Events and trends

Technology

• The Poster announcing railroads opening The First Transcontinental Railroad was a transcontinental railroad in North America that was finished in 1869. Since 1859 the most westerly railroad from the Atlantic coast reached Omaha, Nebraska. To connect it with the Pacific coast the Central Pacific Railroad was built from Sacramento, California... First Transcontinental Railroad in the The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States is built in the six year period between 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. Events January January 1 - Abraham Lincoln delivers the Emancipation Proclamation during the second year of the American Civil War. January 1 - The first claim under the Homestead Act is made for a farm in Nebraska January 8 - Ground is broken in Sacramento... 1863 and 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). Events March 1 - North German Confederation issues 10gr and 30gr value stamps, printed on goldbeaters skin May 4 - Naval Battle of Hakodate in Japan. May 10 - Transcontinental Railroad completed at Promontory, Utah. May 15 - Woman... 1869.

Science

• James Clerk Maxwell James Clerk Maxwell (June 13, 1831 - November 5, 1879) was a Scottish physicist, born in Edinburgh. Maxwell developed a set of equations expressing the basic laws of electricity and magnetism as well as the Maxwell distribution in the kinetic theory of gases. He was the last representative... James Clerk Maxwell publishes his Maxwells equations are the set of four equations, attributed to James Clerk Maxwell, that describe the behavior of both the electric and magnetic fields, as well as their interactions with matter. Maxwells four equations express, respectively, how electric charges produce electric fields (Gauss law), the experimental absence of... equations that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that Prism splitting light Light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye, or in a more general sense, any electromagnetic radiation in the range from infrared to ultraviolet. The three basic dimensions of light (and of all electromagnetic radiation) are: intensity (or brilliance or amplitude, perceived... light is a form of Electromagnetic radiation or EM radiation is a combination (cross product) of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other, moving through space as a wave, effectively transporting energy and momentum. EM radiation is quantized as particles called photons. EM radiation with a wavelength between 400nm and 700nm is detected... electromagnetic radiation
• Gregor Johann Mendel (July 22, 1822 – January 6, 1884) was an Austrian monk who is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. Life Mendel was born in Heinzendorf, Moravia, Austria (now Hynčice, district of Nový Jič... Gregor Mendel formulates Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets that underlie much of genetics developed by Gregor Mendel in the latter part of the 19th century. Mendel (1822-1884), an Austrian monk, was interested in understanding variances in plants, and between 1856 and 1863 cultivated and... Mendel's laws of inheritance, the basis for Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. Humans began applying knowledge of genetics in prehistory with the domestication and breeding of plants and animals. In modern research, genetics provides important tools in the investigation... genetics
• Mendeleyevs portrait by Ilya Repin. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (Russian Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) (February 7, 1834–January 20, 1907) was a Russian chemist who became... Dmitri Mendeleev discovers the The periodic table of the chemical elements, also called the Mendeleev periodic table, is a tabular display of the known chemical elements. The elements are arranged by electron structure so that many chemical properties vary regularly across the table. Each element is listed by its atomic number and chemical symbol... periodic table

