NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 1956 Hungarian revolution

The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, also known as the Hungarian Uprising or simply the Hungarian Revolt, was an anti-Soviet revolt in Hungary lasting from 23 October to 4 November 1956. Political changes in the post-Stalinist Soviet Union, nationalist movements in the socialist parties of eastern Europe, and social unrest due to poor economic conditions for the Hungarian populace created conditions for a popular uprising in October 1956. The Cold War (Russian: Ð¥Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð’Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ð° Kholodnaya Voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between capitalism and communism, centering around the global superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union, and their military alliance partners. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2592x1944, 932 KB) Summary A flag from the 1956 Hungarian Revolution on the memorial to the victims located outside the Hungarian Parliament Building Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Casus belli is a modern Latin-based expression meaning occasion of war, used officially to refer to the grievances section of a formal Declaration of war. ... The State Protection Authority (Hungarian: or ÃVH) was the secret police force of Hungary from some time in 1944 or 1945 until 1956. ... Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Russian: Ð®ÌÑ€Ð¸Ð¹ Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ¿Ð¾Ð²; 15 June [O.S. 2 June] 1914 â€“ February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death just sixteen months later. ... PÃ¡l MalÃ©ter (1917-June 16, 1958) was born to Hungarian parents in EperjÃ©s, a city in the northern part of Historical Hungary, today part of Slovakia. ... Dr. BÃ©la KirÃ¡ly, born on April 14, 1912, in Kaposvar, Hungary, is a Hungarian resistance fighter, military historian, author, and politician. ... JÃ³zsef DudÃ¡s, (September 22, 1912 - January 19, 1957), was born in MarosvÃ¡sÃ¡rhely, Romania; a Hungarian anti-government activist during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. ... This article is about revolution in the sense of a drastic change. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 23 October 1956 a student march supporting liberalization of social and economic policies attracted hundreds of thousands of Hungarians. Participants presenting their demands were attacked by security forces, and soon violently rose up against the government. Within days, millions of Hungarians were participating in or supporting the revolt. On the night of 23 October and subsequent days the Hungarian State Protection Authority (ÁVH) shot protestors. In comparison, Soviet troops stationed in Hungary generally attempted to keep order. Armed resistance by insurgents, and the collapse of the government of Ernő Gerő, caused a ceasefire between Soviet troops and insurgents by 1 November. The revolt achieved control over the Hungarian Communist Party, most social institutions and a large amount of territory. The participants began to implement their own policies, re-establishing multiparty rule and ousting the previous hard-line government ministers. Workers' councils established control over factories and mines, and assumed functions previously reserved for communist party bureaucrats. Executions of pro-Soviet communists, and ÁVH members started, especially by ultra-nationalist groups. The Hungarian Communist Party made Imre Nagy Prime Minister. After negotiating a ceasefire with Soviet forces in Hungary, Nagy declared his intention to withdraw Hungary from the Warsaw Pact. October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... The State Protection Authority (Hungarian: or ÃVH) was the secret police force of Hungary from some time in 1944 or 1945 until 1956. ... ErnÅ‘ GerÅ‘ (1898 - 1980) was a Hungarian Communist leader in the period after World War II and briefly leader of Hungary in 1956. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... The Hungarian Communist Party (in Hungarian: Magyar Kommunista Párt or Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja) was founded on November 24, 1918, and was in power in Hungary briefly from 1918 to 1919 under Bela Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic. ... Imre Nagy. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ...

With the NATO allies engaged in the Suez Crisis, the Presidium of the Soviet Communist Party became alarmed at events in Hungary, and encouraged János Kádár to form a new pro-Warsaw Pact government on 3 November. Nominally invited by Kádár's "Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government", on the night of 4 November the Soviet army intervened a second time. Soviet forces unleashed an artillery barrage and airstrikes in a multi-divisional offensive against Budapest, crushing the uprising by 10 November. In the wake of the Soviet invasion, mass arrests of dissidents began, and around 200,000 Hungarians fled to Austria. By January 1957 Kádár had brought the instability to an end. The supression of the revolution caused fractures within the communist parties of Western Europe, and some disillusioned members left or were expelled. Due to the rapid change in government and social policies, and the use of armed force to achieve political goals, this uprising is often considered a revolution. NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... Combatants Israel Great Britain France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 300,000 Casualties 177 Israeli KIA 16 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 33 French WIA 1,650 KIA 4,900 WIA... The Politburo (in Russian: ÐŸÐ¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ‚Ð±ÑŽÑ€Ð¾, full:Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, abbriviated ÐŸÐ¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ‚Ð±ÑŽÑ€Ð¾ Ð¦Ðš ÐšÐŸÐ¡Ð¡), known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966, functioned as the central policymaking and governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. ... JÃ¡nos KÃ¡dÃ¡r GYILKOS DISZNO, nÃ© JÃ¡nos Csermanek (May 26, 1912â€“July 6, 1989), was the communist leader of Hungary from 1956 to 1988, and twice served as Prime Minister of Hungary, from 1956 to 1958 and from 1961 to 1965. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ... November 3 is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 58 days remaining. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Eurocommunism was an attempt in the 1970s by various Western European communist parties to develop a theory and practice of social transformation that was more relevant in a Western European democracy. ... It has been suggested that Revolutionary be merged into this article or section. ...

Prelude to the uprising

Occupation and repression

Following World War II, Hungary became part of the Soviet sphere of influence under the Potsdam Agreement. Soviet troops had remained in Hungary since 1944; first as an invading army and occupation force, then at the nominal invitation of the Hungarian government, and finally as required by their membership in the Warsaw Pact. A coalition government chosen by a free election in 1945 was forced by Soviet Marshal Kliment Voroshilov to yield several key posts to the Hungarian Communist Party (Magyar Kommunista Párt or MKP), which had only polled 17% of the vote. Interior Minister and MKP member László Rajk established the State Protection Authority (ÁVH), a Hungarian secret police unit and extension of the Soviet Union's NKVD, that suppressed or eliminated opposition religious, nationalist, and democratic groups. After this brief period of multiparty democracy, the MKP, now called the Hungarian Workers Party (Magyar Dolgozók Pártja or MDP) after absorbing other political parties, ran its candidates unopposed in 1949. Hungary was transformed into a communist state, the People's Republic of Hungary (Magyar Népköztársaság), under the dictatorship of Mátyás Rákosi. Controlled by Rákosi and Ernő Gerő, the State Protection Authority began a series of purges from 1948-1953. Dissident Party members were denounced as “Titoists” and “western agents” and forced to recant in show trials. Thousands of Hungarians were arrested for political opposition, tortured, tried, then imprisoned in ÁVH-run concentration camps or executed (ironically among them veteran MDP member László Rajk). Hatred for the ruling MDP elite, the ÁVH, and Soviet occupiers was reflected by the 16 demands made by student demonstrators as the uprising erupted on 23 October, including evacuation of all Soviet troops, removal of the MDP leadership and release of political prisoners. ^[1] A sphere of influence (SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural, economic, military or political domination. ... The Potsdam Agreement, or the Potsdam Proclamation, was an agreement on policy for the occupation and reconstruction of Germany and other nations after fighting in the European Theatre of World War II had ended with the German surrender of May 8, 1945. ... Following the termination of hostilities in World War II, the Allied Powers were in control of the defeated Axis countries. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Kliment Voroshilov Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov () (January 23, 1881 - December 2, 1969) was a Soviet military commander and politician. ... The Hungarian Communist Party (in Hungarian: Magyar Kommunista Párt or Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja) was founded on November 24, 1918, and was in power in Hungary briefly from 1918 to 1919 under Bela Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic. ... LÃ¡szlÃ³ Rajk (1909-1949) was an opposant to the communist rule in Hungary. ... The State Protection Authority (Hungarian: or ÃVH) was the secret police force of Hungary from some time in 1944 or 1945 until 1956. ... Secret police (sometimes political police) are a police organization which operates in secrecy for the national purpose of maintaining national security against internal threats to the state. ... The NKVD (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del )(Russian: ÐÐšÐ’Ð”, ÐÐ°Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ð¸Ð°Ñ‚ Ð²Ð½ÑƒÑ‚Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¸Ñ… Ð´ÐµÐ») or Peoples Commisariat for Internal Affairs was a government department which handled a number of the Soviet Unions affairs of state. ... A multi-party system is a type of party system. ... Note: if you are looking for Workers Party in Hungary (Munkáspárt in Hungarian), click the link. ... Electoral fraud is the deliberate intentional interference with the process of an election. ... This article is about one-party states governed by Communist parties. ... The Peoples Republic of Hungary was the name used by Hungary from 1949 to 1989 during its Communist period. ... Portrait of MÃ¡tyÃ¡s RÃ¡kosi MÃ¡tyÃ¡s RÃ¡kosi (March 14, 1892â€“February 5, 1971) was a Hungarian politician and the leader of Hungary from 1945 to 1956. ... ErnÅ‘ GerÅ‘ (1898 - 1980) was a Hungarian Communist leader in the period after World War II and briefly leader of Hungary in 1956. ... Josip Broz Tito (May 7, 1892 - May 4, 1980) was the ruler of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ... The term show trial serves most commonly to label a type of public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the accused: the actual trial has as its only goal to present the accusation and the verdict to the public as an impressive example and... The term show trial serves most commonly to label a type of public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the accused: the actual trial has as its only goal to present the accusation and the verdict to the public as an impressive example and... A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ...

