king of Spain, from 1621 until his death, and king of Portugal as Philip III (Portuguese: Filipe III) until 1640. ... Events February 9 - Gregory XV is elected pope. ... Events March 4 - Start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ... Jump to: navigation, search Christina (Kristina) (December 18, 1626 – April 19, 1689), later known as Maria Christina Alexandra and sometimes Count Dohna, was Queen regnant of Sweden from 1632 to 1654. ... Jump to: navigation, search See also: 1632 (novel) Events February 22 - Galileos Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published July 23 - 300 colonists for New France depart Dieppe November 8 - Wladyslaw IV Waza elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after Zygmunt III Waza death November 16... Jump to: navigation, search Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ...

Deaths

• Galileo Galilei (d. 1642)