War, peace and politics

• Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy... Italian unification under King King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Victor Emmanuel II (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820—January 9, 1878) was the King of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia from 1849–1861, and King of Italy from 1861 until his death in 1878. He was the first king of a... Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, States of the Church) is one of the historical states of Italy before its unity under the crown of Savoy and comprised those territories over which the Pope was the ruler in a civil as well as a spiritual sense... Papal States ( March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (77th in Leap years). There are 289 days remaining. Events 45 BC - In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. 1577 - formation of... March 17, 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. Events January January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I January 3 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States January 9 - Mississippi... 1861 - September 20 is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years). There are 102 days remaining. Events 1596 - Diego de Montemayor founded the city of Monterrey, Mexico. 1854 - Battle of Alma - British and French troops defeat Russians in the Crimea 1860 - The Prince of Wales (later King Edward... September 20, 1870 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). Events January - April January 6 - The inauguration of the Musikverein ( Vienna). January 10 - John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil January 15 - A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey (A... 1870).
• The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the United States – forces coming mostly from the 23 northern states of the Union – and the newly-formed Confederate States of America, which consisted of 11 southern states that had declared their secession... American Civil War fought between the remaining The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States of America under Seal of the President of the United States, official impression The President of the United States is the head of state of the United States. Under the U.S. Constitution, the President is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Because... President Abraham Lincoln ( February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipateer, was the 16th ( 1861– 1865) President of the United States, and the first president from the Republican Party. Lincoln staunchly opposed the expansion of slavery... Abraham Lincoln and the self-declared National Motto Deo Vindice ( Latin: Under God our Vindicator) Official language English de facto nationwide Various European and Native American languages regionallyweeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861– May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861– April 9, 1865 Danville, Virginia April 3– April 10, 1865fo realllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll... Confederate States of America under President Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician. He served in the U.S. Congress and as a U.S. Secretary of War in the cabinet of President Franklin Pierce. He is most famous for serving as the first and only... Jefferson Davis ( April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). There are 263 days remaining. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire 1606 - The Union Flag is adopted as the national flag of Great Britain. 1633 - The formal... April 12, 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. Events January January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I January 3 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States January 9 - Mississippi... 1861 - April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). There are 266 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans). 1241 - Battle of Liegnitz: Mongol forces defeats the... April 9, 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. Events January 31 - American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief. February - The Only known month in History without a Full moon. February 17 - American Civil War: Columbia, South Carolina burns as Confederate forces flee from advancing Union... 1865). Beginning of the In the history of the United States, Reconstruction was the period after the American Civil War when the southern states of the defeated Confederacy, which had seceded from the United States, were reintegrated into the Union. Laws and legislation Abraham Lincoln had endorsed a lenient plan for reconstruction, but the... Reconstruction era under President Andrew Johnson ( December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the sixteenth Vice President ( 1865) and the seventeenth President of the United States ( 1865– 1869), succeeding to the presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson presided over the Reconstruction of the United States following the American Civil War... Andrew Johnson ( 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. Events January 31 - American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief. February - The Only known month in History without a Full moon. February 17 - American Civil War: Columbia, South Carolina burns as Confederate forces flee from advancing Union... 1865 - 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). Events March 1 - North German Confederation issues 10gr and 30gr value stamps, printed on goldbeaters skin May 4 - Naval Battle of Hakodate in Japan. May 10 - Transcontinental Railroad completed at Promontory, Utah. May 15 - Woman... 1869).
• The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... French occupation of The United Mexican States or Mexico ( Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos or México; regarding the use of the variant spelling Méjico, see section The name below) is a country located in North America, bordered to the north by the United States of America, to the southeast by... Mexico ( 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. Events January January 1 - Abraham Lincoln delivers the Emancipation Proclamation during the second year of the American Civil War. January 1 - The first claim under the Homestead Act is made for a farm in Nebraska January 8 - Ground is broken in Sacramento... 1863 - 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 8 - African-American men granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia January 11 - Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again January 30 - Emperor Komei of Japan dies. Crown Prince Mutsuhito is expected... 1867). Replacement of Seal of the Office of the President of Mexico The President of Mexico is the head of state of Mexico. Under the constitution, the president is also the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the Mexican army, navy, and air force. Currently, the office of the president... President of Mexico Benito Juárez Benito Juárez ( March 21, 1806 – July 18, 1872) was a Zapotec Indian who served two terms ( 1861- 1863 and 1867- 1872) as President of Mexico. Juárez is often regarded as Mexicos greatest and most beloved leader. He is the first... Benito Juárez ( 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. Events January January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I January 3 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States January 9 - Mississippi... 