NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 1956 Suez Crisis

The Suez Crisis^[2] (Arabic: أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي‎; Hebrew: מבצע קדש‎) was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956. The conflict pitted Egypt against Israel, the United Kingdom, and France. Casus belli is a modern Latin language expression meaning the justification for acts of war. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Ships moored at El Ballah during transit Egypt: Site of Suez Canal (top). ... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_France. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... Moshe Dayan Moshe Dayan, DSO (Hebrew: ×ž×©×” ×“×™×™×Ÿ) (May 20, 1915 â€“ October 16, 1981), was an Israeli military leader and politician. ... This article is about the former president of Egypt. ... Temporary grave of an American machine-gunner during the Battle of Normandy. ... WIA is a three letter abbreviation meaning Wounded in action. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict Â· Israel-Lebanon conflict Â· Arab League Â· Soviet Union / Russia Â· Israel and the United... This article describes violent events in the Old City of Jerusalem from April 4-7, 1920. ... On May 1, 1921, a scuffle began in Tel Aviv-Jaffa between rival groups of Jewish Bolsheviks, carrying Yiddish banners demanding Soviet Palestine, and Socialists parading on May Day. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... An uprising during the British mandate by Palestinian Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939. ... Combatants Egypt Syria Transjordan Lebanon Saudi Arabia Iraq Holy War Army Arab Liberation Army Israel Commanders Glubb Pasha Abd al-Qadir al-Husayniâ€ Hasan Salamaâ€ Fawzi al-Qawuqji Yaakov Dori Yigael Yadin Strength Egypt: 10,000 initially rising to 20,000 Iraq: 5,000 initially rising to 15,000â€“18... Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 264,000 (incl. ... Combatants Israel Egypt Soviet Union Strength unknown Egyptian: unknown Soviet advisors: 10,700â€“12,300 Casualties 1,424 soldiers and >100 civilians killed 2,000 soldiers and 700 civilians wounded [1] [2] 10,000 Egyptian soldiers and civilians killedÂ¹ 3 Soviet pilots killed The War of Attrition (Hebrew: â€Ž)(Arabic: â€Ž) was... Combatants Israel Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq Commanders Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israel Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly Fahmy, Anwar Sadat, Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy, Abdul... Combatants Israel South Lebanon Army PLO Strength 25,000 unknown Casualties 20 unknown The 1978 South Lebanon conflict (code-named Operation Litani by Israel) was the name of the Israel Defense Forces 1978 invasion of Lebanon up to the Litani River. ... Combatants Israel Phalange South Lebanon Army Amal PLO Syria Commanders Menachem Begin (Prime Minister) Ariel Sharon, (Ministry of Defence) Rafael Eitan, (CoS) Yasser Arafat Strength 76,000 37,000 Casualties 670 9,800 The 1982 Lebanon War (Hebrew: , Milkhemet Levanon, Milkhemet Levanon, Arabic: â€Ž), called by Israel the Operation Peace of... Combatants Hezbollah Israel South Lebanon Army Casualties 1283 1200 Israeli soldiers During the 1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict Hezbollah waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon. ... The First Intifada, or Palestinian uprising refers to a series of violent incidents between Palestinians and Israelis between 1987 and approximately 1990. ... Combatants UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf Peter de la BilliÃ¨re Khalid bin Sultan Saleh Al-Muhaya Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Saddam Hussein Strength 883,863 360,000 Casualties 378 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 dead, 75,000 wounded The Gulf War or the Persian Gulf War... For other uses, see al-Aqsa (disambiguation). ... Combatants Hezbollah Amal LCP Israel Commanders Hassan Nasrallah (Secretary General of Hezbollah) Imad Mughniyeh (Commander of Hezbollahs armed wing) [5] Dan Halutz (CoS) Moshe Kaplinsky[13] Udi Adam (Regional) Strength 600-1,000 active fighters 3,000-10,000 reservists[6] 30,000 ground troops (plus IAF & ISC) [14... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... Look up war in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

During the British colonial era, the Suez Canal had been important in the Middle East, as well as for the penetration of Africa and in maintaining control of India. For this reason it was considered important by them to keep the canal out of Egyptian control. Thus in 1875, Isma'il Pasha was forced to sell his country's share in the canal to the United Kingdom, and the Convention of Constantinople (1888) declared the canal a neutral zone under British 'protection'. Ships moored at El Ballah during transit Egypt: Site of Suez Canal (top). ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... Ismail Pasha Ismail Pasha, known as Ismail the Magnificent (December 31, 1830â€“March 2, 1895) (Arabic: Ø¥Ø³Ù…Ø§Ø¹ÙŠÙ„ Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ø§), was khedive of Egypt from 1863 until he was removed at the behest of the British in 1879. ... See treaty text at wikisource:Constantinople Convention of the Suez Canal The Convention of Constantinople was a treaty signed by Great Britain, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, and Turkey on March 2, 1888. ...

The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 gave the United Kingdom control over the canal. However, in 1951 Egypt repudiated this treaty, and by 1954 the United Kingdom had agreed to pull out. In 1936 a treaty between Britain and Egypt was signed which became known as the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936. ...

The United Kingdom objected strongly when the Egyptian leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal Company, which operated the Suez Canal. By this stage, two-thirds of Europe's oil was being imported via the canal. The United Kingdom purported to fear an Israeli attack on Egypt, and sought cooperation with the United States throughout 1956 to deal with this, to little effect. This article is about the former president of Egypt. ... The Universal Suez Ship Canal Company (French: Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez) was the French corporation which constructed the Suez Canal between 1859 and 1869. ...

The alliance between the United Kingdom, France, and Israel was largely one of convenience; the European nations had economic and trading interests in the Suez Canal, while Israel wanted to reopen the canal for Israeli shipping and end Egyptian-supported fedayeen incursions and hit-and-run raids. A military alliance is an agreement between two, or more, countries; related to wartime planning, commitments, or contingencies; such agreements can be both defensive and offensive. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... Fedayeen (from Arabic fidÄÄ«, plural fidÄÄ«yÄ«n ÙØ¯Ø§Ø¦ÙŠÙˆÙ†, one who is ready to sacrifice his life for the cause) describes several distinct, primarily Arab groups at different times in history. ...

When the Soviet Union threatened to intervene on behalf of Egypt, Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B. Pearson feared a larger war and proposed a plan to separate the opposing forces by placing United Nations forces between them to act as a buffer zone or 'human shield'. (Pearson later won a Nobel Peace Prize for his role in ending the conflict.) Canadas Secretary of State for External Affairs was, from 1909 to 1993, the member of the Cabinet of Canada responsible for overseeing the federal governments international relations and the former Department of External Affairs. ... Lester Bowles Mike Pearson, PC, OM, CC, OBE, MA, LL.D. (April 23, 1897 â€“ December 27, 1972) was a Canadian statesman, diplomat and politician who was made a Nobel Laureate in 1957. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequested by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ...

Eventually, pressure from the United States forced the United Kingdom, France, and Israel to withdraw. The crisis resulted in the resignation of the British Conservative prime minister, Sir Anthony Eden. This marked the completion of the shift in the global balance of power from European powers to the United States and the USSR, and was a milestone in the decline of the British Empire. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (June 12, 1897â€“ January 14, 1977), British politician, was Foreign Secretary for three periods between 1935 and 1955, including World War II and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1955 to 1957. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...

Background

The Suez Canal was opened in 1869, having been financed by France and the Egyptian government. Technically, the territory of the canal itself was sovereign Egyptian territory, and the operating company, the Universal Company of the Suez Maritime Canal (Suez Canal Company) was an Egyptian-chartered one (originally as part of the Ottoman Turkish Empire). In 1875, the British government of Benjamin Disraeli bought out the Egyptian share of the company, giving it partial control over the canal's operations, which it shared with mostly French private investors. In 1882, during foreign intervention in Egypt, the United Kingdom took de facto control of the canal itself. The canal was of strategic importance, being the ocean trade link between the United Kingdom and its colonies in India, the Far East as well as Australia and New Zealand. The area as a whole was strategic to North Africa and the Middle East. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (December 21, 1804 - April 24, British Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and author. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... The far east as a cultural block includes East Asia, Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia and South Asia. ... Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, generally divided by the formidable barrier of the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

The importance of the canal as a strategic center was apparent during both World Wars. During the First World War, the British and French closed the canal to non-Allied shipping. During the Second World War, it was tenaciously defended during the North African Campaign. A world war is a war affecting the majority of the worlds major nations. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... During World War II, the North African Campaign, also known as the Desert War, took place in the North African desert from September 13, 1940 to May 13, 1943. ...

Daniel Yergin, a historian of the oil industry, wrote: Daniel H. Yergin (born February 6, 1947) is an American author and economic researcher. ...

British troops were withdrawn from Palestine in 1947 and the state of Israel was formally established in 1948, shortly followed by the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, which further established both Israel's independence and Arab-Israeli enmity. See history of Israel, history of Egypt. The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi... Combatants Egypt Syria Transjordan Lebanon Saudi Arabia Iraq Holy War Army Arab Liberation Army Israel Commanders Glubb Pasha Abd al-Qadir al-Husayniâ€ Hasan Salamaâ€ Fawzi al-Qawuqji Yaakov Dori Yigael Yadin Strength Egypt: 10,000 initially rising to 20,000 Iraq: 5,000 initially rising to 15,000â€“18... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hathor The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history, as a unified state, of any country in the world. ...

