Flu

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The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as La Grippe Espagnole, La Pesadilla, or the 1918 flu, was a pandemic caused by an unusually severe and deadly strain of the subtype H1N1 of the species Influenza A virus. In that pandemic, 50 million to 100 million people worldwide were killed during about a year in 1918 and 1919 ^[1]. Image File history File links Physcian_examining_a_child. ... Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease that infects birds and mammals (primarily of the upper airways and lungs in mammals) and is caused by an RNA virus of the Orthomyxoviridae family (the influenza viruses). ... Flu season is mostly a colloquial term used to describe the regular outbreak in flu cases, or even cases of the common cold during the late fall or winter. ... Model of Influenza Virus from NIH The flu vaccine is a vaccine to protect against the highly variable influenza virus. ... This article is about flu treatment in humans for mild human flu, which includes both efforts to reduce symptoms and to battle the flu virus itself. ... Avian flu is any flu caused by a virus adapted to birds. ... H5N1 flu refers to the transmission and infection of H5N1. ... Flu research includes molecular virology, pathogenesis, host immune responses, and epidemiology. ... A pandemic (from Greek pan all + demos people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads worldwide, or at least across a large region. ... In biology, Strain can be used two ways. ... H1N1 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). ... Influenza A virus, the virus that causes Avian flu. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

The Allies of World War I called it the "Spanish Flu". This was mainly because the pandemic received greater press attention in Spain than in the rest of the world, as Spain was not involved in the war and there was no wartime censorship in Spain. European military alliances in 1915. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Negative stained transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of recreated 1918 influenza virus.

Image File history File links Reconstructed_Spanish_Flu_Virus. ... Image File history File links Reconstructed_Spanish_Flu_Virus. ... Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an imaging technique whereby a beam of electrons is focused onto a specimen causing an enlarged version to appear on a fluorescent screen or layer of photographic film (see electron microscope), or can be detected by a CCD camera. ... Orders A virus is a submicroscopic particle that can infect the cells of a biological organism. ...

Effects

The social effects were intense due to the fast spread of the pandemic. Global mortality rate from the flu is estimated at 2.5% – 5% of the human population, with 20% of the world population suffering from the disease to some extent. It spread across the world killing 25 million in six months; some estimates put the total killed at over twice that number, possibly even 100 million. Mortality rate (the word mortality comes from mortal, which originates from Latin mors, death) is the number of deaths (from a disease or in general) per 1000 people and typically reported on an annual basis. ...

An estimated 17 million died in India, about 5% of India's population at the time. In the Indian Army, almost 22% of troops who caught the disease died of it. In US, about 28% of the population suffered, and 500,000 to 675,000 died. In Britain 200,000 died; in France more than 400,000. The death rate was especially high for indigenous peoples; entire villages perished in Alaska and southern Africa. In the Fiji Islands, 14% of population died during only two weeks, and in Western Samoa 22%. In Japan, 257,363 deaths were attributed to influenza by July 1919, giving an estimated 0.425% mortality rate, much lower than nearly all other Asian countries for which data are available. Motto: (1789 to 1956) (Latin for Out of many, one) In God We Trust (1956 to present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at federal level; English (de facto) Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice... Official language(s) English Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Area  Ranked 1st  - Total 663,267 sq. ... Categories: Africa geography stubs | Southern Africa ... The Republic of the Fiji Islands occupies an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Vanuatu, west of Tonga and south of Tuvalu. ... The Independent State of Samoa (conventional long form) or Samoa (conventional short form) is a country comprising a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

It may have killed as many as 25 million in its first 25 weeks, while AIDS killed 25 million in its first 25 years. The Red Ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections in humans resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by infection with...