Economic stagnation

As an ally of Nazi Germany, Hungary agreed to pay war reparations of about US$300 million over 6 years to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia after World War II, and to pay support for Soviet garrisons. ^[2] Due to postwar inflation, the Hungarian National Bank in 1946 estimated the cost of reparations at "$500 to 584 millions a year, ... between 19 and 22 per cent of the present national income." ^[3] Moreover, Hungary (like other Eastern Bloc satellite states) was dependent on the Soviet Union through the COMECON (Council Of Mutual Economic Assistance), and was prevented from trading with the West or receiving Marshall Plan aid to revitalise the Hungarian economy. Partially due to looting and Soviet seizure of industrial assets as reparations, postwar Hungarian manufacturing output fell to one-third of pre-war levels. ^[4] The Hungarian currency, the pengő, experienced substantial depreciation, as postwar Hungary suffered the worst documented hyperinflation in history. ^[5] In the early 1950's, a Soviet-style planned economy was implemented by the Rákosi government: agriculture was collectivized, with farm profits taken to expand state-owned heavy industry. Manipulation of wage controls and different pricing systems for producers and consumers fueled discontent as foreign debt grew and Hungarians experienced shortages. ^[6] Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... War reparations refer to the monetary compensation provided to a triumphant nation or coalition from a defeated nation or coalition. ... This article is becoming very long. ... The Hungarian National Bank (in Hungarian: Magyar Nemzeti Bank) is the central bank of Hungary. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... Satellite state is a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent but which is primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power. ... A Soviet poster reading COMECON: Unity of Goals, Unity of Action The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON / Comecon / CMEA / CEMA), 1949 â€“ 1991, was an economic organization of communist states and a kind of Eastern Bloc equivalent toâ€”but more inclusive thanâ€”the European Economic Community. ... A compass rose with west highlighted This article refers to the cardinal direction; for other uses see West (disambiguation). ... Map of Cold-War era Europe showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... 10 PengÅ‘ (1936) 100 000 MilPengÅ‘ (1946) The pengÅ‘ (sometimes pengo) is a former currency of Hungary, used between January 21, 1927 and July 31, 1946, when it was replaced by the Forint after a period of intense hyperinflation. ... Declining-balance depreciation of a $50,000 asset with $6,500 salvage value over 20 years. ... Certain figures in this article use scientific notation for readability. ... A planned economy most often refers to an economic system that is under comprehensive control and regulation by a government in accordance with a plan of economic development. ... In the Hungarian Peoples Republic, agricultural collectivisation was attempted a number of times in the late 1940s, until it was finally successful in the early 1960s. ...

Post-Stalinist liberalization

On March 5, 1953, Josef Stalin died, leaving a power vacuum at the top of the Soviet Union and ushering in a brief period of destalinization - in which some anti-Stalin sentiment was tolerated. Most European communist parties began to develop a reformist wing. Rákosi was forced to yield the position of prime minister to reformist Imre Nagy in 1953, although Rákosi remained as General Secretary of the MKP. Rákosi's power was further undermined by a speech made by Nikita Khrushchev in February 1956. He denounced the policies of Josef Stalin and his proteges in Eastern Europe, claiming that the show trials were unjust. ^[7] On July 18, 1956, Mátyás Rákosi - "Stalin's Best Hungarian Disciple" - was forced to resign as General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party, and was replaced by Ernő Gerő. (Russian, in full: Ð˜Ð¾ÌÑÐ¸Ñ„ Ð’Ð¸ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¾ÌÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚Ð°ÌÐ»Ð¸Ð½ [Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin]; December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] â€“ March 5, 1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s to his death in 1953 and General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953... De-Stalinization and the Khrushchev era For further details, see Nikita Khrushchev After Stalin had died in March 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and Georgi Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. ... Imre Nagy. ... On the Personality Cult and its Consequences , commonly known as the Secret Speech was a report to the 20th Party Congress on February 25, 1956 by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, in which he denounced the actions of Joseph Stalin. ... (Russian: , Nikita SergeeviÄ HruÅ¡ÄÃ«v; surname commonly romanized as Khrushchev, IPA: ; April 17, 1894 â€“ September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... The term show trial serves most commonly to label a type of public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the accused: the actual trial has as its only goal to present the accusation and the verdict to the public as an impressive example and... ErnÅ‘ GerÅ‘ (1898 - 1980) was a Hungarian Communist leader in the period after World War II and briefly leader of Hungary in 1956. ...

On June 17, 1953, workers in East Berlin staged an uprising, demanding the resignation of the East German Communist government. This was quickly and violently put down with the help of the Soviet military. The death toll was between 125 and 270. ^[8] East Berlin was the name given to the eastern part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990. ... The title of this article should be sed. ...

In June 1956, in Poznan, Poland, an anti-Communist workers' revolt was suppressed by the Polish Army with 74 deaths. In October 1956, the Polish reformist Władysław Gomułka was rehabilitated and elected as head of the Polish Communist Party. Gomułka's reinstatement inspired hope across Eastern Europe for greater reforms and increased autonomy. Support for Gomułka's new Polish regime and several weeks of student unrest in Budapest culminated in the 23 October march to the statue of the Polish general Józef Bem, a hero from the Hungarian revolt of 1848. PoznaÅ„ crosses commemorating the PoznaÅ„ 1956 protests and subsequent Polish protests against the communist political system. ... WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw GomuÅ‚ka on the cover of Time Magazine WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw GomuÅ‚ka (February 6, 1905, Krosno â€“ September 1, 1982) was a Polish Communist leader. ... Rehabilitation in the context of Soviet or Russian topics is often a false friend used to translate the Russian term reabilitatsiya as applied to convicted persons. ... This article is about the 1918-1938 Communist Party of Poland. ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... JÃ³zef Bem JÃ³zef Zachariasz Bem (1794-1850) was a Polish general and a national hero of Poland and Hungary. ... In 1848, the Austrian Empire under the Habsburgs was confronted with the combined effect of economic, social class, and nationalities conflicts. ...

International events

On 9 May 1955, the entry of West Germany into the NATO alliance was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Minister of Norway at the time.^[9] Seen as a threat by the Soviet Union, a counter-alliance, the Warsaw Pact, was created on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union and its satellite states in response. Ironically, one of the principles of this Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance was "respect for the independence and sovereignty of states, and also ... noninterference in their internal affairs".^[10] May 9 is the 129th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (130th in leap years). ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... Halvard Mathey Lange (1902 - 1970) was a Norwegian diplomat. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (135th in leap years). ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Satellite state is a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent but which is primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power. ...

On May 15, 1955, the Austrian State Treaty was signed, ending the Allied occupation of Austria, and establishing the country as independent, and demilitarized. As a direct result, on October 26, 1955 Austria formally declared its neutrality. This treaty and declaration significantly changed the calculus of cold war military planning because they established a neutral cordon splitting NATO from Vienna to Geneva, and increased the strategic importance of Hungary's location to the Warsaw Pact. The Austrian Independence Treaty (complete form: Treaty for the re-establishment of an independent and democratic Austria, signed in Vienna on the 15th May 1955), more commonly referred to as the Austrian State Treaty (German Staatsvertrag), was signed on May 15, 1955 in Vienna at the Schloss Belvedere between the... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ...