In 1952, officers in the Egyptian army overthrew the monarchy of King Farouk who had been a close ally of the British. The new government abandoned policies friendly to the European powers, while at the same time asserting an independent and Arab nationalist identity. King Farouk of Egypt (February 11, 1920 - March 18, 1965) was the penultimate King of Egypt, succeeding his father Fuad I in 1936. ... Arab nationalism is a nationalist ideology in Arab world. ...

In 1955, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser was importing arms from the Soviet bloc to build his arsenal for the confrontation with Israel. He announced it on August 31, 1955: August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The border between Israel and Egypt had been agreed as part of the ceasefire ending the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, yet both sides tended to regard the agreement as a temporary arrangement and there were occasional attacks carried out by each state against the other along the Gaza Strip, which was now occupied by Egypt.

On July 26, 1956, Egypt, under the leadership of President Gamal Abdel Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, which operated the vital trade route to the east, and in which British banks and business held a 44% stake. This nationalization was done in order to raise revenue for the construction of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River. Concerning the Aswan High Dam project, the United States and Britain had previously agreed to help pay for this project, but cancelled their support after Egypt bought tanks from communist Czechoslovakia, then part of the Soviet bloc, and extended diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China. The improved Egyptian relationship with the Chinese was the result of the Bandung Conference in 1955, where Nasser had asked the Chinese to use their influence on the Soviets to supply Egypt with the necessary arms. July 26 is the 207th day (208th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 158 days remaining. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Map of Egypt showing the location of Aswan and Lake Nasser. ... There is also Nile, a death metal band from South Carolina, USA. The Nile in Egypt Length 6 695 km Elevation of the source 1 134 m Average discharge 2 830 m³/s Area watershed 3 400 000 km² Origin Africa Mouth the Mediterranean Basin countries Uganda - Sudan - Egypt The... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ... The Bandung Conference was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, organized by Egypt, Indonesia, Burma, Ceylon(Sri Lanka), India, and Pakistan. ...

The British Prime Minister of the time, Sir Anthony Eden, tried to persuade the British public of the need for war and so, perhaps in an attempt to recall World War II-era patriotism, he compared Nasser's nationalisation of the Suez Canal with the nationalism of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler twenty years earlier. However, the very first comparisons between 1930s dictators and Nasser during the crisis was made by the Labour Opposition leader, Hugh Gaitskell and the left-leaning tabloid newspaper, the Daily Mirror. Eden had been a staunch opponent of Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement and he claimed that a display of force was needed to prevent Nasser becoming another expansionist military threat. Eden had also been annoyed by Nasser's apparent role in the dismissal of British military leader Glubb Pasha in Jordan prior to the canal company nationalization. The French in turn were hostile because of Nasser's support for insurgents in Algeria. Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (June 12, 1897â€“ January 14, 1977), British politician, was Foreign Secretary for three periods between 1935 and 1955, including World War II and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1955 to 1957. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 â€“ April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ... Hitler redirects here. ... The Labour Party has been, since its founding in the early 20th century, the principal political party of the left in the United Kingdom. ... Hugh Todd Naylor Gaitskell (April 9, 1906 â€“ January 18, 1963) was a British politician, leader of the Labour Party from 1955 until his death in 1963. ... Leftism redirects here. ... Alternate newspaper: The Daily Mirror (Australia) The Daily Mirror is a popular British tabloid daily newspaper. ... Arthur Neville Chamberlain(18 March 1869 â€“ 9 November 1940), known as Neville Chamberlain, was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. ... Appeasement is a policy of accepting the imposed conditions of an aggressor in lieu of armed resistance, usually at the sacrifice of principles. ... // John Glubb Pasha in uniform Sir John Bagot Glubb, better known as Glubb Pasha (born 16 April 1897, Preston, Lancashire â€“ died 17 March 1986, Mayfield, Sussex), was a British soldier best known for leading and training Transjordans Arab Legion 1939-1956 as its commanding general. ...

Between July and October 1956, unsuccessful initiatives encouraged by the United States were made to reduce the tensions that would ultimately lead to war. International conferences were organized to secure agreement on canal operations; no agreement was secured.

In the months that followed Egypt's nationalization of the canal company, with the support of the former managers of the company that operated the canal, Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez, a secret meeting took place at Sèvres, outside Paris. Britain and France enlisted Israeli support for a conspiracy against Egypt. The parties agreed that Israel would invade the Sinai. Britain and France would then intervene, instructing that both the Israeli and Egyptian armies (ie, not solely the aggressor) withdraw their forces to a distance of ten miles (16 km) from either side of the canal. The British and French would then argue that Egypt's control of such an important route was too tenuous, and that it need be placed under Anglo-French management. The Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez (Universal Suez Ship Canal Company) was the French corporation which constructed the Suez Canal between 1859 and 1869. ... Road to SÃ¨vres, Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, 1855-1865. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du TrocadÃ©ro. ... km redirects here. ...

The interests of the parties were various. Britain was anxious lest she lose access to the remains of her empire. France was nervous about the growing influence that Nasser exerted on her North African colonies. Both Britain and France were eager that the canal should maintain open as an important conduit of oil. Israel saw the opportunity to strengthen her southern border and to weaken a dangerous and hostile state.

Prior to the operation, Britain deliberately neglected to take counsel with the Americans, trusting instead that Nasser's engagement with communist states would persuade the Americans to accept British and French actions if they were presented as a fait accompli. This proved to be a fatal miscalculation.

Invasion

On October 29, 1956, Israel invaded the Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula and made rapid progress towards the Canal Zone. As per the agreement, Britain and France offered to reoccupy the area and separate the warring armies. Nasser (whose nationalization of the company had been greeted with joy by the Egyptian public) refused the offer, which gave the European powers a pretext for a joint invasion to regain control of the canal and topple the Nasser regime. To support the invasion, large air forces had been deployed to Cyprus and Malta by the UK and France and many aircraft carriers were deployed. The two airbases on Cyprus were so congested that a third field which was in dubious condition had to be brought into use for French aircraft. Even RAF Luqa on Malta was extremely crowded with RAF Bomber Command aircraft. The UK deployed the aircraft carriers HMS Eagle, Albion and Bulwark and France had the Arromanches and Lafayette on station. In addition, HMS Ocean and Theseus acted as jumping-off points for Britain's helicopter-borne assault (the world's first). Meanwhile the Israel Border Police militarized the Israel-Jordan border (including the Green Line with the West Bank) which resulted in the killing of 48 Arab-Israeli civilians by Israeli forces on October 29 (known as the Kafr Qasim massacre). Download high resolution version (740x918, 131 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (740x918, 131 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (west), Gulf of Aqaba (east) from Space Shuttle STS-40 For other uses of the word Sinai, please see: Sinai (disambiguation). ... Four aircraft carriers, Principe de Asturias, USS Wasp, USS Forrestal and HMS Invincible (front-to-back), showing the difference in size between a supercarrier, light V/STOL carriers, and an amphibious assault carrier. ... Luqa was an RAF base on Malta during the Second World War. ... Bomber Command badge RAF Bomber Command was the organisation that controlled the RAFs bomber forces. ... HMS Eagle was one of the two largest-ever British aircraft carriers. ... The eighth HMS Albion (R07) was a 22,000 ton Centaur-class light fleet carrier of the Royal Navy. ... See HMS Bulwark for other ships of this name. ... The fourth and last HMS Colossus (R15) had a relatively brief time with the Royal Navy. ... The USS Langley (CVL-27) was an 11,000-ton Independence-class aircraft carrier that served the United States Navy from 1943 - 1964. ... The fifth HMS Ocean was a Royal Navy Colossus-class light fleet aircraft carrier of 13,190 tons built in Glasgow. ... HMS Theseus (R64) was a Colossus-class light fleet aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy. ... The Bell 206 of Canadian Helicopters Robinson Helicopter Company (USA) R44, a four seat development of the R22 A helicopter is an aircraft which is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors consisting of two or more rotor blades. ... The Israel Border Police (Hebrew: ×ž×©×ž×¨ ×”×’×‘×•×œ, Mishmar HaGvul) is the combat branch of the Israeli Police. ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Memorial at Kafr Qasim The Kafr Qasim massacre took place in the Israeli Arab village of Kafr Qasim situated on the Green Line, at that time, the de facto border between Israel and Jordan (Arabic: ÙƒÙØ± Ù‚Ø§Ø³Ù…, also known as Kafr Qassem, Kufur Kassem and Kafar Kassem) on October 29, 1956. ...

The United Kingdom and France initiated Operation Musketeer on October 31, with a bombing campaign. Nasser responded by sinking all 40 ships present in the canal, closing it to further shipping until early 1957. Operation Musketeer was the Anglo-French invasion of Egypt to capture the Suez Canal during the Suez Crisis. ... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining. ...

