Cato the Elder is elected censor along with Lucius Valerius Flaccus, and initiates a number of unpopular reforms and crackdowns. He expels seven members of the Senate; one of them, a Manilius, for having "embraced his wife" during the day in the presence of their daughter (David Matz notes that the Greek verb periplakenai may have meant a more intimate sort of activity).
This period was marked by waves of invasions from Persia and Central Asia, to the spread of Buddhism from India, through to the Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent.
By the end of the first centuryBCE, South Asia was crisscrossed by overland trade routes, which facilitated the movements of Buddhist and Jain missionaries and other travelers and opened the area to a synthesis of many cultures.
Little is of their origins or the time during which they ruled is known beyond that they ruled over the entirety of the southern tip of India during the 3rd to the 6th century, overcoming the Sangam era kingdoms.
Around 1800 BCE, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE, most of the cities were abandoned.
Certain scholars propose that this was a major river during the third and fourth millennia BCE, and suggest that it may have been the Sarasvati River of the Rigveda.
In the course of the 2nd millennium BCE, remnants of the IVC's culture would (the so-called Cemetery H culture) amalgamated with that of other peoples, likely contributing to what eventually resulted in the rise of Vedic culture and eventually historical Hinduism.
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