In July 1956, President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, an oil-shipping lifeline for western Europe and the United States, and largely owned by British banks and businesses. The British Prime Minister, Sir Anthony Eden, claimed that a display of force was needed to prevent Nasser becoming an expansionist military threat. Between July and October 1956, unsuccessful initiatives encouraged by the United States were made to reduce the tensions. A secret alliance between Israel, France and Britain planned that Israel should invade Egypt and that Britain and France would subsequently intervene to secure the Canal. The attack occurred on October 29, 1956, leaving the United States and other western allies limited justification in criticizing the Soviet Union's military intervention in Hungary, while not restraining the actions of two principal European allies. Gamal Abdel Nasser (January 15, 1918 â€“ September 28, 1970; Arabic: Ø¬Ù…Ø§Ù„ Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù†Ø§ØµØ± name also transliterated as Jamal Abd al-Naser , Jamal Abd An-Nasser, and other variants) was the leader of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. ... 1881 drawing of the Suez Canal. ... Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, KG (June 12, 1897 - January 14, 1977), British politician, was Foreign Secretary during World War II and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the 1950s. ... Combatants Israel Great Britain France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 300,000 Casualties 177 Israeli KIA 16 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 33 French WIA 1,650 KIA 4,900 WIA...

Social unrest

Upon coming to power in 1949, the Rákosi government had radically changed Hungary's system of education, seeking to replace the educated class with a "toiling intelligentsia". Mandatory study of the Russian language and communist doctrine took place in schools and universities. Religious teaching in schools was denounced and church leaders were purged and replaced by those loyal to the government. In 1949 the leader of the Hungarian Catholic Church, József Cardinal Mindszenty, was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for treason. JÃ³zsef Cardinal Mindszenty (pronounced yor-zhef meend-sen-tee) was a 20th century Hungarian Cardinal and steadfast clerical opponent of communism in general, and of the regime in Hungary in particular. ... In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to ones nation or state. ...

After Rákosi's resignation in July of 1956, students, writers and journalists became more critical and active in politics. Students, assisted by the Writers’ Union, started so-called Petöfi circles (named after Hungarian poet and revolutionary Sandor Petöfi), a series of intellectual forums examining the problems facing Hungary, which grew to be attended by thousands. In October 1956, the remains of László Rajk, György Pálffy (former chief of staff of the Hungarian army), Tibor Szőnyi and András Szalai, all executed in 1949 by the Rákosi regime for treason, were reinterred with full honors. In the middle of October, Imre Nagy (an opponent of Rákosi and prime minister from 1953-1955) had his membership in the MDP restored. SÃ¡ndor PetÅ‘fi (January 1, 1823, KiskÅ‘rÃ¶sâ€“most likely on July 31, 1849, in SegesvÃ¡r, now SighiÅŸoara, Romania) was a Hungarian national poet, and a key figure in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, born as SÃ¡ndor Petrovics. ... This is a list of people convicted of treason. ... Imre Nagy. ...

On 16 October, university students of Szeged declared the communist DISZ (Democratic Youth Society) to be irrelevant and re-established MEFESZ (Union of Hungarian University and Academy Students), a democratic student organization, set up in 1946, and later suppressed by the government. Within days, the student bodies of Pécs, Miskolc, and Sopron followed. Finally, on 22 October, students of the Building Industry Technological University (now Budapest University of Technology and Economics) joined in the movement, presenting sixteen demands to the government and planning a protest march to the Petőfi and Bem statues in central Budapest for 23 October. ^[1] October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in Leap years). ... Votive Church Szeged (helpÂ· info) (in Serbian Segedin or Ð¡ÐµÐ³ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½, in German Szegedin/Segedin, in Polish Segedyn, in Romanian Seghedin, in Slovak SegedÃn) is the fourth largest city of Hungary, the regional centre of South-Eastern Hungary and the capital of CsongrÃ¡d county. ... PÃ©cs (helpÂ· info) (Croatian: PeÄuh, German: FÃ¼nfkirchen, Serbian: PeÄuj or ÐŸÐµÑ‡ÑƒÑ˜, Slovak: PÃ¤Å¥kostolie, Latin: Quinqueecclesien, Turkish: PeÃ§uy) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country. ... Nickname City of the Open Gates Location Location of Miskolc in Hungary Government Country County Hungary Borsod-AbaÃºj-ZemplÃ©n Mayor SÃ¡ndor KÃ¡li (MSZP) Geographical characteristics Area - Total - Land - Water 236,68 kmÂ² n/a kmÂ² n/a kmÂ² Population - Total (2004) - Density 178 950 756/km... Soprons Fire Tower Sopron (pronounced shop-ron), historically also known by the German name Ã–denburg, is the name of a city in Hungary. ... October 22 is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 70 days remaining. ... The Budapest University of Technology and Economics (in Hungarian, Budapesti MÅ±szaki Ã©s GazdasÃ¡gtudomÃ¡nyi Egyetem or in short MÅ±egyetem) is the most significant University of Technology in Hungary. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ...

Revolution begins - 23 October

On the afternoon of 23 October 1956, students from the Technical University gathered in Budapest's Bem Square to stage a small pro-Gomułka solidarity demonstration. This small rally quickly attracted others as the mood changed from demonstration to protest. Many Hungarian soldiers on duty in the city joined the protesters, tearing the Soviet stars off their hats and throwing them into the crowd. Emboldened, this growing crowd decided to cross the Danube and move toward the Parliament building. At this point, the crowd numbered at least 100,000 and had no clear leader; the demonstration was spirited, but peaceful. October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Budapest University of Technology and Economics (in Hungarian, Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem or in short Műegyetem) is the most significant University of Technology in Hungary. ... The Danube bend at VisegrÃ¡d is a popular destination of tourists The Danube (ancient Danuvius) is Europes second-longest river (after the Volga). ...

The demands of the demonstrators were at first relatively mild. The declaration of the Writers’ Union was read out: requesting that reformist Imre Nagy return as Prime Minister, a national policy independent of the Soviet Union, greater pluralism in political life, ending forced collectivisation, free elections, and that factories be run by workers and specialists instead of bureaucrats. ^[11] By 6 pm between 200,000 and 300,000 persons had gathered. Repeated calls for Imre Nagy eventually brought the former minister, and he addressed the crowd briefly from a balcony of the Parliament Building. Imre Nagy. ...

About 8 pm, Ernő Gerő, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Workers' Party, broadcast a radio address, condemning the popular demands and calling the demonstraters a reactionary mob. In an angry response, a large crowd gathered at the Radio Budapest building, which was guarded by the Hungarian Security Police (ÁVH). The turning point occurred shortly after 9 pm, as students sent a delegation into the building to negotiate with the director, tear gas was thrown from the upper windows and the ÁVH opened fire on the crowds, killing many. As a result, pretenses of moderation were dropped: police cars were flipped over and set on fire; guns were seized from gun shops and military depots, and distributed among the masses by arms factory and arsenal workers. The headquarters of the Hungarian Security Police (ÁVH) was besieged by the crowd. Authorities tried to resupply ÁVH personnel with arms, hiding them in an ambulance, but the crowd intercepted it and removed the arms within. Reactionary (or reactionist) is a political epithet, generally used as a pejorative, originally applied in the context of the French Revolution to counter-revolutionaries who wished to restore the real or imagined conditions of the monarchical Ancien RÃ©gime. ... ÃllamvÃ©delmi HatÃ³sÃ¡g or ÃVH (State Protection Authority) was the secret police force of Hungary from some time in 1944 or 1945 until 1956. ...

By 9:30 pm, crowds tore down the statue of Stalin in central Budapest and placed the Hungarian flag in what remained of Stalin's boots. Later that evening, at the radio station in Budapest, the student organizers with the help of armed volunteers and Hungarian soldiers overran the ÁVH and captured the radio station.

23 October to 4 November

October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ...

First Soviet intervention

On 23 October, the Soviet Union activated contingency plans which had existed since early October 1956 for a police action intervention into Hungary's internal situation. The Presidium of the Soviet Party had been concerned with the internal situation in Hungary from April, when they heard of Rákosi's plans to eliminate a large number of intellectuals. Rákosi was forced to step down, but Soviet concerns grew over autumn, as Rákosi's replacement, Ernő Gerő, lost control of his party. ^[12] The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (ÐŸÑ€ÐµÐ·Ð¸Ð´Ð¸ÑƒÐ¼ Ð’ÐµÑ€Ñ…Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð° Ð¡Ð¡Ð¡Ð in Russian, or Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta) was a Soviet governmental body. ... Portrait of MÃ¡tyÃ¡s RÃ¡kosi MÃ¡tyÃ¡s RÃ¡kosi (March 14, 1892â€“February 5, 1971) was a Hungarian politician and the leader of Hungary from 1945 to 1956. ... ErnÅ‘ GerÅ‘ (1898 - 1980) was a Hungarian Communist leader in the period after World War II and briefly leader of Hungary in 1956. ...