On late November 5, the 3rd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment dropped at El Gamil Airfield, clearing the area and establishing a secure base for incoming support aircraft and reinforcements. At first light on November 6, Commandos of Nos 42 and 40 Commando Royal Marines stormed the beaches, using landing craft of WWII vintage. Salvos from the battlegroup standing offshore opened fire, giving covering fire for the landings and causing considerable damage to the Egyptian batteries and gun emplacements. The town of Port Said sustained great damage and was seen to be alight. November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... The Parachute Regiments display team, the Red Devils at an American airshow The Parachute Regiment is the main body of elite airborne troops of the British Army. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 55 days remaining. ... The British Commandos were first formed by the Army in June 1940 during World War II as a well-armed but unregimented raider force employing unconventional and irregular tactics to assault, disrupt and reconnoitre the enemy in mainland Europe and Scandinavia. ... The Royal Marines (RM), are the Royal Navys light infantry. ... Landing craft RapiÃ¨re LCU 1656 departs USS Bataan (LHD-5) well deck during Hurricane Katrina relief operations. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... A salvo is the simultaneous discharge of artillery or firearms including the firing of guns either to hit a target or to perform a salute. ... Suppressive fire is a military term for firing weapons at the enemy with the goal of suppressing their ability to return fire or to move without cover, such as during an enemy assault. ... Port Said (postcard around 1915) Port Said (31. ...

Acting in concert with British forces, 500 heavily-armed paratroopers of the French 2ème RPC (Régiment Parachutiste Colonial), hastily redeployed from combat in Algeria, jumped over the al-Raswa bridges from Nord Noratlas transports of the ET (Escadrille de Transport) 1/61 and ET 3/61, together with some combat engineers of the Guards Independent Parachute Company. Despite the loss of two soldiers, the western bridge was swiftly secured by the paras, and Corsairs of the Aéronavale 14F and 15F flew a series of close-air-support missions, destroying several SU-100s. F-84Fs also hit two large oil storage tanks in Port Said, which went up in flames and covered most of the city in a thick cloud of smoke for the next several days. Egyptian resistance varied, with some positions fighting back until destroyed, while others were abandoned with little resistance. The Nord Noratlas was a French military transport plane built by Nord Aviation in the 1950s. ... Look up corsair in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Aviation Navale (Naval Air Force) of the French Navy includes 162 airplanes (138 of them combat-capable) and 6 800 men, both civilians and military personel. ... The SU-100 was a Soviet self-propelled gun used during World War II. // History The SU-100 was developed as an improvement to the SU-85, with a more powerful gun. ...

In the afternoon, 522 additional French paras of the 1re REP ([Régiment Étranger Parachutiste, Foreign Legion 1st Para Regiment) were dropped near Port Fuad. These were also constantly supported by the Corsairs of the French Aéronavale, which flew very intensive operations: for example, although the French carrier LaFayette developed catapult problems, no less than 40 combat sorties were completed. In total, 10 French soldiers were killed and 30 injured during the landing and the subsequent battles. Legionnaire (film) The French Foreign Legion (French: LÃ©gion Ã©trangÃ¨re) is a unique elite unit within the French Army established in 1831. ... Lafayette, LaFayette, or La Fayette may refer to: // Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette (Marquis de Lafayette), French hero of the American Revolution (sometimes referred to as the Marquis de la Fayette) Marie-Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, comtesse de la Fayette (Madame de Lafayette), French author. ...

British commandos of No. 45 Commando assaulted by helicopter, meeting stiff resistance, with shore batteries striking several helicopters, while friendly fire from British carrier-borne aircraft caused heavy casualties to 45 Commando and HQ. Street fighting and house clearing, with strong opposition from well-entrenched Egyptian sniper positions, caused further casualties. For other uses, see Friendly Fire (disambiguation). ... Arkansas Army National Guard soldiers practice sniper marksmanship at their firing range near Baghdad, Iraq on February 15, 2005. ...

The invaders are stopped

The operation to take the canal was highly successful from a military point of view, but was a political disaster due to external forces. Along with Suez, the United States was also dealing with the near-simultaneous Soviet-Hungary crisis, and faced the public relations embarrassment of criticizing the Soviet Union's military intervention there while at the same time avoiding criticism of its two principal European allies' actions. Perhaps more significantly, the United States also feared a wider war after the Soviet Union threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side and launch attacks by "all types of weapons of destruction" on London and Paris. Motto: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) Translation: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthem: The Internationale (1922-1944) Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital Moscow Language(s) Russian (the de facto official language), 14 other official languages Government Socialist republic Leaders - 1922-1924 Vladimir Lenin - 1924-1953 Joseph Stalin... Combatants Soviet Union ÃVH Hungarian government, various nationalist militias Commanders Yuri Andropov PÃ¡l MalÃ©ter, BÃ©la KirÃ¡ly, Gergely PongrÃ¡tz, JÃ³zsef DudÃ¡s Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks 100,000+ demonstrators (some later armed), unknown number of soldiers Casualties 720 killed according to official... Public relations (PR) is the business, organizational, philanthropic, or social function of managing communication between an organization and its audiences. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du TrocadÃ©ro. ...

Thus, the Eisenhower administration forced a cease-fire on Britain and France, which it had previously told the Allies it would not do. The U.S. demanded that the invasion stop and sponsored resolutions in the UN Security Council for a cease-fire to stop the invasion. Britain and France, as permanent members of the Security Council, vetoed the resolutions in the UN Security Council. The U.S. then appealed to the General Assembly of the UN and proposed a resolution calling for a cease-fire and a withdrawal of forces. The appeal to the General Assembly was made under a procedure called "Uniting for Peace" (UfP). This procedure had been adopted by the Security Council so that the UN can act even if the Security Council is stalemated by vetoes. Resolution 377 provides that, if there is a "threat to peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression" and the permanent members of the Security Council do not agree on action, the General Assembly can meet immediately and recommend collective measures to U.N. members to "maintain or restore international peace and security." The General Assembly held an emergency session and passed the UfP resolution. Britain and France withdrew from Egypt within a week. (Z Magazine, April 2, 2003, http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=1&ItemID=3376 last visited 2/28/07.) Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ...

Part of the pressure that the United States used against Britain was financial, as President Eisenhower threatened to sell the United States reserves of the British pound and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency. After Saudi Arabia started an oil embargo against Britain and France, the U.S. refused to fill the gap, until Britain and France agreed to a rapid withdrawal. ^[4] There was also a measure of discouragement for Britain in the rebuke by the Commonwealth Prime Ministers St. Laurent of Canada and Menzies of Australia at a time when Britain was still continuing to regard the Commonwealth as an entity of importance as the residue of the British Empire and as an automatic supporter in its effort to remain a world power. A reserve currency (or anchor currency) is a currency which is held in significant quantities by many governments and institutions as part of their foreign exchange reserves. ... The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as The Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, the majority of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Louis Stephen St. ... Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, FRS, QC (20 December 1894 â€“ 14 May 1978), Australian politician, was the twelfth and longest-serving Prime Minister of Australia, serving eighteen and a half years. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...

The British government and the pound thus both came under pressure. Eden was forced to resign and the French and British forces had finished withdrawing by December 1956; the Israelis did in March 1957. ISO 4217 Code GBP User(s) United Kingdom Inflation 2. ...

Introduction of UN Peacekeepers

Before the withdrawal, Lester Pearson, Canada's acting cabinet minister for external affairs, had gone to the United Nations and suggested creating a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) in the Suez to "keep the borders at peace while a political settlement is being worked out." The United Nations accepted this suggestion, and after several days of tense diplomacy, a neutral force not involving the United States, Britain, France and most of the Soviet Bloc was sent with the consent of Nasser, stabilizing conditions in the area. Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his efforts. The United Nations Peacekeeping Force was Lester Pearson's creation and he is considered the father of the modern concept "peacekeeping". Lester Bowles Mike Pearson, PC, OM, CC, OBE, MA, LL.D. (April 23, 1897 â€“ December 27, 1972) was a Canadian statesman, diplomat and politician who was made a Nobel Laureate in 1957. ... A minister or a secretary is a politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional government. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... The first United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was established by United Nations General Assembly to secure an end to the 1956 Suez Crisis with resolution 1001 (ES-I) on November 7, 1956, and in large measure as a result of efforts by secretary general Dag Hammarskjöld and a proposal... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

Aftermath

Eden's resignation marked, until the Falklands War, the last significant attempt Britain made to impose its military will abroad without U.S. support. However, Nigel Ashton argues "that British strategy in the region changed very little in the wake of Suez. Macmillan was every bit as determined as Eden had been to stop Nasser" although he was more willing to enlist American support in the future for that end. Some would argue that the crisis also marked the final transfer of power to the new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1474x1971, 451 KB) Summary BMehaneh used to be the official magazine of the IDF. BMehaneh literally translated means in the camp. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1474x1971, 451 KB) Summary BMehaneh used to be the official magazine of the IDF. BMehaneh literally translated means in the camp. ... Combatants United Kingdom Argentina Commanders Sir John Fieldhouse Sir John Woodward Margaret Thatcher Leopoldo Galtieri Mario MenÃ©ndez Casualties 258 killed [1] 777 wounded 59 taken prisoner 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner The Falklands War (Spanish: ) was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom... Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 â€“ 29 December 1986), was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. ... An American B-2 bomber in flight. ...