The strain was unusual in killing many young and healthy victims, unlike common influenzas that kill mostly newborns and the old and infirm. People without symptoms could be struck suddenly and within hours be too feeble to walk; many died the next day. Symptoms included a blue tint to the face and coughing up blood caused by severe obstruction of the lungs. In later stages, the virus caused an uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients drowned in their body fluids. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

In fast-progressing cases, mortality was primarily from pneumonia, by virus-induced consolidation. Slower-progressing cases featured secondary bacterial pneumonias, and there may have been neural involvement that led to psychiatric disorders in a minority of cases. Some deaths resulted from malnourishment and even animal attacks in overwhelmed communities. Pneumonia is an illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the microscopic, alveoli (air-filled sacs) responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere become inflamed and flooded with fluid. ...

While in most places less than one-third of the population was infected and a fraction of that died, in a number of towns in several countries the entire population was wiped out. The only sizeable inhabited place with no documented outbreak of the flu in 1918–1919 was the island of Marajó at the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil. Marajó is an inhabited island, located at the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil. ... A satellite image of the mouth of the Amazon River, looking south The Amazon River (occasionally River Amazon; Spanish: Río Amazonas, Portuguese: Rio Amazonas) of South America is one of the two longest rivers on Earth, the other being the Nile in Africa. ...

Street car conductor in Seattle not allowing passengers aboard without a mask in 1918.

Many cities, states, and countries enforced restrictions on public gatherings and travel to try to stop the pandemic. In many places theaters, dance halls, churches and other public gathering places were closed for over a year. Quarantines were enforced with little success. Some communities placed armed guards at the borders and turned back or quarantined any travellers. One U.S. town even outlawed shaking hands. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x830, 109 KB) Summary Street car conductor in Seattle not allowing passengers aboard without a mask. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x830, 109 KB) Summary Street car conductor in Seattle not allowing passengers aboard without a mask. ... Quarantine, a medical term (from Italian: quaranta giorni, forty days) is the act of keeping people or animals separated for a period of time before, for instance, allowing them to enter another country. ...

Even in areas where mortality was low, those incapacitated by the illness were often so numerous as to bring much of everyday life to a stop. Some communities closed all stores or required customers not to enter the store but place their orders outside the store for filling. There were many reports of places with no health care workers to tend the sick because of their own ill health and no able bodied grave diggers to bury the dead. Mass graves were dug by steam shovel and bodies buried without coffins in many places.

Spanish flu research

One theory is that the virus strain originated at Fort Riley, Kansas, by two genetic mechanisms — genetic drift and antigenic shift — in viruses in poultry and swine which the fort bred for local consumption. But evidence from a recent reconstruction of the virus suggests that it jumped directly from birds to humans, without traveling through swine. Fort Riley is a census-designated place and United States Army post, in Northeast Kansas, on the Kansas River. ... Official language(s) English Capital Topeka Largest city Wichita Area  Ranked 15th  - Total 82,277 sq. ... Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. ... Genetic drift is the term used in population genetics to refer to the statistical drift over time of allele frequencies in a finite population due to random sampling effects in the formation of successive generations. ... Antigenic shift is the process by which two different strains of influenza combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. ...

In February 1998, The Molecular Pathology Division of the US Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) recovered samples of the 1918 influenza from the frozen corpse of a Native Alaskan woman buried for nearly eight decades in permafrost near Brevig Mission, Alaska. Brevig Mission lost approximately 85% of its population to the Spanish flu in November 1918. One of the four recovered samples contained viable genetic material of the virus. This sample provided scientists a first-hand opportunity to study the virus, which was inactivated with guanidinium thiocyanate before transport. This sample and others found in AFIP archives allowed researchers to completely analyze the critical gene structures of the 1918 virus. February is the second month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... In geology, permafrost or permafrost soil is soil that stays in a frozen state for more than two years in a row. ... Brevig Mission is a city located in Nome Census Area, Alaska. ... Guanidinium thiocyanate is a chemical compound that can be used to deactivate a virus, such as the influenza virus that caused the 1918 Spanish flu so that it can be studied safely. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ...

"We have now identified three cases: the Brevig Mission case and two archival cases that represent the only known sources of genetic material of the 1918 influenza virus", said Jeffery K.Taubenberger, MD, PhD, chief of the institute's molecular pathology division and principal investigator on the project. Genetic material is the material used to store genetic information for a living organism. ...