As the protests widened, Hungarian Communist Party Secretary Ernő Gerő and the Soviet Embassy in Budapest requested intervention by Soviet troops "to suppress a demonstration that was reaching an ever greater and unprecedented scale." ^[13] With the tacit approval of the Presidium, Georgy Zhukov, the Soviet defense minister, gave orders to occupy Budapest on 23 October, using forces already in Hungary. These Soviet soldiers had become more accustomed to a Hungarian way of life. Their traditional mission was to defend the Soviet Union from a NATO invasion. This first intervention was politically confused: for example, when a column of tanks encountered a protest march on the parliament, the tanks accompanied protestors. Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov, GCB (Russian: ) (December 1 [O.S. November 19] 1896â€“June 18, 1974), was a Soviet military commander and politician who, in the course of World War II, led the Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from the Nazi occupation... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ...

On 25 October, Soviet tanks guarding the Parliament building in support of the ÁVH opened fire on unarmed demonstrators. Hundreds lost their lives, and the incident forced replacement of Ernő Gerő by János Kádár as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party. Gerő and the former prime minister, András Hegedűs, fled Hungary for the Soviet Union. October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 67 days remaining. ... JÃ¡nos KÃ¡dÃ¡r GYILKOS DISZNO, nÃ© JÃ¡nos Csermanek (May 26, 1912â€“July 6, 1989), was the communist leader of Hungary from 1956 to 1988, and twice served as Prime Minister of Hungary, from 1956 to 1958 and from 1961 to 1965. ... AndrÃ¡s HegedÅ±s (1922-1999) was a Hungarian Communist politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1955 to 1956. ...

Hungarian resistance fighters disabled Soviet tanks with Molotov cocktails in the narrow streets of Budapest. All over the country, Revolutionary Workers Councils arose and called for a general strike. Symbols such as red stars and Soviet war memorials were destroyed. Other Communist symbols, books, and files were burned. Executions of pro-Soviet communists, and ÁVH members started, especially by ultra-nationalists like József Dudás. While Soviet troops fought in Budapest, the rest of the country was largely quiet. Soviet commanders often negotiated local cease-fires with the revolutionaries. In some regions, the Soviet forces managed to halt revolutionary activity. In Budapest, the Soviet troops were eventually fought to a stand-still and hostilities began to wane. A cease fire was arranged on 28 October and by 30 October, most Soviet troops had pulled out of Budapest to the countryside. Molotov cocktail is the generic name for a variety of crude incendiary weapons. ... JÃ³zsef DudÃ¡s, (September 22, 1912 - January 19, 1957), was born in MarosvÃ¡sÃ¡rhely, Romania; a Hungarian anti-government activist during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. ...

Internal political changes

On 24 October, the Politburo of the Hungarian Communist Party met and added several new members, some of whom were openly critical of the Party, including dissenting Party members and journalists. Imre Nagy replaced András Hegedűs as Prime Minister, and appealed for order and a stop to the violence . Many of Nagy's previous supporters now denounced him as a traitor, mistakenly thinking that he, not the hardline Party Secretary Ernő Gerő and the former Prime Minister Hegedűs, had declared a state of emergency and ordered Soviet troops into action. However, it soon became clear that Nagy opposed Soviet intervention. On 27 October, Nagy formed a government, added some non-communist ministers, and abolished the ÁVH and the one-party system. Image File history File linksMetadata ImreNagyport. ... Image File history File linksMetadata ImreNagyport. ... Imre Nagy. ... October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 68 days remaining. ... Politburo is short for Political Bureau. ... Imre Nagy. ... AndrÃ¡s HegedÅ±s (1922-1999) was a Hungarian Communist politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1955 to 1956. ... ErnÅ‘ GerÅ‘ (1898 - 1980) was a Hungarian Communist leader in the period after World War II and briefly leader of Hungary in 1956. ...

Political changes put forward during the revolution established that "democratic socialism" should be the basis of the Hungarian political structure, and that such social achievements as the land reform were to be safeguarded. Many political prisoners were released including major church figures such as József Cardinal Mindszenty. Political parties which had been banned over the period 1945-1949, such as the Small-holders' Party and Social Democrats, reappeared and joined a coalition government. JÃ³zsef Cardinal Mindszenty (pronounced yor-zhef meend-sen-tee) was a 20th century Hungarian Cardinal and steadfast clerical opponent of communism in general, and of the regime in Hungary in particular. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ...

Several trade-centered workers councils and regional national councils were formed, which were much like the independent Russian soviets of 1905 or 1917, to replace the collapsing communist party structure. Unpopular regulations such as production norms were eliminated, resented as being unfair to workers and an indication of secret trade agreements for the benefit of the Soviet Union. Without opposition, these Councils took over the various responsibilities of local government, the army, government departments, and the radio and communications operations. In industrial plants and mines their goal was to share in the management of enterprise and protect workers' interests. The Councils restored order and reorganized the Hungarian economy on a socialist basis, but without rigid party control. A workers council is a council, or deliberative body, composed of working class or proletarian members. ... A soviet (Russian: ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÌÑ‚) originally was a workers local council in late Imperial Russia. ...

Soviet political reaction

On 24 October, a meeting of the Presidium of the Soviet Communist Party was held to discuss the political protests in Poland and Hungary. A report from a delegation from the Presidium visiting Budapest reported that the situation was not as dire as had been portrayed. Khrushchev stated that he believed that the Hungarian Party's request for intervention on 23 October indicated that Nagy held the confidence of the Party, and that the Hungarian Party still held the confidence of the Hungarian public. In addition, he saw the protests not as an ideological struggle, rather because basic economic and social issues had not been resolved. ^[13] October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 68 days remaining. ... The Politburo (in Russian: ÐŸÐ¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ‚Ð±ÑŽÑ€Ð¾, full:Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, abbriviated ÐŸÐ¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ‚Ð±ÑŽÑ€Ð¾ Ð¦Ðš ÐšÐŸÐ¡Ð¡), known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966, functioned as the central policymaking and governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. ... (Russian: , Nikita SergeeviÄ HruÅ¡ÄÃ«v; surname commonly romanized as Khrushchev, IPA: ; April 17, 1894 â€“ September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ...

Although it is widely believed that Hungary's declaration to exit the Warsaw Pact caused the Soviet military to crush the Revolution, minutes of the 31 October meeting of the Presidium of the Soviet Party indicate that this declaration was only one of several contributing factors. ^[14] Although a hardline faction around Molotov was pushing for intervention, Khrushchev and Zhukov were initially opposed to intervention. After some debate, the Presidium decided not to remove the new Hungarian government. October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... Vyacheslav Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (Russian: ) (March 9 [O.S. February 25] 1890 â€“November 8, 1986), Soviet politician and diplomat, was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protege of Joseph Stalin, to the 1950s, when he was dismissed from... (Russian: , Nikita SergeeviÄ HruÅ¡ÄÃ«v; surname commonly romanized as Khrushchev, IPA: ; April 17, 1894 â€“ September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov, GCB (Russian: ) (December 1 [O.S. November 19] 1896â€“June 18, 1974), was a Soviet military commander and politician who, in the course of World War II, led the Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from the Nazi occupation...