The incident demonstrated the weakness of the NATO alliance in its lack of planning and cooperation outside the European theatre. From the point of view of General de Gaulle, the Suez events demonstrated that France could not rely on allies, especially the United States, when pursuing its own foreign policy goals. This might partly explain de Gaulle's 1966 withdrawal of France from the integrated NATO military command. NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[2] (NATO; French: ; also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance, or the Western Alliance) is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. ... Charles AndrÃ© Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ) (22 November 1890 â€“ 9 November 1970), in France commonly referred to as GÃ©nÃ©ral de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. ...

The imposed end to the crisis signalled the weakening of the United Kingdom and France as Global Powers. Nasser's standing in the Arab world was greatly improved, with his stance helping to promote pan-Arabism and reinforce hostility against Israel and the West. The crisis also arguably hastened the process of decolonization, as the remaining colonies of both Britain and France gained independence over the next several years. The top global powers usually have relatively high military budgets, reflecting their powerful military capabilities. ... Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ... Colonialism in 1945 Decolonization refers to the achievement of independence by the various Western colonies and protectorates in Asia and Africa following World War II. This conforms with an intellectual movement known as Post-Colonialism. ...

After Suez, Aden and Iraq became the main bases for the British in the region while the French concentrated their forces at Bizerte and Beirut. Port of Aden (around 1910). ... Bizerte or Bizerta (Arabic: Ø¨Ù†Ø²Ø±Øª; transliterated: Binzart) is a capital city of Bizerte Governorate in Tunisia. ... For other uses, see Beirut (disambiguation). ...

By early 1957 all Israeli troops had withdrawn from the Sinai. As part of the deal, the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was placed in the Sinai (on Egyptian territory only) with the express purpose of maintaining the cease-fire. While effective in preventing the small-scale warfare that prevailed before 1956 and after 1967, budgetary cutbacks and changing needs had seen the force shrink to 3,378 by 1967. The Egyptian government then began to remilitarize the Sinai, and demanded that the UNEF withdraw. This action, along with the blockade of the Strait of Tiran, led directly to the Six Day War. During the war, Israeli armed forces captured the east bank of the canal, which subsequently became a de facto boundary between Egypt and Israel and the canal was therefore closed until June, 1975. Image File history File links Canadian_members_of_UNEF_on_Egypt-Israel_border_1962. ... Image File history File links Canadian_members_of_UNEF_on_Egypt-Israel_border_1962. ... The first United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was established by United Nations General Assembly to secure an end to the 1956 Suez Crisis with resolution 1001 (ES-I) on November 7, 1956, and in large measure as a result of efforts by secretary general Dag Hammarskjöld and a proposal... Militarism (military+-ism) is an ideology which claims that the military is the foundation of a societys security, and thereby claims to be its most important aspect. ... The Straits of Tiran are the narrow passages formed by the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas which separates the Gulf of Aqaba from the Red Sea. ... The 1967 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Six-Day War or June War, was fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. ...

After retiring from office Eisenhower came to see the Suez Crisis as perhaps his biggest foreign policy mistake. Not only did he feel that the United States weakened two crucial European Cold War allies but he created in Nasser a man capable of dominating the Arab world.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography

Notes and references

See also

The term Anglo-American relations refers to bilateral relations between the United Kingdom and the United States. ... Franco-American relations refers to interstate relations between France and the United States. ... Israel-United States relations have evolved from an initial United States policy of sympathy and support for the creation of a Jewish homeland in 1948 to an unusual partnership that links a small but militarily powerful Israel, dependent on the United States for its economic and military strength, with the... The Protocol of SÃ¨vres recorded the agreements reached between the governments of Great Britain, France and Israel during discussions held in SÃ¨vres, France between 22nd and 24th October 1956, on a joint politico-military response to Egypts nationalisation of the Suez Canal. ...

External links

Cold War

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Main events (1945–1961)

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General timeline: The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC (and also informally known as the Beeb or Auntie) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GBÂ£4 billion... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

Timeline of events

1940s: Although the Cold War can be considered to have began in 1947, the timeline also lists important dates in the origins of the Cold War. ...

1950s: The Big Three at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. ... Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin meeting at the Potsdam Conference on July 18, 1945. ... Gouzenko wearing his white hood for anonymity Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko (January 13, 1919, Rogachev, Soviet Union â€“ June 1982, Mississauga) was a cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. ... The Iran crisis an international crisis concerning Iran in 1946. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalists Chinese Communists Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese... Combatants Hellenic Army, Royalist forces, Republicans, British troops Communist guerillas (ELAS, DSE) Commanders Alexander Papagos, Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos, James Van Fleet Markos Vafiadis Strength 100,000 men 20,000 men and women[] Casualties 12,777 killed 37,732 wounded 4,527 missing 38,000 killed[] 40,000 captured or surrendered The... Truman delivering the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947. ... Map of Cold-War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... Occupation zones after 1945. ...

1960s: Combatants United Nations: Republic of Korea Australia Belgium Canada Colombia Ethiopia France Greece Netherlands New Zealand Philippines South Africa Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Medical staff: Denmark Australia Italy Norway Sweden Communist states: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Syngman Rhee... Combatants French Colonialists Viá»‡t Minh Strength 500,000 ? Casualties 94,581 dead 78,127 wounded 40,000 captured 300,000+ dead 500,000+ wounded 100,000 captured The First Indochina War (also called the French Indochina War, the French War or the Franco-Vietnamese War) was fought in Indochina... Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on August 19, 1953. ... Former president Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n on the cover of TIME magazine in June 1954 after his overthrow Operation PBSUCCESS was a CIA-organized covert operation that overthrew the democratically-elected President of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n in 1954. ... Protesters marching through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany took place in June and November 1953. ... Taiwan Strait The First Taiwan Strait Crisis (also called the 1954-1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis or the 1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis) was a short armed conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments. ... PoznaÅ„ crosses commemorating the PoznaÅ„ 1956 protests and subsequent Polish protests against the communist political system. ... Combatants Soviet Union; ÃVH (Hungarian State Security Police) Ad hoc local Hungarian militias Commanders Ivan Konev Various independent militia leaders Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks Unknown number of militia and soldiers Casualties 722 killed, 1,251 wounded[1] 2,500 killed 13,000 wounded[2] The Hungarian Revolution... Sputnik 1 The Sputnik crisis was a turn point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. ... Taiwan Strait The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, also called the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis, was a conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments in which the PRC was accused by Taiwan of shelling the islands of Matsu and... The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolutionary war in Cuba culminating in the overthrow of Fulgencio Batistaâ€™s government on January 1, 1959 by the 26th of July Movement and other revolutionary elements in the country. ...

Congo Crisis
Sino-Soviet Split
U-2 Crisis of 1960
Bay of Pigs Invasion

1960s (continued): Combatants Congo UN troops Katanga Belgium Mercenaries The Congo Crisis (1960-1965) was a period of turmoil in the First Republic of the Congo that began with national independence from Belgium and ended with the seizing of power by Joseph Mobutu. ... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... The Uâ€“2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American Uâ€“2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. ... Combatants Cubans trained by Soviet advisers Cuban exiles trained by the United States Commanders Fidel Castro Jose Ramon Fernandez Francisco Ciutat de Miguel Grayston Lynch Pepe San Roman Erneido Oliva Strength 51,000 1,500 Casualties various estimates; over 1,600 dead (Triay p. ...

1970s: USAF reconnaissance photo of one of the suspected launch sites The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Operation Power Pack was the American intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965. ... The overthrow of Sukarno and the violence that followed it was a conflict in Indonesia from 1965 to 1966 between forces loyal to then-President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and forces loyal to a right-wing military faction led by General Abdul Haris Nasution and Maj. ... ASEAN Declaration or Bangkok Declaration is the founding document of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). ... The Secret War (1962-1975) was the Laos front of the Second Indochina War. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... People in a cafÃ© watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ© jaro, Slovak: PraÅ¾skÃ¡ jar, Russian: Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ð°) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander DubÄek came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the... DÃ©tente is a French term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. ... Combatants Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Mao Tse-Tung Leonid Brezhnev Strength 814,000 658,000 Casualties 800 killed, 620 wounded, 1 lost [1] 58 killed, 94 wounded [2] The Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969 was a series of armed clashes between the Soviet Union and...

1980s: Combatants Khmer Republic, United States, Republic of Vietnam Khmer Rouge, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF) Strength ~250,000 FANK troops ~100,000 (60,000) Khmer Rouge Casualties ~600,000 dead, 1,000,000+ wounded[1] The Cambodian Civil War was a conflict that pitted... Three-Time World Mens Singles Champion Zhuang Zedong (left) and U.S. team member Glenn Cowan (right) on the Chinese team bus in Nagoya, Japan, 1971. ... Richard Nixon met with Mao Zedong in 1972. ... Prisoners outside the La Moneda Palace after their surrender during the coup (1973). ... Combatants Israel Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq Commanders Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israel Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly Fahmy, Anwar Sadat, Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy, Abdul... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... Combatants MPLA SWAPO Republic of Cuba U.S.S.R. UNITA Republic of South Africa Republic of Zaire U.S.A. Commanders JosÃ© Eduardo dos Santos Jonas Savimbi Casualties Civilians killed = hundreds of thousands The Angolan Civil War was a conflict that devastated newly-independent Angola following the end of... The Mozambican Civil War started in Mozambique during the 1970s following independence in 1975. ... Combatants Ethiopia Cuba Somalia Commanders Mengistu Haile Mariam Siad Barre Strength Ethiopia 217,000 1,500 Soviet advisors 15,000 Cubans SNA 60,000 WSLF 15,000 Casualties Unknown 20,000 killed or wounded 3/4 of the Air Force was lost The Ogaden War was a conventional conflict between... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. ...

