The year 1934 in science and technology. // What is science? There are different theories of what science is. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Astronomy

• Richard Tolman shows that black-body radiation in an expanding universe cools but remains thermal.
• Georges Lemaître interprets the cosmological constant as due to a vacuum energy with an unusual perfect fluid equation of state.

Richard C. Tolman was California Institute of Technology professor of physical chemistry and mathematical physics. ... As the temperature decreases, the peak of the black body radiation curve moves to lower intensities and longer wavelengths. ... Georges-Henri Lemaître (July 17, 1894 – June 20, 1966) was a Belgian Roman Catholic priest and astronomer. ... Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space even when devoid of matter. ... In physics and thermodynamics, an equation of state is a constitutive equation describing the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions. ...

Chemistry

• The Mulliken scale of chemical element electronegativity is developed by Robert S. Mulliken.

The Mulliken scale (also called Mulliken-Jaffe scale) is a scale for the electronegativity of chemical elements. ... A chemical element, often called simply element, is the class of atoms which contain the same number of protons. ... Electronegativity is the measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... Robert Sanderson Mulliken (June 7, 1896-October 31, 1986) was an American physicist and chemist, primarily responsible for the elaboration of the molecular orbital method of computing the structure of molecules. ...

Physics

• Sonoluminescence is discovered at the University of Cologne.
• Ernest Lawrence and Stan Livingston invent the cyclotron.

Image of multi-bubble sonoluminescence created by a high intensity ultrasonic horn immersed in a beaker of liquid. ... The University of Cologne (Universität zu Köln) is one of the oldest Universities in Europe and, with over 47,000 students, is one of the largest institutions of higher education in Germany. ... Ernest O. Lawrence Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was an American physicist and Nobel laureate best known for his invention of the cyclotron. ... 60-inch cyclotron, circa 1939, showing beam of accelerated ions (perhaps protons or deuterons) causing a blue glow, almost certainly the Cherenkov effect. ...

Technology

• The 135 film cartridge was introduced, making 35mm film easy to use.

135 is a film format for still photography. ...

Awards

• Nobel Prize
  • Physics: not awarded
  • Chemistry: Harold Clayton Urey
  • Physiology or Medicine: George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy

Sir Edward Appletons medal Photographs of Nobel Prize Medals. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to the present day. ... Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was a chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 and later led him to theories of planetary evolution. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ... George Hoyt Whipple (August 28, 1878 - February 1, 1976) was one of three recipients in 1934 of the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their work on liver therapy in cases of anemia. ... George Richards Minot (December 2, 1885 (Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) - February 25, 1950) won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with William P. Murphy and George H. Whipple for their work in the study of anemia. ... See William Beverly Murphy for the food businessman. ...

Births

• March 9 - Yuri Gagarin (d. 1968), cosmonaut, the first man in space.
• March 31 - Carlo Rubbia, physicist, Nobel laurette in Physics
• November 9 - Carl Sagan (d. 1996), astronomer.

March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (69th in Leap years). ... Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Russian: Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин; YOO-ree a-lek-SE-ye-veech ga-GA-reen; March 9, 1934 – March 27, 1968), was a Soviet cosmonaut who in 1961 became the first human to travel into space. ... See also: Other events of 1968 List of years in science . ... U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit (MMU) outside the Challenger in 1984. ... Outer space (also called just space) as a name for a region, refers to the relatively empty parts of the Universe, outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years), with 275 days remaining, as the final day of March. ... Carlo Rubbia Carlo Rubbia (born March 31, 1934) is an Italian physicist. ... A physicist is a scientist trained in physics. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... A respected astronomer and dogged critic of pseudoscience, Carl Sagan is best known for his enthusiastic efforts at popularizing science. ... See also: Other events of 1996 List of years in science . ... An astronomer or astrophysicist is a scientist whose area of research is astronomy or astrophysics. ...

Deaths

• January 29 - Fritz Haber (b. 1868), chemist.
• July 4 - Marie Curie (b. 1867), physicist.