In September 2000, Noymer and Garenne published a study that poses an etiological theory explaining the unusual W-shaped mortality age profile of the virus. This profile is characterized by a mode in the 25 – 34 year age group. Usually, influenza has a U-shaped profile, being most deadly to the young and the old. Additionally, after the pandemic the difference in life expectancy between men and women decreased (women had a historically longer life expectancy). Noymer and Garenne have causally linked these two anomalies to an interaction with tuberculosis, a predominantly male disease of young adulthood. Look up September in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Etiology (alternately aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. ... In statistics, the mode is the value that has the largest number of observations, namely the most frequent value or values. ... World map showing Human Life expectancy Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. ... Tuberculosis (commonly shortened to TB) is an infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (Miliary tuberculosis), genitourinary system, bones and joints. ...

In October 2002, the AFIP together with a microbiologist from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York started to reconstruct the Spanish Flu. In an experiment published in October 2002, they created a virus with two 1918 genes. This virus was much more deadly to mice than other constructs containing genes from contemporary influenza virus. The experiments were conducted under high biosafety conditions at a laboratory of the US Department of Agriculture in Athens, Georgia. Look up October in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... The Mount Sinai School of Medicine is a premier medical school located in Manhattan in New York City. ... The U.S. Department of Agriculture, also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA, is a Cabinet department of the United States Federal Government. ... Athens or Athens-Clarke County is a city in Clarke County, Georgia, U.S., in the northeastern part of the state, just off of Georgia 316. ...

The February 6, 2004 edition of Science magazine reported that two research teams, one led by Sir John Skehel, director of the National Institute for Medical Research in London, another by Professor Ian Wilson of The Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, had managed to synthesize the hemagglutinin protein responsible for the 1918 outbreak of Spanish Flu. They did this by piecing together DNA from a lung sample from an Inuit woman buried in the Alaskan tundra and a number of preserved samples from American soldiers of the First World War. The teams had analyzed the structure of the gene and discovered how subtle alterations to the shape of a protein molecule had allowed it to move from birds to humans with such devastating effects. February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). ... The National Institute For Medical Research, commonly abbreviated to NIMR, is a fairly large medical institute situated in rural Mill Hill, England. ... London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England and is the most populous city in the European Union. ... TSRIs Beckman Center for Chemical Sciences The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) is a medical research facility that focuses on research in the basic biomedical sciences. ... San Diego County in the Southwest corner of California. ... Hemagglutinin, as depicted in a simplified molecular model. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Inuit (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, singular Inuk / ᐃᓄᒃ) is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic coasts of Siberia, Alaska, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Quebec, Labrador and Greenland (see Eskimo). ... In physical geography, tundra is an area where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. ...

Wikinews has news related to:

Scientists recreating the 1918 flu virus say 'it came from birds'

On October 5, 2005, researchers announced that the genetic sequence of the 1918 flu strain had been reconstructed using historic tissue samples. ^[2] Image File history File links Wikinews-logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... October 5 is the 278th day of the year (279th in Leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The H5N1 virus has mutated into a variety of types with differing pathogenic profiles; some pathogenic to one species but not others, some pathogenic to multiple species. ^[3] The ability of various influenza strains to show species-selectivity is largely due to variation in the hemagglutinin genes. Genetic mutations in the hemagglutinin gene that cause single amino acid substitutions can significantly alter the ability of viral hemagglutinin proteins to bind to receptors on the surface of host cells. Such mutations in avian H5N1 viruses can change virus strains from being inefficient at infecting human cells to being as efficient in causing human infections as more common human influenza virus types. ^[4] This doesn't mean one amino acid substitution can cause a pandemic but it does mean one amino acid substitution can cause an avian flu virus that is not pathogenic in humans to become pathogenic in humans. Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease that infects birds and mammals (primarily of the upper airways and lungs in mammals) and is caused by an RNA virus of the Orthomyxoviridae family (the influenza viruses). ... An RNA virus is a virus that either uses RNA as its genetic material, or whose genetic material passes through an RNA intermediate during replication. ... In biology, mutations are changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA). ... An amino acid residue is what is left of an amino acid once a molecule of water has been lost (an H+ from the nitrogenous side and an OH- from the carboxylic side) in the formation of a peptide bond. ... In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. ...