1990s: Combatants Soviet Union Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Afghan and foreign Mujahideen rebels supported by nations such as: United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran (From 1983), Commanders Soviet forces only Boris Gromov Pavel Grachev Valentin Varennikov Abdul Haq Jalaluddin Haqqani Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Mohammed Khalis Ismail Khan Ahmed Shah Massoud Abdul Ali... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Able Archer 83 was a ten-day NATO exercise starting on November 2, 1983 that spanned the continent of Europe and simulated a coordinated nuclear release. ... Solidarity (Polish: ; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union Solidarity â€” NiezaleÅ¼ny SamorzÄ…dny ZwiÄ…zek Zawodowy SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyards, and originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ... Combatants United States Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Dominica Jamaica Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Grenada Cuba Strength 7,300 Grenada: 1,500 regulars Cuba: 600 (mostly engineers)[1] Casualties 19 killed; 116 wounded[2] Grenada: 45 military and at least 24 civilian deaths; 358 wounded. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ... The Eastern Bloc prior to the political upheavals of 1989. ...

Dissolution of the USSR

Concepts: This is a history of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. ...

Contemporaneous conflicts: Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... This box: Capitalism generally refers to an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately [1] owned and operated for profit and in which distribution, production and pricing of goods and services are determined in a largely free market. ... Warsaw Pact countries to the east of the Iron Curtain are shaded red; NATO members to the west of it â€” blue. ... Containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War in which it attempted to stop what it called the domino effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based communism, rather than European-American-based capitalism. ... Truman delivering the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Chinese poster from the first stage of the Cultural Revolution, reading: Down with the Soviet revisionists in large print, and Crush the dog head of Leonid Brezhnev and Alexey Kosygin at the bottom, 1967 The term revisionism is also used to refer to other concepts. ... Peaceful coexistence was a theory developed during the Cold War among Communist states that they could peacefully coexist with capitalist states. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Eisenhower Doctrine, given in a message to Congress on January 5, 1957 stated the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the United States. ... Rollback was a term used by American foreign policy thinkers during the Cold War. ... The term arms race in its original usage describes a competition between two or more parties for military supremacy. ... US and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2005. ... A 1947 comic book published by the Catechetical Guild Educational Society warning of the dangers of a Communist takeover. ... Titan II rockets launched 12 U.S. Gemini spacecraft in the 1960s. ... The Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term in office between 1961 and 1963. ... The Johnson Doctrine, enunciated by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. ... The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet policy doctrine, introduced by Leonid Brezhnev in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers Party on November 13, 1968, which stated: When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it... Ostpolitik or Eastern Politics describes the realisation of the Change through Rapprochement principle, verbalised by Egon Bahr in 1963, by the effort of Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, to normalize relations with Eastern European nations including East Germany. ... The Nixon Doctrine was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon. ... Flag of Mozambique â€” independent since 1975, with the kalashnikov as symbol of the armed struggle against the Portuguese empire, the book as symbol of instruction and a farm instrument as symbol of economic growth. ... The Carter Doctrine was proclaimed by President Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 23 January 1980. ... The Reagan Doctrine was an important Cold War strategy by the United States to oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Other specific articles: Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict Â· Israel-Lebanon conflict Â· Arab League Â· Soviet Union / Russia Â· Israel and the United... Image File history File links Flag_of_NATO.svg The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[2] (NATO; French: ; also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance, or the Western Alliance) is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. ... Image File history File links Seal of the Warsaw Pact. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about airlines financial liability and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ...

Arab-Israeli conflict [ v • d • e ]

Participants

Individuals

Conflicts

Diplomacy / Peace proposals

Primary:
Governments:
Some factual claims in this article need to be verified. ... Senator John W. Bricker, the sponsor of the proposed constitutional amendment to limit the treaty power of the United States government. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... // Browder, Golos and Peters By the mid to late 1920s, there were three elements of Soviet power operating in the United States, despite the absence of formal diplomatic relations, the Comintern, military intelligence or GRU, and the forerunner of the KGB, the GPU. The Comintern was the dominant arm, though... The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA, colloquially known as The Company or simply, The Agency) is an intelligence agency of the United States Government. ... Emblem of Gladio, Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind paramilitary organizations. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of ÐšÐ“Ð‘) is the Russian-language abbreviation for Committee for State Security, (Russian: ; Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti). ... Logo of East Germanys Ministerium fÃ¼r Staatssicherheit (MfS or Stasi) / Ministry for State Security This article is about Stasi, the secret police of East Germany. ... The European Community (EC), most important of two European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... A Soviet poster reading COMECON: Unity of Goals, Unity of Action The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON / Comecon / CMEA / CEMA), 1949 â€“ 1991, was an economic organization of communist states and a kind of Eastern Bloc equivalent toâ€”but more inclusive thanâ€”the European Economic Community. ... Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict Â· Israel-Lebanon conflict Â· Arab League Â· Soviet Union / Russia Â· Israel and the United... Geneva Accord October 20, 2003 Road Map for Peace April 30, 2003 The Peoples Voice July 27, 2002 Elon Peace Plan 2002 ...

PNA

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Syria

Yemen

Active organizations:
Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Lebanon. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... It has been suggested that Palestinian government of March 2006 be merged into this article or section. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Yemen. ...

Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades

Hezbollah

Palestinian Islamic Jihad

PLO

PRC

DFLP

PFLP-GC

PLF

PPSF

Amal

Former:
The al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades (ÙƒØªØ§Ø¦Ø¨ Ø´Ù‡Ø¯Ø§Ø¡ Ø§Ù„Ø£Ù‚ØµÙ‰) are a Palestinian armed terrorist group closely linked to the Fatah party. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_League_of_Arab_States. ... The Arab League or League of Arab States (Arabic: â€Ž), is an organization of predominately Arab states (compare Arab world). ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Bath Party flag The Arab Socialist Bath Party (also spelled Baath or Baath; Arabic: ØØ²Ø¨ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø¹Ø« Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø§Ø´ØªØ±Ø§ÙƒÙŠ) was founded in 1945 as a radical, left-wing, secular Arab nationalist political party. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Image File history File links Hamas_flag2. ... Hamas (Arabic: â€Ž; acronym: Arabic: â€Ž, or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement; the Arabic acronym means zeal) is a Palestinian Islamist organization that currently (since January 2006) forms the majority party of the Palestinian National Authority. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hezbollah. ... For other uses, see Hezbollah (disambiguation). ... The Kataeb Party, better known in English-speaking countries as the Phalange, is a Lebanese political party that was first established as a Maronite nationalist youth movement in 1936 by Pierre Gemayel. ... Lebanese Forces (LF) (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù‚ÙˆØ§Øª Ø§Ù„Ù„Ø¨Ù†Ø§Ù†ÙŠØ© ) is a Lebanese party and a former militia, which played a major role in the civil war that ravaged Lebanon from 1975 till 1990. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine. ... The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (Arabic Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ø¨Ù‡Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø´Ø¹Ø¨ÙŠØ© Ù„ØªØØ±ÙŠØ± ÙÙ„Ø³Ø·ÙŠÙ† - al-jabhah al-sha`biyyah li-tahrÄ«r filastÄ«n) is a Marxist-Leninist, nationalist Palestinian political and military organization, founded in 1967. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_PIJ.gifâ€Ž Licencing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The emblem of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad shows a map of the land they claim as Palestine (roughly, present-day Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip) superimposed on the images of the Dome of the Rock, two fists and two rifles. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the... The Popular Resistance Committees (PRC) are a Palestinian militant network which operates in the Gaza Strip and are regarded as terrorist organizations by Israel and the United States. ... Image File history File links DFLP_flag. ... {{Infobox_Political_Party | party_name = Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine| colorcode = #008000 | party_logo = | leader = Nayef Hawatmeh | foundation = 1969 | founder = Nayef Hawatmeh | ideology = Marxist-Leninist | headquarters = | international = Syria, Lebanon| members = Unknown | website = http://www. ... The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ø¨Ù‡Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø´Ø¹Ø¨ÙŠØ© Ù„ØªØØ±ÙŠØ± ÙÙ„Ø³Ø·ÙŠÙ† - Ø§Ù„Ù‚ÙŠØ§Ø¯Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø§Ù…Ø©) is a left-wing Palestinian nationalist organization, backed by Syria. ... The Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) (Ø¬Ø¨Ù‡Ø© Ø§Ù„ØªØØ±ÙŠØ± Ø§Ù„ÙÙ„Ø³Ø·ÙŠÙ†ÙŠØ©) is a militant Palestinian group which is designated by the United States and European Union [1] as a terrorist organization. ... PPSF symbol The Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (PPSF, occasionally abbr. ... For other uses of Amal, see the disambiguation page. ...

