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Computer Science - MSN Encarta (770 words) |
 | As the use of computers expanded between the 1950s and the 1970s, the focus of computer science broadened to include simplifying the use of computers through programming languages—artificial languages used to program computers, and operating systems—computer programs that provide a useful interface between a computer and a user. |
| The goals of computer science range from finding ways to better educate people in the use of existing computers to highly speculative research into technologies and approaches that may not be viable for decades. |
| Computer science can be divided into four main fields: software development, computer architecture (hardware), human-computer interfacing (the design of the most efficient ways for humans to use computers), and artificial intelligence (the attempt to make computers behave intelligently). |
| ScienceWeek (11614 words) |
| The authors suggest their data indicates that the prokaryotic circadian pacemakers have evolved in parallel with the geological history of the earth, and that natural selection, multiple lateral transfers, and gene duplications and losses have been the major factors shaping their evolution. |
| Science 2001 293:437 Related Background: ENTRAINMENT OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK IN THE LIVER BY FEEDING The following points are made by K-A. Stokkan et al (University of Virginia, US): 1) The light-dark (LD) cycle is the most reliable and strongest external signal that synchronizes (entrains) biological rhythms with the environment. |
| Science & Medicine 1998 Sep/Oct Notes: *tryptophan: A nutritionally essential amino acid that serves as a precursor for many molecular entities of importance in the nervous system. |
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