In July 2004, researchers led by H. Deng of the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, China and Professor Robert Webster of the St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, reported results of experiments in which mice had been exposed to 21 isolates of confirmed H5N1 strains obtained from ducks in China between 1999 and 2002. They found "a clear temporal pattern of progressively increasing pathogenicity". ^[5] Results reported by Dr. Webster in July 2005 reveal further progression toward pathogenicity in mice and longer virus shedding by ducks. 2004 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December See also: July 2004 in sports Deaths in July • 31 David B. Haight • 29 Francis Crick • 29 Nafisa Joseph • 23 Joe Cahill • 23 Mehmood • 23 Illinois Jacquet • 23 Carlos Paredes • 22 Sacha Distel • 21 Jerry Goldsmith • 21... For other meanings of Harbin, see Harbin (disambiguation). ... Robert G. (Rob) Webster (born May 7, 1932), in Balclutha New Zealand, is the virologist who in 1957 was the first to announce a link between human flu and bird flu. ... From the stjude. ... Nickname The River City, The Bluff City Location Location in Shelby County and the state of Tennessee Government Country State Counties United States Tennessee Shelby County Mayor W. W. Herenton (D) Geographical characteristics Area  - Total  - Land  - Water 294. ... Feral mouse A mouse is a mammal that belongs to one of numerous species of small rodents in the genus Mus and various related genera of the family Muridæ (Old World Mice). ... Ongoing events • 2005 Atlantic and Pacific hurricanes • 2005 Maharashtra floods • 2005 Gujarat Flood • Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan • Fuel prices • Gomery Comm. ...

Recent research of Taubenberger et al has suggested that the 1918 virus, like H5N1, could have arisen directly from an avian influenza virus. ^[6] However, researchers at University of Virginia and Australian National University have indicated problems in the Taubenberger et al. research ^[7][8]. Their work shows there is not enough phylogenetic evidence to suggest 1918 virus could have arisen directly from an avian influenza virus. It should also be noted that earlier research by Fanning et al. suggests that the 1918 virus did not acquire its HA gene from an avian source ^[9] . Other research by Tumpey and colleagues who reconstructed the H1N1 virus of 1918 came to the conclusion that it is was most notably the polymerase genes and the HA and NA genes that caused the extreme virulence of this virus. ^[10] The sequences of the polymerase proteins (PA, PB1, and PB2) of the 1918 virus and subsequent human viruses differ by only 10 amino acids from the avian influenza viruses. Viruses with seven of the ten amino acids in the human influenza locations have already been identified in currently circulating H5N1. This has led some researchers to suggest that other mutations may surface and make the H5N1 virus capable of human-to-human transmission. Another important factor is the change of the HA protein to a binding preference for alpha 2,6 sialic acid (the major form in the human respiratory tract). In avian virus the HA protein preferentially binds to alpha 2,3 sialic acid, which is the major form in the avian enteric tract. It has been shown that only a single amino acid change can result in the change of this binding preference. Altogether, only a handful of mutations may need to take place in order for H5N1 avian flu to become a pandemic virus like the one of 1918. However it is important to note that likelihood of mutation does not indicate the likelihood for the evolution of such a strain; since some of the necessary mutations may be constrained by stabilizing selection. Stabilizing selection is a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait. ...