Other:
Governments:
The South Lebanon Army (SLA), also South Lebanese Army, (Arabic: Ø¬ÙŠØ´ Ù„Ø¨Ù†Ø§Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ù†ÙˆØ¨ÙŠ; transliterated: Jaysh LubnÄn al-JanÅ«biyy. ... The Arab Liberation Army (Jaysh al-Inqadh al-Arabi, or Arab Salvation Army, also referred to in some accounts as the Arab Peoples Army) was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Iraqi soldier Fawzi al-Qawuqji. ... Etzel emblem Irgun (××¨×’×•×Ÿ), shorthand for Irgun Tsvai Leumi (××¨×’×•×Ÿ ×¦×‘××™ ×œ××•×ž×™, also spelled Irgun Zvai Leumi), Hebrew for National Military Organization, was a clandestine militant Zionist group that operated in Palestine from 1931 to 1948. ... Lehi emblem Lehi (IPA: , Hebrew acronym for Lohamei Herut Israel, Fighters for the Freedom of Israel, ×œ×—×™ - ×œ×•×—×ž×™ ×—×™×¨×•×ª ×™×©×¨××œ) was an armed underground Zionist faction in the Palestine Mandate that had as its goal the eviction of the British from Palestine to allow unrestricted immigration of Jews and the formation of a Jewish... The Black Hand (Arabic: â€Ž) was an underground Islamist militant organization that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine. ... A Black September terrorist on a balcony in the Olympic Village in September 1972, during what became known as the Munich Massacre, in which 11 Israeli athletes were kidnapped and killed. ... Image File history File links Palestine-Mandate-Ensign-1927-1948. ... Flag Palestine and Transjordan were incorporated (under different legal and administrative arrangements) into the British Mandate of Palestine, issued by the League of Nations to Great Britain on 29 September, 1923 Capital Not specified Organizational structure League of Nations Mandate High Commissioner - 1920 â€” 1925 Sir Herbert Louis Samuel - 1945 â€” 1948...

Organizations:
Image File history File links Flag_of_Canada. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_France. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norway. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ...

European Union

United Nations

Former:
Image File history File links European_flag. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Nations. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...

Soviet Union

United Arab Republic

Lester B. Pearson
Hosni Mubarak
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Anwar Sadat
Joschka Fischer
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Ali Khamenei
Ruhollah Khomeini
Faisal I
Saddam Hussein
Ehud Barak
Menachem Begin
David Ben-Gurion
Moshe Dayan
Levi Eshkol
Golda Meir
Benjamin Netanyahu
Ehud Olmert
Shimon Peres
Yitzhak Rabin
Yitzhak Shamir
Ariel Sharon
Chaim Weizmann
King Abdullah I
King Abdullah II
King Hussein
Hassan Nasrallah
Fouad Siniora
Mona Juul
Johan Jorgen Holst
Terje Rod-Larsen
Mahmoud Abbas
Yasser Arafat
Marwan Barghouti
Ismail Haniya
Amin al-Husayni
Khaled Mashal
Ahmed Yassin
King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud)
King Faisal
King Abdullah
Folke Bernadotte
Hafez al-Assad
Bashar al-Assad
Shukri al-Quwatli
Salah Jadid
Idi Amin
Arthur Balfour
Ernest Bevin
Madeleine Albright
Ralph Bunche
George W. Bush
Jimmy Carter
Bill Clinton
Henry Kissinger
Condoleezza Rice
Dennis Ross
Cyrus R. Vance
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_United_Arab_Republic. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Canada. ... Lester Bowles Mike Pearson, PC, OM, CC, OBE, MA, LL.D. (April 23, 1897 â€“ December 27, 1972) was a Canadian statesman, diplomat and politician who was made a Nobel Laureate in 1957. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ ØØ³Ù†Ù‰ Ø³ÙŠØ¯ Ù…Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ùƒ ), (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: ØØ³Ù†Ù‰ Ù…Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ùƒ ) has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... This article is about the former president of Egypt. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... Muhammad Anwar Al-Sadat (Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø£Ù†ÙˆØ±Ø§Ù„Ø³Ø§Ø¯Ø§Øª in Arabic) (December 25, 1918 â€“ October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian politician and served as the third President of Egypt from September 28, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Joschka Fischer Joseph Martin Joschka Fischer (April 12, 1948 â€“ ) was German foreign minister and Vice Chancellor in the government of Gerhard SchrÃ¶der from 1998 to 2005. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... (Persian: â€Ž â€‹, IPA: ), transcribed into English as Mahmud or Mahmood, Ahmadinezhad, Ahmadi-Nejad, Ahmadi Nejad, Ahmady Nejad) (born October 28, 1956) is the current president of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... Grand Ã‚yatollÃ¢h (Persian: Ø¢ÛŒØªâ€ŒØ§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø³ÛŒØ¯ Ø¹Ù„ÛŒ ØØ³ÛŒÙ†ÛŒ Ø®Ø§Ù…Ù†Ù‡â€ŒØ§ÛŒ Ä€yatollÄh Seyyed `AlÄ« á¸¤oseynÄ« KhÄmeneÄ«) (Also known as : Seyyed Ali Khamenei) born 17 July 1939[1], is the current Supreme Leader of Iran and was the president of Iran from 1981 to 1989. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Mosavi Khomeini ( ) (Persian: Ø±ÙˆØ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ù…ÙˆØ³ÙˆÛŒ Ø®Ù…ÛŒÙ†ÛŒ RÅ«ollÄh MÅ«savÄ« KhomeynÄ« (May 17, 1900[1] â€“ June 3, 1989) was a Shi`i Muslim cleric and marja (religious authority), and the political leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: [1]; April 28, 1937[2] â€“ December 30, 2006[3]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Ehud Barak (Hebrew: ×Öµ×”×•Ö¼×“ ×‘Ö¸Ö¼×¨Ö¸×§) (born Ehud Brog on February 12, 1942, in Mishmar HaSharon kibbutz,[1] then British Mandate of Palestine) is an Israeli politician and was the 10th Prime Minister of Israel from 1999 to 2001. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... (August 16, 1913 â€“ March 9, 1992) (Hebrew: ×žÖ°× Ö·×—Öµ× ×‘Ö°Ö¼×’Ö´×™×Ÿ) was a Polish-Jewish head of the Zionist underground group the Irgun, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Moshe Dayan Moshe Dayan, DSO (Hebrew: ×ž×©×” ×“×™×™×Ÿ) (May 20, 1915 â€“ October 16, 1981), was an Israeli military leader and politician. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... â–¶(?) (Hebrew ×œÖµ×•Ö´×™ ×Ö¶×©Ö°××›Ö¼×•Ö¹×œ ) (Born Levi Skolnick) (Hebrew ×œÖµ×•Ö´×™ ×©Ö°××§×•Ö¹×œÖ°× Ö´×™×§) (October 25, 1895 - February 26, 1969), was the third Prime Minister of Israel from 1963 until his death of a heart attack in 1969. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Golda Meir is the best person in the world(Hebrew: , born Golda Mabovitz, May 3, 1898, died December 8, 1978, also known as Golda Myerson) was one of the founders of the State of Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... (Hebrew: ×‘Ö´Ö¼× Ö°×™Ö¸×žÖ´×™×Ÿ × Ö°×ªÖ·× Ö°×™Ö¸×”×•Ö¼ (without niqqud: ×‘× ×™×ž×™×Ÿ × ×ª× ×™×”×•), Hebrew transliteration written in English: Binyamin Netanyahu, nicknamed Bibi) (born October 21, 1949, Tel Aviv) was the 9th Prime Minister of Israel and is a leading figure in the Likud party. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... It has been suggested that Aliza Olmert be merged into this article or section. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... (Hebrew: â€Ž; born Szymon Perske on August 2, 1923 in Poland, and immigrated with his family to the land that would later become Israel in 1934), is an Israeli politician, former Prime Minister and current Vice Premier. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... For other people named Rabin, see Rabin (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... (Hebrew ×™Ö´×¦Ö°×—Ö¸×§ ×©×Ö¸×žÖ´×™×¨) (born October 15, 1915) was Prime Minister of Israel from 1983 to 1984 and again from 1986 to 1992. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... (Hebrew: , also known by his diminutive Arik ×Ö¸×¨Ö´×™×§) (born February 27, 1928) is a former Israeli politician and general. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Chaim Weizmann and Harry S. Truman, May 25, 1948 Chaim Azriel Weizmann (Hebrew: ×—×™×™× ×•×™×¦×ž×Ÿ) (also: Chaijim W., Haim W.) (November 27, 1874 â€“ November 9, 1952) chemist, statesman, President of the World Zionist Organization, first President of Israel (elected May 16, 1948, served 1949 - 1952) and founder of a research institute in... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Abdullah I of Jordan King Abdullah I of Jordan (1882 â€“ July 20, 1951) (Arabic: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ø£ÙˆÙ„), also known as Abdullah bin Husayn (Arabic: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø¨Ù† ØØ³ÙŠÙ†), was, successively, Emir of Trans-Jordan (1921â€“1946) under a British Mandate, then King of Transjordan (May 25, 1946â€“1949), and finally King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Abdullah II bin al-Hussein, King of Jordan (Arabic: â€Ž) (born January 30, 1962 in Amman, Jordan), is the current King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Hussein bin Talal (Arabic: ; November 14, 1935 â€“ February 7, 1999) was the King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan from 1952 to 1999. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Lebanon. ... Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah (Arabic: â€Ž) (b. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Lebanon. ... Fouad Siniora (alternative spellings: Fouad Sanyoura, Fuad Siniora, Fouad Saniora, Fouad Seniora) (Arabic: â€Ž, FuÄd As-SanyÅ«rah) is the Prime Minister of Lebanon, a position he assumed on 19 July 2005, succeeding Najib Mikati. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norway. ... Mona Juul is an official in the Norwegian Foreign Affairs Ministry. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norway. ... Johan Jørgen Holst Bust by Per Ung 1999 Johan Jørgen Holst (November 29, 1937 - January 13, 1994) was a Norwegian politician, best known for his involvement with the Oslo Accords. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norway. ... Terje Rød-Larsen (born November 22, 1947) is a Norwegian diplomat and sociologist. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... Mahmoud Abbas (Arabic: Ù…ØÙ…ÙˆØ¯ Ø¹Ø¨Ø§Ø³) (born March 26, 1935), commonly known by the kunya or nom de guerre Abu Mazen (Ø§Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…Ø§Ø²Ù†), was elected President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) on January 9, 2005, and took office on January 15, 2005. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... This article is about the Palestinian leader. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... Marwan Barghouti Marwan Barghouti ( Ù…Ø±ÙˆØ§Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø±ØºÙˆØ«ÙŠ born June 6, 1959) is a Palestinian leader from the West Bank and a leader of the Fatah movement. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... Ismail Haniya (more frequently Haniyeh) (born 1963) (Arabic: Ø¥Ø³Ù…Ø§Ø¹ÙŠÙ„ Ù‡Ù†ÙŠØ©) is the Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... Mohammad Amin al-Husayni Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (ca. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... Khaled Mashal, also known as Khaled Mashaal (Arabic: Ø®Ø§Ù„Ø¯ Ù…Ø´Ø¹Ù„) (b. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia. ... `Abd al-`AzÄ«z Ä€l Sa`Å«d (November 26 (?), 1880 - November 9, 1953) (Arabic: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø²ÙŠØ² Ø¢Ù„ Ø³Ø¹ÙˆØ¯) was the first monarch of Saudi Arabia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia. ... The custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud (Arabic: â€Ž, born 1924) [2] is the King of Saudi Arabia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ... Count Folke Bernadotte of Wisborg (January 2, 1895 - September 17, 1948), or simply Count Bernadotte, was a Swedish diplomat noted for his negotiation of the release of 15,000 mostly Scandinavian prisoners [1] from the German concentration camps in World War II and for his assassination by members of a... Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ... Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: â€Ž ) (October 6, 1930-June 10, 2000) was president of Syria for three decades. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ... Bashar al-Assad (Arabic: â€Ž, ) (born September 11, 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Baath Party, and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ... Official portrait of Shukri al Quwatli when he assumed the Syrian Presidency in Aug 1947 at the age of 51 Shukri al-Quwatli (Born 1891, Damascus, Syria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ... Salah Jadid (1926? - 1993) was a Syrian general and political figure. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uganda. ... Idi Amin Dada (c. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC (25 July 1848 â€“ 19 March 1930) was a British statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1902 until 1905. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Ernest Bevin (9 March 1881 - 14 April 1951) was a British labour leader, politician, and statesman, born in the small village of Winsford in Somerset, England. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana KorbelovÃ¡ on May 15, 1937) served as the 64th United States Secretary of State. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Ralph Bunche, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1951 Ralph Johnson Bunche (August 7, 1904 â€“ December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist and diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his mediation in Palestine in the late 1940s that led to an armistice agreement between the Israelis and... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923 in FÃ¼rth) is a German-born American diplomat, and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Dennis Ross served as special Middle East envoy and negotiator for Democratic and Republicans US Administrations, first under George H.W. Bush and then under Bill Clinton during both terms. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Cyrus Roberts Vance (March 27, 1917–January 12, 2002), was the United States Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1980. ...