1861 - 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. Events January January 1 - Abraham Lincoln delivers the Emancipation Proclamation during the second year of the American Civil War. January 1 - The first claim under the Homestead Act is made for a farm in Nebraska January 8 - Ground is broken in Sacramento... 1863) at first with Juan Nepomuceno Almonte ( 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. Events January January 1 - Abraham Lincoln delivers the Emancipation Proclamation during the second year of the American Civil War. January 1 - The first claim under the Homestead Act is made for a farm in Nebraska January 8 - Ground is broken in Sacramento... 1863 - Events January - March January 21 - Maori Wars: The Tauranga Campaign starts. February 27 - American Civil War: The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia. March 1- Alejandro Mon Menéndez takes office as Prime Minister of Spain March 10 - American Civil War: The Red River Campaign... 1864) and then by Emperor Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico, (July 6, 1832 - June 19, 1867) was a member of Austrias Imperial Habsburg family. With the backing of Napoleon III of France and a group of Mexican conservatives, he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico on April 10, 1864. Many Mexicans and foreign governments refused... Maximilian of Mexico ( Events January - March January 21 - Maori Wars: The Tauranga Campaign starts. February 27 - American Civil War: The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia. March 1- Alejandro Mon Menéndez takes office as Prime Minister of Spain March 10 - American Civil War: The Red River Campaign... 1864 - 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 8 - African-American men granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia January 11 - Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again January 30 - Emperor Komei of Japan dies. Crown Prince Mutsuhito is expected... 1867). Benito Juárez Benito Juárez ( March 21, 1806 – July 18, 1872) was a Zapotec Indian who served two terms ( 1861- 1863 and 1867- 1872) as President of Mexico. Juárez is often regarded as Mexicos greatest and most beloved leader. He is the first... Benito Juárez eventually manages to recover his position ( 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 8 - African-American men granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia January 11 - Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again January 30 - Emperor Komei of Japan dies. Crown Prince Mutsuhito is expected... 1867 - Events January - April January 2 - Brigham Young, is arrested for bigamy (25 wives). February 20 - In New York City the Metropolitan Museum of Art opens. March 1 - Yellowstone National Park is established as the worlds first national park March 5 - George Westinghouse patents the air brake. March 5 - The... 1872).
• The Meiji Restoration (明治維新; Meiji Ishin), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Meiji Revolution or Renewal, describes a chain of events that led to a change in Japans political and social structure; it occurred from 1866 to 1869, a period of 4 years that transverses both... Meiji Restoration in Official language Japanese Capital Tokyo Largest City Tokyo Emperor Akihito Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 60th 377,835 km² 0.8% Population  - Total ( 2004)  - Density Ranked 10th 127,333,002 337/km² GDP  - Total (PPP, 2005)  - Total (nominal)  ... Japan ( 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. Events January – June January 6 – Ottoman troops clash with men of a Maronite leader Karam in St. Doumit in Lebanon - Turks are defeated January 12 - Royal Aeronautical Society is formed ( London) January 28 - 800 Maronite troops clash with Ottoman troops... 1866 - 1869 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). Events March 1 - North German Confederation issues 10gr and 30gr value stamps, printed on goldbeaters skin May 4 - Naval Battle of Hakodate in Japan. May 10 - Transcontinental Railroad completed at Promontory, Utah. May 15 - Woman... 1869). Tokugawa Yoshinobu in French military uniform, c.1867 Tokugawa Yoshinobu (徳川慶喜) (October 28, 1837–November 22, 1913) was the 15th and last shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. Early life He was born in Mito, Ibaraki, Japan, the seventh son of Tokugawa Nariaki, Daimyo of... Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last of the The Tokugawa shogunate or Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府) (also known as the Edo bakufu) was a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868. This period is known as the Edo period and gets... Tokugawa shoguns loses control to the Emperor Mutsuhito Mutsuhito or Mitsuhito (睦仁), the Meiji Emperor (明治天皇, literally wise ruling heaven emperor) (3 November 1852–30 July 1912) was the 122nd Emperor of Japan. At the time of his birth in 1852, Japan was an isolated, pre-industrial, feudal country dominated by... Meiji Emperor. A series of reforms follows. The Japanese samurai in armour, 1860 photograph. Samurai (侍 or sometimes 士) is a common term for a warrior in pre-industrial Japan. A more appropriate term is bushi (武士) (lit. warrior or armsman) which came into use during the Edo period. However, the term samurai now usually refers to... samurai class fails to survive while the The daimyō (大名) were the most powerful feudal rulers from the 12th century to the 19th century in Japan. After the Meiji restoration in 1869 the daimyō merged with the kuge to form a single aristocratic group, the kazoku. The term daimyō literally means great name... Daimyo turn to Politics is the process and method of decision-making for groups of human beings. Although it is generally applied to governments, politics is also observed in all human group interactions including corporate, academic, and religious. Political science is the study of political behavior and examines the acquisition and application of... politics.
• Canada is an independent sovereign state in northern North America, the northern-most country in the world, and the second largest in total area. Bordering the United States, its territorial claims extend north into the Arctic Ocean as far as the North Pole. Canada is a federation of ten provinces... Canada becomes an independent nation
• U.S. president Abraham Lincoln ( February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipateer, was the 16th ( 1861– 1865) President of the United States, and the first president from the Republican Party. Lincoln staunchly opposed the expansion of slavery... Abraham Lincoln is This article is about those who carry out assassinations and their history. For other meanings of the word assassin, see Assassin (disambiguation) Jack Ruby assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald in a very public manner. In its most common use, assassin has come to mean someone who kills (assassinates) an important person... assassinated, April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (106th in leap years). There are 260 days remaining. Events 1400-1899 1450 - Battle of Formigny; Toward the end of the Hundred Years War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English forces, ending English domination in northern... April 15, 1865 is a common year starting on Sunday. Events January 31 - American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief. February - The Only known month in History without a Full moon. February 17 - American Civil War: Columbia, South Carolina burns as Confederate forces flee from advancing Union... 1865.