Sources and notes

1. ^ NAP
2. ^ Special report at Nature News: The 1918 flu virus is resurrected, Published online: 5 October 2005; DOI:10.1038/437794a . See: "Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes" by Jeffery K. Taubenberger, Ann H. Reid, Raina M. Lourens, Ruixue Wang, Guozhong Jin and Thomas G. Fanning in Nature (2005) volume 437 pages 889–893 DOI:10.1038/nature04230 . Also: "Characterization of the Reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Virus" by Terrence M. Tumpey, Christopher F. Basler, Patricia V. Aguilar, Hui Zeng, Alicia Solórzano, David E. Swayne, Nancy J. Cox, Jacqueline M. Katz, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, Peter Palese and Adolfo García-Sastre in Science (2005) volume 310 pages 77–80 DOI:10.1126/science.1119392 .
3. ^ New genotype of avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated from tree sparrows in China by Z. Kou, F. M. Lei, J. Yu, Z. J. Fan, Z. H. Yin, C. X. Jia, K. J. Xiong, Y. H. Sun, X. W. Zhang, X. M. Wu, X. B. Gao and T. X. Li in Journal of Virology (2005) volume 79, pages 15460-15466.
4. ^ Evolution of the receptor binding phenotype of influenza A (H5) viruses by A. Gambaryan, A. Tuzikov, G. Pazynina, N. Bovin, A. Balish and A. Klimov in Virology (2005) electronic release on October 11 ahead of print publication.
5. ^ The evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in ducks in southern China by H. Chen, G. Deng, Z. Li, G. Tian, Y. Li, P. Jiao, L. Zhang, Z. Liu, R. G. Webster and K. Yu in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2004) volume 101, pages 10452-10457.
6. ^ Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Lourens RM, Wang R, Jin G, Fanning TG. Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes. Nature. October 6, 2005;437(7060):889-893
7. ^ Gibbs and Gibbs. Was the 1918 pandemic caused by a bird flu? Nature. April 27, 2006;440:E8
8. ^ Antonovics et al. Was the 1918 flu avian in origin? Nature. April 27, 2006;440:E9
9. ^ Thomas G. Fanning, Richard D. Slemons, Ann H. Reid,Thomas A. Janczewski, James Dean, and Jeffery K. Taubenberger. 1917 Avian Influenza Virus Sequences Suggest that the 1918 Pandemic Virus Did Not Acquire Its Hemagglutinin Directly from Birds. Journal of Virology. August, 2002;76:15 pages 7860-7862
10. ^ Tumpey TM, Basler CF, Aguilar PV, Zeng H, Solorzano A, Swayne DE, Cox NJ, Katz JM, Taubenberger JK, Palese P, Garcia-Sastre A. Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus. Science. October 7, 2005;310(5745):77-80

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Further reading

• Terrence M. Tumpey, Adolfo García-Sastre, Andrea Mikulasova, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, David E. Swayne, Peter Palese, and Christopher F. Basler (2002) "Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, 13849–13854.

• Alfred W. Crosby (1990). America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521386950.

• John M. Barry, (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0670894737.

• Leonard Crane, (2000). Ninth Day of Creation. Connection Books. ISBN 0967571294.

• Andrew Noymer and Michel Garenne (2000). "The 1918 Influenza Epidemic's Effects on Sex Differentials in Mortality in the United States". Population and Development Review, 26(3):565–581.

• Geoffrey W. Rice and Edwina Palmer (1993). "Pandemic Influenza in Japan, 1918–19: Mortality Patterns and Official Responses". Journal of Japanese Studies, 19(2):389–420.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Category:Spanish flu

• Nature "Web Focus" on 1918 flu, including new research
• Influenza Pandemic on stanford.edu
• Article: The Deadliest Fall
• Influenza 1918 in the United States on pbs.org
• Secrets of the Dead: Killer Flu (PBS)
• Flu by Eileen A. Lynch. The devastating effect of the Spanish flu in the city of Philadelphia, PA, USA
• Dialog: An Interview with Dr. Jeffery Taubenberger on Reconstructing the Spanish Flu
• The Deadly Virus - The Influenza Epidemic of 1918, by the National Archives and Records Administration (see actual pictures and records of the time).
• The 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand - includes recorded recollections of people who lived through it
• Experts Unlock Clues to Spread of 1918 Flu Virus - The New York Times
• PBS - recovery of flu samples from Alaskan flu victims
• An Avian Connection as a Catalyst to the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic
• Alaska Science Forum - Permafrost Preserves Clues to Deadly 1918 Flu
• Pathology of Influenza in France, 1920 Report