1920 Palestine riots
1921 Jaffa riots
1929 Palestine riots
1936–1939 Arab revolt
1947 Jerusalem riots
1948 Arab-Israeli War
1950's Terrorism against Israel
1953 Qibya massacre
1956 Suez Crisis
1967 Six-Day War
1968–1970 War of Attrition
1972 Munich Olympics massacre
1972 Operation Wrath of God
1973 Operation Spring of Youth
1973 Yom Kippur War
1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War
1976 Operation Entebbe
1978 Operation Litani
1981 Operation Opera
1982 Lebanon War
1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict
1985 Operation Wooden Leg
1987–1990 First Intifada
1991 Gulf War
1993 Operation Accountability
1993-present Palestinian suicide attacks
1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath
2000–present Al-Aqsa Intifada
2002 Operation Defensive Shield
2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike
2004 Operation Rainbow
2004 Operation Days of Penitence
2006 Israel-Gaza conflict
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
This article describes violent events in the Old City of Jerusalem from April 4-7, 1920. ... On May 1, 1921, a scuffle began in Tel Aviv-Jaffa between rival groups of Jewish Bolsheviks, carrying Yiddish banners demanding Soviet Palestine, and Socialists parading on May Day. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... An uprising during the British mandate by Palestinian Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939. ... The 1947 Jerusalem Riots occurred following the 1947 UN Partition Plan. ... Combatants Egypt Syria Transjordan Lebanon Saudi Arabia Iraq Holy War Army Arab Liberation Army Israel Commanders Glubb Pasha Abd al-Qadir al-Husayniâ€ Hasan Salamaâ€ Fawzi al-Qawuqji Yaakov Dori Yigael Yadin Strength Egypt: 10,000 initially rising to 20,000 Iraq: 5,000 initially rising to 15,000â€“18... Approximately 2,100 Jews living in Mandate Palestine are known to have been killed in political violence from 1920 up until the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948. ... The Qibya (also spelt Kibya, Qibieh or Qibye) Massacre (also known as Qibya Raid or Qibya Operation was carried out in October 1953 by Israeli troops in a West Bank village. ... Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 264,000 (incl. ... Combatants Israel Egypt Soviet Union Strength unknown Egyptian: unknown Soviet advisors: 10,700â€“12,300 Casualties 1,424 soldiers and >100 civilians killed 2,000 soldiers and 700 civilians wounded [1] [2] 10,000 Egyptian soldiers and civilians killedÂ¹ 3 Soviet pilots killed The War of Attrition (Hebrew: â€Ž)(Arabic: â€Ž) was... One of the Black September terrorists on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian organization Black September, a militant group... The operation was ordered in response to the massacre of 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics. ... Operation Spring of Youth took place on the night of April 9 and early morning of April 10, 1973. ... Combatants Israel Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq Commanders Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israel Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly Fahmy, Anwar Sadat, Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy, Abdul... Combatants Lebanese Front Syria LNM PLO Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat The multi-sided Lebanese Civil War (1975â€“1990) had its origin in the conflicts and political compromises after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman Empire and was exacerbated by the nations... Combatants Israel Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine RevolutionÃ¤re Zellen Uganda Commanders Yonatan Netanyahu Idi Amin Strength 29 Commandos Unknown Casualties Yonatan Netanyahu killed three hostages killed five commandos wounded 6 hijackers killed 45 Ugandan soldiers killed Operation Entebbe, also known as the Entebbe incident and sometimes the... Operation Litani was the official name of the Israel Defense Forces 1978 invasion of Lebanon up to the Litani river. ... Combatants Israel Iraq Strength 8 F-16A fighters 6 F-15A fighters Unknown numbers of radar and Anti-aircraft artillery Casualties None 10 Iraqi soldiers and 1 French researcher killed Operation Opera (also known as Operation Babylon and Operation Ofra) is the Israeli Air Force designation used to describe an... Combatants Israel Phalange South Lebanon Army Amal PLO Syria Commanders Menachem Begin (Prime Minister) Ariel Sharon, (Ministry of Defence) Rafael Eitan, (CoS) Yasser Arafat Strength 76,000 37,000 Casualties 670 9,800 The 1982 Lebanon War (Hebrew: , Milkhemet Levanon, Milkhemet Levanon, Arabic: â€Ž), called by Israel the Operation Peace of... Combatants Hezbollah Israel South Lebanon Army Casualties 1283 1200 Israeli soldiers During the 1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict Hezbollah waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon. ... Operation Wooden Leg was the October 1, 1985 Israeli Air Force raid on the Palestinian Liberation Organizations headquarters in Tunis, Tunisia. ... The First Intifada, or Palestinian uprising refers to a series of violent incidents between Palestinians and Israelis between 1987 and approximately 1990. ... Combatants UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf Peter de la BilliÃ¨re Khalid bin Sultan Saleh Al-Muhaya Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Saddam Hussein Strength 883,863 360,000 Casualties 378 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 dead, 75,000 wounded The Gulf War or the Persian Gulf War... In July 1993, Israeli Forces launched a massive attack against Lebanon named Operation Accountability in Israel and Seven-Day War in Lebanon, in an attempt to displace the Lebanese and Palestinian refugee population, in order to pressure the Lebanese government and population to withdraw support for Hezbollah[1]. Israeli artillery... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Combatants Israel, South Lebanon Army Hezbollah Casualties 3 killed. ... For other uses, see al-Aqsa (disambiguation). ... Operation Defensive Shield (In Hebrew, ×ž×‘×¦×¢ ×—×•×ž×ª ×ž×’×Ÿ) was a large-scale military operation conducted by the Israeli Defence Forces in April 2002. ... Combatants Israeli Air Force Syria Palestinian militants (Israeli claim) Strength Several F-16s Unknown Casualties 1 injured The Ain es Saheb airstrike occured on October 5, 2003 and was the first Israeli military operation in Syria since the 1973 Yom Kippur War. ... Operation Rainbow (In Hebrew, ×ž×‘×¦×¢ ×§×©×ª ×‘×¢× ×Ÿ) is a controversial military operation which began on May 18, 2004 in the Gaza Strip. ... Combatants Israel Defense Forces Hamas Casualties 5 killed (3 Of them civilians) 104 - 133 killed (42 of them civilians) Operation Days of Penitence (In Hebrew, ×ž×‘×¦×¢ ×™×ž×™ ×ª×©×•×‘×”) was the name used by Israel to describe an Israel Defense Forces operation in the northern Gaza Strip, conducted between September 30, 2004 and October... Combatants Israel Defense Forces (Israeli Security Forces) Hamas Popular Resistance Committees, al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, Jaish al-Islam, Islamic Jihad Commanders Dan Halutz (Chief of Staff) Yoav Galant (Regional) Khaled Mashal (Leader of Hamas[1])Mohammed Deif (Leader of Hamas military wing) Strength 3,000 unknown Casualties 5 soldiers killed... Combatants Hezbollah Amal LCP Israel Commanders Hassan Nasrallah (Secretary General of Hezbollah) Imad Mughniyeh (Commander of Hezbollahs armed wing) [5] Dan Halutz (CoS) Moshe Kaplinsky[13] Udi Adam (Regional) Strength 600-1,000 active fighters 3,000-10,000 reservists[6] 30,000 ground troops (plus IAF & ISC) [14...