Soon however, several key tendencies alarmed the Presidium and cemented the hardline position: ^[15]

With this combination of political and foreign policy considerations, the Presidium decided to break the defacto cease-fire and eliminate the Hungarian revolution. The plan was to declare a "Provisional Revolutionary Government" under János Kádár, who would appeal for Soviet assistance to restore order. Delegations were sent to other Communist governments in Eastern Europe and China, and to Tito in Yugoslavia, seeking to avoid a regional conflict, and propaganda messages prepared for broadcast as soon as the second Soviet intervention had begun. To disguise these intentions, Soviet diplomats were to engage the Nagy government in talks about the withdrawl of Soviet forces. ^[14] On 31 October, Pravda announced "[T]he Soviet Government is prepared to enter into the appropriate negotiations with the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and other members of the Warsaw Treaty on the question of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of Hungary." ^[17] Hegemony (pronounced or ) (greek:Î·Î³ÎµÎ¼Î¿Î½Î¯Î±) is the dominance of one group over other groups, with or without the threat of force, to the extent that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage; more broadly, cultural perspectives become skewed to favor the dominant group. ... The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet policy doctrine, introduced by Leonid Brezhnev in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers Party on November 13, 1968, which stated: When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it... (Russian: , Mihail SergeeviÄ GorbaÄÃ«v, IPA: , commonly anglicized as Gorbachev; born March 2, 1931) was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... Combatants Israel Great Britain France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 300,000 Casualties 177 Israeli KIA 16 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 33 French WIA 1,650 KIA 4,900 WIA... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... De-Stalinization and the Khrushchev era For further details, see Nikita Khrushchev After Stalin had died in March 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and Georgi Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. ... The Cold War (1953-1962) discusses the period within the Cold War from the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 to the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. ... A buffer zone is any area that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas distant from one another, for whatever reason. ... A Satellite nation is a country that is dominated politically and economically by another nation. ... The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, and immediately after and because of Lenins dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly, between Communist forces known as the Red Army and loosely allied anti-Communist forces known as the White Army. ... Combatants Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Second Polish Republic Commanders Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Joseph Stalin JÃ³zef PiÅ‚sudski Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Strength 950,000 including reserves 5 million 360,000 including reserves 738,000 Casualties Unknown, dead estimated at 100,000 - 150,000 Unknown, dead estimated at... Combatants Axis Powers Soviet Union Commanders Supreme commander: Adolf Hitler Supreme commander: Josef Stalin Strength ~ 3. ... JÃ¡nos KÃ¡dÃ¡r GYILKOS DISZNO, nÃ© JÃ¡nos Csermanek (May 26, 1912â€“July 6, 1989), was the communist leader of Hungary from 1956 to 1988, and twice served as Prime Minister of Hungary, from 1956 to 1958 and from 1961 to 1965. ... Josip Broz Tito (May 7, 1892 - May 4, 1980) was the ruler of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ... Propaganda is a specific type of message presentation directly aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of people, rather than impartially providing information. ... This article describes the Soviet/Russian newspaper. ...

At a Cabinet meeting on 1 November, Imre Nagy received reports that major Soviet forces had entered Hungary from the east and were moving toward Budapest. Nagy sought and received assurances from Yuri Andropov, then Soviet ambassador to Hungary, that the Soviet Union would not violently crush the revolution, although Andropov knew otherwise. The Cabinet, with János Kádár present and in agreement, declared Hungary's neutrality and withdrawl from the Warsaw Pact, and requested from the diplomatic corps in Budapest and the UN Secretary-General that the major powers help in defending Hungary's neutrality. ^[18] Ambassor Andropov was asked to inform his government that Hungary would begin negotiations on the removal of Soviet forces immediately. ^[19] ^[20] November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Russian: Ð®ÌÑ€Ð¸Ð¹ Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ¿Ð¾Ð²; 15 June [O.S. 2 June] 1914 â€“ February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death just sixteen months later. ...

International reaction

Although US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles recommended on 24 October that the UN Security Council be convened to discuss the situation in Hungary, little immediate action was taken to introduce a resolution. Engaged by the looming Suez crisis, Dulles declared on 27 October: "We do not look upon these nations (Hungary and other Warsaw Pact countries) as potential military allies." Responding to a request by Imre Nagy at the time of the second massive Soviet intervention on 4 November, the Security Council resolution criticial of Soviet actions was vetoed by the Soviet Union. The General Assembly, by a vote of 50 in favor, 8 against and 15 abstentions, called on the USSR to end its Hungarian intervention, but the newly constituted Kádár goverment rejected UN observers. ^[21] John Foster Dulles John Foster Dulles (February 2, 1888 â€“ May 24, 1959) was an American statesman who served as Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. ... October 24 is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 68 days remaining. ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ... Combatants Israel Great Britain France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 300,000 Casualties 177 Israeli KIA 16 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 33 French WIA 1,650 KIA 4,900 WIA... October 27 is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 65 days remaining. ...

Dulles and US President Dwight Eisenhower were aware of a detailed study of Hungarian resistance, recommending against US military intervention, ^[22] and policy discussions within the National Security Council in July 1956 focusing on encouraging discontent in Soviet satellite nations only by economic policies and political rhetoric. ^[23] ^[24] In a 1998 interview, Hungarian Ambassador Géza Jeszenszky was critical of Western inaction in 1956, citing the influence of the United Nations at that time and giving the example of UN intervention in Korea from 1950-53. ^[25] Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ... Satellite state is a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent but which is primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power. ... Combatants Western Allied/UN combatants: Republic of Korea United States Britain Communist combatants: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Syngman Rhee Jeong Il-Gwon Douglas MacArthur Mark W. Clark Matthew Ridgway Kim Il-sung, Choi Yong-kun Peng Dehuai Strength Note: All...

During the uprising, the Radio Free Europe (RFE) Hungarian-language programs broadcast news of the political and military situation, as well as appealing to Hungarians to fight the Soviet forces, including tactical advice on resistance methods. After the Soviet suppression of the revolution, RFE was criticized for misleading the Hungarian people that NATO or United Nations intervention would come if the citizens continued to resist. ^[26] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a radio and communications organization which is funded by the United States Congress. ...

Revolution crushed - 4 November to 10 November

A Hungarian delegation, led by the Minister of Defense Pál Maléter, was attending negotiations on Soviet withdrawl at the Soviet Military Command at Tököl, near Budapest, on the evening of 3 November. At approximiately midnight, General Ivan Serov, Chief of the Soviet Security Police (NKVD) ordered the arrest of the Hungarian delegation. November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... PÃ¡l MalÃ©ter (1917-June 16, 1958) was born to Hungarian parents in EperjÃ©s, a city in the northern part of Historical Hungary, today part of Slovakia. ... Pest is the name of a county (megye) in central Hungary. ... Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov (Ð˜Ð²Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ°Ð½Ð´Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð¾Ð² in Russian) (8. ... The NKVD (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del )(Russian: ÐÐšÐ’Ð”, ÐÐ°Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ð¸Ð°Ñ‚ Ð²Ð½ÑƒÑ‚Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¸Ñ… Ð´ÐµÐ») or Peoples Commisariat for Internal Affairs was a government department which handled a number of the Soviet Unions affairs of state. ...

"Operation Whirlwind", the codeword for the second Soviet intervention in Hungary, was launched by Marshall Ivan Konev on 1 November by redeployment of Soviet troops. The five Soviet divisions stationed in the country before 23 October were augmented for a campaign to begin 4 November by three army corps (some 60 thousand soldiers). The new Soviet troops, who shared no sympathy for the Hungarians, were allocated from Soviet national reserves as far away as Central Asia, and other Warsaw Pact countries did not supply troops. To a minor extent this Soviet intervention was assisted by the ÁVH, reorganized by the Kádár government as a militia. Marshal Ivan Konev Ivan Stepanovich Koniev (Russian Ð˜Ð²Ð°Ð½ Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÐ¿Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÐ¾Ð½ÐµÐ²) (December 28, 1897 â€“ May 21, 1973), Soviet military commander, was born into a peasant family near Podosinovsky in central Russia (now in Kirov Oblast). ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ...

This intervention, unlike the intervention of 23 October, did not rely on unsupported tank columns penetrating dense urban areas. The 4 November intervention was built around a combined arms strategy of air strikes, artillery bombardments, and coordinated tank-infantry actions by some 2,500 tanks penetrating urban core areas. Hungarian MP Imre Mécs (a death sentence survivor of the 1956 Revolution) said that more tanks were used by the Soviets than the Germans used to invade the USSR in World War II. While the Hungarian Army put up an uncoordinated resistance, it was working class Hungarians, organised by their councils, who played the key role in fighting the Soviet troops. Due to the strength of working class resistance, it was the industrial and proletarian areas of Budapest which were primarily targeted by Soviet artillery and airstrikes. These actions continued in an improvised manner until the workers' councils, students and intellectuals called for a cease-fire on 10 November. 2,500 Hungarian rebels and 720 Soviet troops were killed and thousands more were wounded. ^[27] ^[28] October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... The proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is called a proletarian. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ...

10 November onwards

November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ...