Culture and religion

• In This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. See Catholicism (disambiguation) for alternative meanings Catholicism has two main ecclesiastical meanings, described in Websters Dictionary as: a) the whole orthodox christian church, or adherence thereto; and b) the doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence thereto... Catholicism, reaction against Higher criticism is a branch of literary analysis that attempts to investigate the origins of a text, especially the text of the Bible. Higher criticism in particular focuses on the sources of a document and tries to determine the authorship, date, and place of composition of the text. This term... higher criticism and the liberal movement in World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. It is conventionally considered a continent, which, in this case, is more of a cultural distinction than a geographic one. ( National Geographic, however, officially recognises... Europe
• The Football Association (The FA) is the governing body of football in England (and the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man). The FA was established in 1863 and is the oldest football association in the world. It was instrumental in formulating the rules of the modern... The Football Association is formed in the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... United Kingdom, paving the way for The striker (wearing red jersey) has run past the defender (in white jersey) and is about to take a shot at the goal, while the goalkeeper positions himself to stop the ball. Football is the most widely played and watched team sport in the world. The game is often known... Association football to become the world's predominant spectator sport

Other

World leaders

• Emperor Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph (in English also Francis Joseph) (August 18, 1830 - November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. He was born in Vienna, Austria. Archduke Franz was the... Franz Josef ( Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k.u.k. monarchy), was a dualistic state (1867–1918) in which the Kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with the western and northern lands of the Austrian Empire... Austria-Hungary)
• Prime Minister Sir The Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, GCB, QC (January 11, 1815 - June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister of Canada from July 1, 1867 - November 5, 1873 - and - October 17, 1878 - June 6, 1891. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland. While there is some debate over his actual... John A. Macdonald ( Canada is an independent sovereign state in northern North America, the northern-most country in the world, and the second largest in total area. Bordering the United States, its territorial claims extend north into the Arctic Ocean as far as the North Pole. Canada is a federation of ten provinces... Canada)
• Emperor ... Napoleon III ( The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... France)
• King King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Victor Emmanuel II (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820—January 9, 1878) was the King of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia from 1849–1861, and King of Italy from 1861 until his death in 1878. He was the first king of a... Victor Emmanuel II ( The Italian Republic or Italy ( Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in southern Europe. It comprises a boot-shaped peninsula and two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia, and shares its northern alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent countries of San... Italy)
• Blessed Pius IX Supreme Pontiff (1846-1878) The Blessed Pius IX, né Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (May 13, 1792 - February 7, 1878) was pope for a record term of over 31 years, from June 16, 1846 until his death. Early life and election Mastai-Ferretti was born in Senigallia, Italy... Pope Pius IX
• Emperor Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (April 17, 1818–March 13, 1881) was the Emperor (tsar) of Russia from March 2, 1855 until his assassination. As such, he was also the Grand Duke of... Alexander II ( The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia)
• Queen Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819–22 January 1901) was a Queen of the United Kingdom, reigning from 20 June 1837 until her death. Her reign lasted more than sixty-three years—longer than... Victoria ( The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... United Kingdom)
• Prime Minister Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (October 20, 1784 - October 18, 1865) was a British Prime Minister and Liberal politician. He was in government office almost continually from 1807 till his death in 1865. Early Life and Career Henry John Temple was born at Broadlands, near Romsey, Hants. The Irish... Lord Palmerston ( The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... United Kingdom)
• Prime Minister Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby. (March 29, 1799 - October 23, 1869) was a British statesman, three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and is to date the longest serving leader of the Conservative Party. He was known before 1834 as Edward Smith-Stanley, and from... Lord Derby ( The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... United Kingdom)
• Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (December 29, 1809 - May 19, 1898) was a British Liberal politician and Prime Minister (1868-1874, 1880-1885, 1886 and 1892-1894). He was a notable political reformer, known for his populist speeches, and was for many years the main political rival of Benjamin Disraeli. Gladstone was... William Ewart Gladstone ( The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... United Kingdom)
• President For the economist of this name, see James M. Buchanan. James Buchanan ( April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the 15th ( 1857- 1861) President of the United States. He was the only bachelor President, and the only citizen of Pennsylvania to hold that office. He has been criticized for... James Buchanan ( The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States)
• President Abraham Lincoln ( February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipateer, was the 16th ( 1861– 1865) President of the United States, and the first president from the Republican Party. Lincoln staunchly opposed the expansion of slavery... Abraham Lincoln ( The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States)
• President Andrew Johnson ( December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the sixteenth Vice President ( 1865) and the seventeenth President of the United States ( 1865– 1869), succeeding to the presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson presided over the Reconstruction of the United States following the American Civil War... Andrew Johnson ( The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States)