1917 Balfour Declaration
1919 Faisal-Weizmann Agreement
1920 Sanremo conference
1922 White Paper
1939 White Paper
1947 UN Partition Plan
1948 Establishment of Israel
1948 UNGA Resolution 194
1949 Armistice Agreements
1964 Palestinian National Covenant
1967 Khartoum Resolution
1967 UNSC Resolution 242
1973 UNSC Resolution 338
1973 UNSC Resolution 339
1974 UNSC Resolution 350
1978 UNSC Resolution 425
1978 Camp David Accords
1979 UNSC Resolution 446
1979 Israel-Egypt peace treaty
1979 UNSC Resolution 452
1980 UNSC Resolution 478
1981 UNSC Resolution 497
1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement
1991 Madrid Conference
1993 Oslo Accords
1994 Israel-Jordan peace treaty
1998 Wye River Memorandum
2000 Camp David Summit
2001 Taba Summit
2001 UNSC Resolution 1373
2002 Beirut Summit and Peace Initiative
2002 Road Map for Peace
2004 UNSC Resolution 1559
2004 UNSC Resolution 1566
2005 UNSC Resolution 1583
2005 Sharm el-Sheikh Summit
2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement plan
2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document
2006 UNSC Resolution 1701
2006 Franco-Italian-Spanish Peace Plan
The Balfour Declaration of 1917 was made in a letter dated November 2, 1917, from the British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Lord Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation, a private Zionist organization, on the partitioning... The Faisal-Weizmann Agreement was signed on January 3, 1919, by Emir Faisal (son of the King of Hejaz) and Chaim Weizmann (later President of the World Zionist Organization) as part of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 settling disputes stemming from World War I. It was a short-lived agreement... The Sanremo conference was an international meeting held in Sanremo, Italy, from 19-26 April 1920. ... The Churchill White Paper of 3 June 1922 clarified how Britain viewed the Balfour Declaration, 1917. ... The White Paper of 1939, also known as the MacDonald White Paper after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary who presided over it, was a policy paper issued by the British government under Neville Chamberlain in which the idea of partitioning the British Mandate of Palestine was abandoned in favour... On 29 November 1947 the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, a plan to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict in the British Mandate of Palestine, was approved by the United Nations General Assembly, at the UN World Headquarters in New York. ... David Ben Gurion (First Prime Minister of Israel) publicly pronouncing the Declaration of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948. ... United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 [1] was passed on December 11, 1948, near the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. ... The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. ... The Palestinian National Covenant or Palestinian National Charter (Arabic: al-Mithaq al-Watani al-Filastini) is the charter or constitution of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). ... The Khartoum Resolution of September 1, 1967 was issued at the conclusion of a meeting between the leaders of eight Arab countries in the wake of the Six-Day War. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242) was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War. ... The three-line United Nations Security Council Resolution 338 (S/RES/338), approved on October 22, 1973, called for a cease fire in the Yom Kipur War in accordance with a joint proposal by the United States and the Soviet Union. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 339 (S/RES/339) was adopted in order to bring a cease fire in the Yom Kipur War where Resolution 338 two days before have failed. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 350, adopted on 31 May 1974, established the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, to monitor the ceasefire between Israel and Syria in the wake of the Yom Kippur War. ... On March 19, 1978, five days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 was adopted, calling on Israel to immediately withdraw its forces from Lebanon and establishing the United Nations Interim Forces In Lebanon (UNIFIL). ... It has been suggested that Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty be merged into this article or section. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 446 concerned the issue of Israeli settlements in the Arab territories occupied by Israel since 1967, including Jerusalem. This refers to the Palestinian territories of the West Bank including East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. ... The Israel-Egypt peace treaty (Arabic: Ù…Ø¹Ø§Ù‡Ø¯Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… Ø§Ù„Ù…ØµØ±ÙŠØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³Ø±Ø§Ø¦ÙŠÙ„ÙŠØ©; transliterated: Muahadat as-Salam al-Masriyah al-Israyliyah) (Hebrew: ×”×¡×›× ×©×œ×•× ×™×©×¨××œ-×ž×¦×¨×™×; transliterated: Heskem Shalom Yisrael-Mizraim) was signed in Washington, DC, United States, on March 26, 1979, following the Camp David Accords (1978). ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 452 was on the issue of the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territories of East Jerusalem, the West Bank, Gaza Strip and the Syrian Golan Heights. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared that the 1980 Knesset law (the Jerusalem Law) declaring Jerusalem as Israels eternal and indivisible capital was null and void and must be rescinded forthwith. This resolution, not taken under chapter VI or VII of the charter (the binding chapters), advised member... United Nations Security Council Resolution 497 calls on Israel to rescind its annexation of the Golan Heights. ... The May 17 Agreement was a failed US-backed attempt to create peace between Lebanon and Israel during the Lebanese Civil War, by some seen as an illegal agreement imposed while the country was under military occupation, and by others as an attempt at restoring peace and security to Lebanon... The Madrid Conference was hosted by the government of Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the USSR. It convened on October 30, 1991 and lasted for three days. ... Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993. ... The Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace (full name: Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) (Hebrew:×”×¡×›× ×”×©×œ×•× ×‘×™×Ÿ ×™×©×¨××œ ×œ×™×¨×“×Ÿ; transliterated: HaSekhem Ha-Shalom beyn Yisrael Le-Yarden) (Arabic: Ù…Ø¹Ø§Ù‡Ø¯Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… Ø§Ù„Ø£Ø±Ø¯Ù†ÙŠØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³Ø±Ø§Ø¦ÙŠÙ„ÙŠØ©; transliterated: Muahadat as-Salam al-Orduniyah al-Israyliyah, and commonly referred to as Araba Valley... The Wye River Memorandum was a political agreement negotiated to implement the earlier Interim Agreement of 28 September, 1995 brokered by the United States between Israel and the Palestine Authority completed on October 23, 1998. ... The Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David of July 2000 took place between United States President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. ... The Taba summit (or: Taba Summit; Taba Talks; Taba Conference; Taba), also known as the permanent status talks at Taba between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, held from January 21 to January 27, 2001 at Taba in the Sinai peninsula, were peace talks aimed at reaching the final status negotiations... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 is a counter-terrorism measure adopted September 28, 2001 following the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States. ... Israel and the Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip are at the center of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 was a resolution adopted by the United Nations Security Council on September 2, 2004. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1566 is an anti-terrorism resolution adopted on 8 October 2004. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1583 calls on Lebanon to assert full control over its border with Israel (See: Hezbollah). ... The Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005 took place on February 8, (2005), when four Middle Eastern leaders gathered at Sharm el-Sheikh, a town at the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, in order to declare their wish to work towards the end of the four-year Al-Aqsa... Israels unilateral disengagement plan (termed in Hebrew: ×ª×•×›× ×™×ª ×”×”×ª× ×ª×§×•×ª Tokhnit HaHitnatkut or ×ª×›× ×™×ª ×”×”×™× ×ª×§×•×ª Tokhnit HaHinatkut in the Disengagement Plan Implementation Law), also known as the disengagement plan, Gaza Pull-Out plan, and Hitnatkut) was a proposal by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, adopted by the government and enacted in August 2005, to... The Prisoners document is a document drawn up by Palestinian prisoners who are currently being held in Israeli jails. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 is a resolution intended to resolve the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. ... On 16 November 2006 France, Italy and Spain announced a new Middle East peace plan. ...

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