Hungary

Between 10 November and 19 December the workers' councils negotiated directly with the Soviet occupation force. While they achieved some releases of political prisoners, they did not achieve their aims of a Soviet withdrawal. Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported by Soviet troops to prisons in the Soviet Union, many without proper arrest documents or evidence that they participated in the fighting against the Soviet intervention. ^[29] Some 200,000 Hungarians fled the country to Austria or Yugoslavia as mass arrests started. Approximately 26,000 were put on trial by the Kádár government, and of those 13,000 were imprisoned. CIA documents in the 1960s reported approximately 1,200 executions, although in a recent interview, Hungarian Ambassador Géza Jeszenszky estimated about 350 were executed. ^[25] Sporadic armed resistance and strikes by workers' councils organized under the Nagy government continued until midway through 1957, causing substantial economic disruptions. November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

With most of Budapest in Soviet control by 8 November, János Kádár became Prime Minister of the "Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government" and General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party, which was renamed the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. Few Hungarians rejoined the reorganized Party, the leadership of which which was purged of dissenters with the supervision of a committee of the Soviet Presidium, led by Georgy Malenkov and Mikhail Suslov. ^[30] Although Party membership declined from 800,000 before the uprising to 100,000 by December 1956, János Kádár steadily increased his control over Hungary and neutralized dissenters. The new government attempted to enlist support by espousing popular principles of Hungarian self-determination voiced during the uprising, but a garrison of Soviet troops remained. After 1956 the Soviet Union practically disbanded the Hungarian People's Army and reinstituted a program of purges and political indoctrination in the units that remained. In May 1957, the Soviet Union increased its troop levels in Hungary and by treaty Hungary accepted the Soviet presence on a permanent basis. November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... The Hungarian Socialist Workers Party (Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt (MSZMP) in Hungarian) was the ruling communist party of Hungary during the Cold War between 1956 and 1989. ... Georgy (Georgii) Maximilianovich Malenkov (Russian: , his first name then surname pronounced GHYOR-ghee mah-leen-KOF; January 8 [O.S. December 26, 1901] 1902 â€“ January 14, 1988) was a Soviet politician, Communist Party leader and close collaborator of Joseph Stalin. ... Mikhail Suslov. ... // Ancient and medieval military The Hungarian tribes of ÃrpÃ¡d vezÃ©r who came to settle in the Carpathian Basin were noted for their fearsome horse-mounted warriors, who conducted frequent looting campaigns throughout much of Western Europe (once as far as Spain), terrorizing the entire population with their long...

The Red Cross and the Austrian Army established refugee camps in Traiskirchen and Graz.^[31] Imre Nagy along with Georg Lukács, Géza Losonczy and László Rajk's widow, Júlia, took refuge in the Embassy of Yugoslavia as Soviet forces overran Budapest. Despite assurances of safe passage out of Hungary by the Soviets and the Kádár government, Nagy and his group were arrested leaving the embassy on 22 November and taken to Romania. Returned to Budapest in 1958, Nagy was executed, along with Pál Maléter and Miklós Gimes, after secret trials in June 1958, their bodies placed in unmarked graves in the Municipal Cemetery outside Budapest. In 1989, after the fall of the Kádár government, Nagy's body was reburied with full honors. Georg LukÃ¡cs (April 13, 1885 â€“ June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic in the tradition of Western Marxism. ... November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... PÃ¡l MalÃ©ter (1917-June 16, 1958) was born to Hungarian parents in EperjÃ©s, a city in the northern part of Historical Hungary, today part of Slovakia. ...

By 1963 most political prisoners from the 1956 Hungarian revolution had been released. During the November 1956 Soviet attack on Budapest, Cardinal Mindszenty was granted political asylum at the United States embassy, where he lived for the next 15 years, refusing to leave Hungary unless the government reversed his 1949 conviction for treason. Due to poor health and a request from the Vatican, he finally left the embassy for Austria in September 1971. ^[32] A political prisoner may be someone held in prison or otherwise detained, perhaps under house arrest, because their ideas or image are deemed by a government to either challenge or threaten the authority of the state. ...

After the fall of the communist regime, the Republic of Hungary was declared on the 33rd anniversary of the Revolution, 23 October 1989. Today this day is a national holiday in Hungary. October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ...

International

The events in Hungary reinforced the inability of the Western alliance to roll back Soviet domination during the height of the Cold War, fearing retaliation by the Warsaw Pact forces along their borders. Soviet actions had clearly shown that, regardless of the national ambitions of the Warsaw Pact client nations, armed force would be used to maintain regimes that reflected Soviet-style communism. Heinrich von Brentano, Foreign Minister of West Germany, recommended that the people of Eastern Europe be discouraged from "taking dramatic action which might have disastrous consequences for themselves." NATO Secretary-General Paul-Henri Spaak called the Hungarian revolt "the collective suicide of a whole people." ^[33] The Cold War (Russian: Ð¥Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð’Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ð° Kholodnaya Voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between capitalism and communism, centering around the global superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union, and their military alliance partners. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ... Democratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties, and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for any Leninist policy inside a political party. ... Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo (born June 6, 1904 in Offenbach, d. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... Paul-Henri Charles Spaak listen? (January 25, 1899 - July 31, 1972) was a Belgian Socialist politician and statesman. ...

At the Melbourne Olympics, the Soviet handling of the Hungarian uprising led to a boycott by Spain, the Netherlands and Switzerland. A confrontation between Soviet and Hungarian teams occurred in the semi-final game of the water polo tournament; the match was extremely violent, and was called off in the final minute to quell fighting among spectators. Some members of the Hungarian Olympic delegation defected after the games. The Games of the XVI Olympiad were held in 1956 in Melbourne, Australia, although the equestrian events could not be held in Australia due to quarantine regulations. ... Water polo is a team water sport, which can be best described as a combination of swimming, football (soccer), basketball, ice hockey, rugby and wrestling. ... A defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one political entity in exchange for allegiance to another. ...

The brutal suppression in Hungary by the Soviet forces produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of Western Europe. Giorgio Napolitano, elected in 2006 as President of the Italian Republic, was a leader of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in 1956. Napolitano wrote in his 2005 political autobiography that he regrets his justification of Soviet actions in Hungary, at the time widely criticised by the PCI-dominated Italian trade unions, but he believed at the time in Party unity and the international leadership of Soviet communism. ^[34] Napolitano has agreed to attend the 50 year commemoration in October 2006, resulting in protests by veterans of the 1956 anticommunist uprising. Within the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), dissent that began with the repudiation of Stalinism by John Saville and E.P. Thompson, influential historians and members of the Communist Party Historians Group, culminated in a loss of thousands of party members as events unfolded in Hungary. Peter Fryer, correspondent for the CPGB newspaper The Daily Worker, reported accurately on the violent suppression of the uprising, but his dispatches were heavily censored; Freyer was fired and his party membership revoked upon his return. In France, moderate communists, such as historian Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie resigned, questioning the policy of supporting Soviet actions by the Parti communiste français. Eurocommunism was an attempt in the 1970s by various Western European communist parties to develop a theory and practice of social transformation that was more relevant in a Western European democracy. ... Giorgio Napolitano (born June 29, 1925 in Naples), an Italian politician and former lifetime senator, is the President of the Italian Republic. ... The President of the Italian Republic is the head of State of Italy, and represents national unity. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was the largest communist party in the United Kingdom. ... Stalinism is a brand of political theory, and the political and economic system named after Josef Stalin, who implemented it in the Soviet Union. ... John Saville (born 1916) is a British Marxist historian, now Professor emeritus of the University of Hull. ... Edward Palmer Thompson (1924-1993) was a historian probably best known for his work The Making of the English Working Class, which included his reassessment of the Luddite movement. ... A subdivision of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), from 1946-1956 the Communist Party Historians Group formed a highly influential cluster of British Marxist historians, who pioneered history from below. ... Peter Fryer (born February 18, 1927) is an English Socialist writer and journalist. ... // The Daily Worker (Synth-pop Band) the DAILY WORKER the DAILY WORKER is an indie/rock/electronica band from Logan, Utah that was founded in 2003. ... Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (born 1929) is a noted French historian whose work is focused upon Languedoc in the ancien regime focusing on the history of the peasantry. ... The French Communist Party (French: Parti communiste franÃ§ais or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. ...

In December 1991, the preamble of the treaties with the dismembered Soviet Union, under Mikhail Gorbachev, and Russia represented by Boris Yeltsin, apologized officially for the 1956 Soviet actions in Hungary. This apology was repeated by Yeltsin in 1992 during a speech to the Hungarian parliament. ^[25] (Russian: , Mihail SergeeviÄ GorbaÄÃ«v, IPA: , commonly anglicized as Gorbachev; born March 2, 1931) was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

On 13 February 2006, the US State Department commemorated the 50th anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. ^[35] February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ...

Causes

Economic collapse and low standards of living provoked working class discontent, which was visible during soccer riots. Peasants were unhappy with land policies. The Communist Party was unable to unite its reformist and Stalinist wings. Journalists and authors were upset with their working conditions, and took control of their trade union. Students were upset with academic conditions and University entrance criteria and established independent student unions. Nikita Khrushchev's speech on the Soviet government under Stalin caused much debate within the elite of the Hungarian communist party. As the Hungarian communist party was blinded by leadership debates, the population took action. ^[25] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1825x2581, 1042 KB) Summary The memorial outside the Hungarian Parliament Building to those who died during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1825x2581, 1042 KB) Summary The memorial outside the Hungarian Parliament Building to those who died during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the... Conference Hall The Hungarian Parliament Building (hu: OrszÃ¡ghÃ¡z) is the seat of the National Assembly of Hungary, one of the worlds greatest legislative buildings, a notable landmark of Hungary and a popular tourist destination of Budapest. ... Stalinism is a brand of political theory, and the political and economic system implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... (Russian: , Nikita SergeeviÄ HruÅ¡ÄÃ«v; surname commonly romanized as Khrushchev, IPA: ; April 17, 1894 â€“ September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... On the Personality Cult and its Consequences , commonly known as the Secret Speech was a report to the 20th Party Congress on February 25, 1956 by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, in which he denounced the actions of Joseph Stalin. ...

Historical debate

The historical and political significance of the Hungarian revolution of 1956 is still actively debated. The main views on the nature of the revolution are: For other senses of this word, see history (disambiguation). ...

Due to the variety of conflicting and irreconcilable historiographical positions on the Hungarian revolution of 1956, it is difficult to produce a summary account of revolutionary events. Similarly, because the revolution was short lived, it is nearly impossible to speculate on what its effects might have been, if successful. Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Democracy (literally rule by the people, from the Greek demos, people, and kratos, rule) is a form of government for a nation state, or for an organisation. ... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... It has been suggested that Democratic Federal Yugoslavia be merged into this article or section. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... Democratic socialism is a broad political movement propagating the ideals of socialism within the context of a democratic system. ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... Self-determination or the right to self-determination is a theoretical principle that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structures. ... WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw GomuÅ‚ka on the cover of Time Magazine WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw GomuÅ‚ka (February 6, 1905, Krosno â€“ September 1, 1982) was a Polish Communist leader. ... Libertarian socialism is any one of a group of political philosophies dedicated to the abolition of property by restoring direct control of production and resources to the working class. ... This article or section may contain inappropriate or misinterpreted citations. ... A workers council is a council, or deliberative body, composed of working class or proletarian members. ... Anarcho-Communism, or Libertarian Communism, is a political ideology related to Libertarian socialism. ... Council communism is a Radical Left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s. ... This article or section may contain inappropriate or misinterpreted citations. ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... MiklÃ³s Horthy de NagybÃ¡nya, Duke of Szeged and Otranto (Hungarian: VitÃ©z* nagybÃ¡nyai Horthy MiklÃ³s, Szeged Ã©s Otranto hercege; Kenderes, June 18, 1868 â€“ Estoril, February 9, 1957) was a Hungarian Admiral and statesman and served as the Regent of Hungary from March 1, 1920 until October... Flag of the Arrow Cross Party The Arrow Cross (Nyilaskereszt) originated in Hungary in the 1930s as the symbol of the leading Hungarian fascist political party, the Arrow Cross Party, led by Ferenc SzÃ¡lasi, an ex-army major. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Historiography is the study of the way history is and has been written. ...

See also

Peter Fryer (born February 18, 1927) is an English Socialist writer and journalist. ... The Suez Trinagle is a concept, favoured especially by the early 1980s political literature in the soviet bloc, which stated that major world events of October 1956 were interconnected as part of a western-funded conspiracy. ... PoznaÅ„ crosses commemorating the PoznaÅ„ 1956 protests and subsequent Polish protests against the communist political system. ... Ervin Zador after the match The Blood In The Water match was a water polo match between Hungary and the USSR at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics and is arguably the most famous match in water polo history. ...

References

^ ^a ^b Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Resolution by students of the Building Industry Technological University: Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, October 22, 1956 Retrieved 27 August 2006
^ The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Armistice Agreement with Hungary; January 20, 1945 Retrieved 27 August 2006
^ Kertesz (reference below): Appendix Document 16, Memorandum of the Hungarian National Bank on Reparations Retrieved 27 Aug 2006
^ Kertesz, Stephen D. (1953). Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. ISBN 0-8371-7540-2. Retrieved 27 Aug 2006
^ Magyar Nemzeti Bank - English Site: History Retrieved 27 August 2006
^ Library of Congress: Country Studies: Hungary, Chapter 3 Economic Policy and Performance, 1945-85 Retrieved 27 August 2006
^ Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev, First Secretary, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, , "On the Personality Cult and its Consequences", Special report at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, February 24-25, 1956. Retrieved on 2006-08-27.
^ Das internationale Schrifttum über den 17. Juni 1953
^ BBC On This Day: 1955 West Germant accepted into NATO
^ Modern History Sourcebook: The Warsaw Pact, 1955
^ Hungarian Revolt, October 23 - November 4, 1956 (Richard Lettis and William I. Morris, editors): Appendices Proclamation of the Hungarian Writers' Union (23 October 1956) Retrieved 8 September 2006
^ Report from Anastas Mikoyan on the Situation in the Hungarian Workers Party, July 14, 1956 (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive (November 4, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
^ ^a ^b Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders, October 24, 1956 (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive (November 4, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c Working Notes and Attached Extract from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting, October 31, 1956 (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive (November 4, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
^ Rainer, János M. (1996-11-01). Decision in the Kremlin, 1956 -- the Malin Notes. Paper presented at Rutgers University. The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Retrieved on 2006-09-07.
^ Okváth, Imre (1999). "Hungary in the Warsaw Pact: The Initial Phase of Integration, 1957 - 1971". The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Retrieved on 2006-09-04. by permission of the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zurich and the National Security Archive at the George Washington University on behalf of the PHP network
^ Overview. The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive (1999). Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Imre Nagy’s Telegram to Diplomatic Missions in Budapest Declaring Hungary’s Neutrality (1 November 1956 by permission of the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zurich and the National Security Archive at the George Washington University on behalf of the PHP network
^ Andropov Report, 1 November 1956. Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), www.CWIHP.org, by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Minutes of the Nagy Government's Fourth Cabinet Meeting, 1 November 1956 (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive (November 4, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
^ Hungarian Revolt, October 23 - November 4, 1956 (Richard Lettis and William I. Morris, editors): Appendices The Hungary Question in the United Nations Retrieved 3 September 2006
^ Study Prepared for US Army Intelligence "Hungary, Resistance Activities and Potentials" (January 1956) (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive (November 4, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
^ Minutes of the 290th NSC Meeting (July 12, 1956) (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive (November 4, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
^ Borhi, László (1999). "Containment, Rollback, Liberation or Inaction? The United States and Hungary in the 1950s". Journal of Cold War Studies 1 (3): 67-108. Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d CNN: Géza Jeszenszky, Hungarian Ambassador, Cold War Chat (transcript) November 8, 1998
^ Policy Review of Voice For Free Hungary Programming from October 23 to November 23, 1956 (December 15, 1956) (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive (November 4, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
^ Mark Kramer, “The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol.33, No.2, Apr. 1998, p.210.
^ Péter Gosztonyi, "Az 1956-os forradalom számokban", Népszabadság (Budapest), 3 November 1990, 3
^ Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M. N. Kolodkov to Interior Minister N. P. Dudorov (November 15, 1956) (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive (November 4, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
^ Situation Report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party by Malenkov-Suslov_Aristov (November 22, 1956) (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive (November 4, 2002). Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
^ The '56 Exodus to Austria
^ "End of a Private Cold War", Time Magazine, 1971-10-11. Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
^ Time Magazine (December 24, 1956): How to Help Hungary Retrieved 3 September 2006
^ Napolitano, Giorgio (2005). Dal Pci al socialismo europeo. Un'autobiografia politica (From the Communist Party to European Socialism. A political autobiography) (in Italian). Laterza. ISBN 88-420-7715-1.
^ US State Department Commemorates the 1956 Hungarian Revolution

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General timeline: The Cold War (Russian: Ð¥Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð’Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ð° Kholodnaya Voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between capitalism and communism, centering around the global superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union, and their military alliance partners. ...

Timeline of events

1940s: 1940-1946 January 7: Republic of Austria is reconsTITuted, with its 1937 borders, but divided into four zones of control: American, British, French, and Soviet. ...

1950s: The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from February 4 to 11, 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. ... Clement Atlee, Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945 The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945. ... Gouzenko wearing his white hood for anonymity Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko (January 13, 1919, Rogachev, Soviet Union â€“ June 1982, Mississauga) was a cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. ... The Iran crisis an international crisis concerning Iran in 1946. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 3,600,000 circa June 1948 2,800,000 circa June 1948 The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: åœ‹å…±å†…æˆ°; Simplified Chinese: å›½å…±å†…æˆ˜; Pinyin: guÃ³gÃ²ng neÃ¬zhÃ n; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in... Truman delivering the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947. ... Combatants Hellenic Army, Royalist forces, Republicans, British troops Communist guerillas (ELAS, DSE) Commanders Alexander Papagos Markos Vafiadis Strength 100,000 men 20,000 men and women Casualties 12,777 killed 37,732 wounded 4,527 missing 38,000 killed 40,000 captured or surrendered An ELAS soldier The Greek Civil... Map of Cold-War era Europe showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... occupation zone after 1945 The Berlin Blockade (June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949) became one of the first major crises of the new Cold War, when the Soviet Union blocked railroad and street access to West Berlin. ...

1960s: Combatants Western Allied/UN combatants: Republic of Korea United States Britain Communist combatants: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Syngman Rhee Jeong Il-Gwon Douglas MacArthur Mark W. Clark Matthew Ridgway Kim Il-sung, Choi Yong-kun Peng Dehuai Strength Note: All... Combatants French Colonialists Viá»‡t Minh Strength 500,000 ? Casualties 94,581 dead 78,127 wounded 40,000 captured 300,000+ dead 500,000+ wounded 100,000 captured The First Indochina War (also called the French Indochina War, the French War or the Franco-Vietnamese War) was fought in Indochina... Protesters marching through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany took place in June and July 1953. ... Taiwan Strait The First Taiwan Strait Crisis (also called the 1954-1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis or the 1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis) was a short armed conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments. ... Combatants Israel Great Britain France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 300,000 Casualties 177 Israeli KIA 16 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 33 French WIA 1,650 KIA 4,900 WIA... Sputnik 1 The Sputnik crisis was a turn point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. ... Taiwan Strait The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, also called the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis, was a conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments in which the PRC was accused by Taiwan of shelling the islands of Matsu and... The Eisenhower Doctrine, given in a message to Congress on January 5, 1957 stated the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the United States. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

1960s (continued): Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~520,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead... Combatants Congo UN troops Katanga Belgium Mercenaries The Congo Crisis (1960-1965) was a period of turmoil in the First Republic of the Congo that began with national independence from Belgium and ended with the seizing of power by Joseph Mobutu. ... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... The U-2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. ... The Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term in office between 1961 and 1963. ... Combatants Cuban militia Cuban exiles trained by the US Commanders Fidel Castro, Arnaldo Ochoa Sanchez Grayston Lynch Pepe San Roman Erneido Oliva Strength 51,000 1,500 Casualties 2,200; estimated 115 dead 1,189 captured Cuban poster warning before invasion showing a soldier armed with an RPD machine gun. ... Drink a niggas bucket of cum. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ...

1970s: The Johnson Doctrine, enunciated by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. ... The Indonesian Civil War was a conflict in Indonesia from 1965 to 1966 between forces loyal to then-President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and forces loyal to a right-wing military faction led by to General Abdul Haris Nasution and Maj. ... The Secret War (1962-1975) was the Laos front of the Second Indochina War. ... People in a cafÃ© watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ© jaro, Slovak: PraÅ¾skÃ¡ jar, Russian: Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ð°) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander DubÄek came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the... The Nixon Doctrine was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon. ... DÃ©tente is a French term meaning relaxation, which has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. ... The Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969 was a series of armed clashes between the Soviet Union and Peoples Republic of China, occurring at the height of the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s. ...

1980s: // Insurrection and War, 1967-75 By the mid-1960s, Norodom Sihanouks delicate balancing act was beginning to go awry. ... The Second Chimurenga was a conflict in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) between the white minority government of Ian Smith and the black nationalists of the ZANU and ZAPU movements, led by Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo respectively. ... Three-Time World Mens Singles Champion Zhuang Zedong (left) and U.S. team member Glenn Cowan (right) on the Chinese team bus in Nagoya, Japan, 1971. ... Richard Nixon met with Mao Zedong in 1972. ... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... pwtha This iconic image shows South Vietnamese civilians scrambling to board a United States military helicopter during the U.S. evacuation of Saigon. ... Map of Angola Following the end of Portuguese colonial rule in April 1974, newly-independent Angola descended into a devasting civil war which became Africas longest running conflict. ... The Mozambican Civil War started in Mozambique during the 1970s following independence in 1975. ... Combatants Peoples Republic of China Vietnam Strength 200,000 entered Vietnam and another 100,000 in Yunnan and Guangxi 100,000+ Casualties Disputed. ... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

1990s: Combatants Soviet Union Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mujahideen Rebels supported by nations such as: United States, Iran, Pakistan, China Saudi Arabia Commanders Boris Gromov Pavel Grachev Valentin Varennikov Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Sibghatullah Mojadeddi Ahmed Shah Massoud Abdul Ali Mazari Osama bin Laden Indirect roles Ronald Reagan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Rahimuddin... The Carter Doctrine was proclaimed by President Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 23 January 1980. ... Solidarity (Polish: SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union Solidarity â€” NiezaleÅ¼ny SamorzÄ…dny ZwiÄ…zek Zawodowy SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the GdaÅ„sk Shipyards, and originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ... The Reagan Doctrine was an important Cold War strategy by the United States to oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Poster showing Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika ( , Russian: ) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ... The Revolutions of 1989, sometimes called the Autumn of Nations, were the series of events in Central and Eastern Europe in the autumn of 1989, when various Soviet-style Communist governments were overthrown in the space of a few months[1]. The name of this event refers to the Revolutions... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ... Non-violent protesters are fighting with flowers against armored policemen The Velvet Revolution (Czech: sametovÃ¡ revoluce, Slovak: neÅ¾nÃ¡ revolÃºcia) (November 16 â€“ December 29, 1989) refers to a bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the communist government there. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Dissolution of the USSR

Contemporaneous conflicts: // The rise of Gorbachev Although reform in the Soviet Union stalled between 1969 and 1982, a generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Countries behind the Iron Curtain are shaded red. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005) The Non-Aligned Movement, or NAM, is an international organization of over 100 states which consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. ... Containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War in which it attempted to stop what it called the Domino Effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based Communism, rather than European-American-based Capitalism. ... Rollback was a term used by American foreign policy thinkers during the Cold War. ... An Arms Race is a competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. ... US and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2005. ... For other uses, see Space Race (disambiguation). ... Political cartoon of the era depicting an anarchist attempting to destroy the Statue of Liberty. ... Senator Joseph McCarthy McCarthyism is the term describing a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the mid to late 1950s. ... Senator John W. Bricker, the sponsor of the proposed constitutional amendment. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... // Browder, Golos and Peters By the mid to late 1920s, there were three elements of Soviet power operating in the United States, despite the absence of formal diplomatic relations, the Comintern, military intelligence or GRU, and the forerunner of the KGB, the GPU. The Comintern was the dominant arm, though... Ostpolitik or Eastern Politics describes the realisation of the Change through Rapprochement principle, verbalised by Egon Bahr in 1963, by the effort of Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, to normalize relations with Eastern European nations including East Germany. ... The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an intelligence agency of the United States Government. ... This article is becoming very long. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of ÐšÐ“Ð‘) is the Russian-language abbreviation for Committee for State Security, (Russian: ; Komitet Gosudarstvennoj Bezopasnosti). ... Logo of East Germanys Ministerium fÃ¼r Staatssicherheit (MfS or Stasi) / Ministry for State Security This article is about Stasi, the secret police of East Germany. ...

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Contents

Prelude to the uprising var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};