The Papal conclave of 1958 occurred following the death of Pope Pius XII on October 9, 1958 in Castel Gandolfo, the papal summer residence in Italy, after a 19-year papacy. Pius had initiated a series of liturgical reforms to the Mass that in some ways were the forerunner of Vatican II changes; in one version of the Mass he introduced vocal participation by the congregation that was to become a standard feature of the Mass of Paul VI. He also excercized infallibly in his encyclical Munificentissimus Deus, which proclaimed the dogma of the Assumption of Mary. However, his papacy was also dominated by the events of World War II, The Holocaust, and later the Cold War. Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, and sovereign of Vatican City State from March 2, 1939 until his death. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Country Italy Region Lazio Province Rome Mayor Maurizio Colacchi (since May 2002) Elevation 426 m Area 14 km² Population  - Total 6,927  - Density 495/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Castellani Dialing code 06 Postal code 00040 Frazioni Mole di Castel Gandolfo, Pavona Patron St. ... A Medieval Low Mass by a bishop. ... The Second Vatican Council, or Vatican II, was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church opened under Pope John XXIII in 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI in 1965. ... This article is about the post-Vatican-II changes to the Mass; for an explanation of the current structure of the Mass, see Mass (Catholic Church). ... Infallibility is the ability to be free from error (obtain certainty). ... Munificentissimus Deus (Latin for The most bountiful God) is the name of an Apostolic constitution written by Pope Pius XII. It defines ex cathedra the dogma of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. ... Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas) is belief or doctrine held by a religion, ideology or any kind of organization to be authoritative and not to be disputed or doubted. ... The Assumption has been a subject of Christian art for centuries. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... This article is becoming very long. ... For other uses, please see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

Pius had to that point been the longest reigning pope in the twentieth century; Pope Leo XIII, through he died in at the beginning of the century, had begun his reign and spent most of it in the nineteenth century. Some churchmen felt it was time for a change of style in pontiff. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ... Pope Leo XIII, born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci (March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903), was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Pope Pius IX (1846–78) on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his death in 1903. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Case of Giovanni Montini

Giovanni Montini had been one of the stars of the Curia in the 1930s and 1940s. A skilled diplomat and the Assistant (sostituto) Secretary of State for Internal (or Ordinary) Affairs, many presumed that he would of course be made a cardinal in one of Pope Pius's consistories. For most of his reign -- with the exception of the five years Luigi Cardinal Maglione was Secretary of State, Pius XII himself acted as his own secretary of state, a position that he had held under the previous pope Pius XI. Unexpectedly in 1955, Pius removed Montini completely from the curia and made him the Archbishop of Milan, one of the most senior dioceses in Italy, and which had produced many popes. Invariably Milanese archbishops are made cardinals at the next consistory. Yet again, surprisingly, this did not happen to Montini. Pope Paul VI (Latin: ), (Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 – August 6, 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. ... A Curia in early Roman times was a subdivision of the people, i. ... The Venerable Pius XII, born Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Eugenio Pacelli (Rome, March 2, 1876 - October 9, 1958) served as the Pope from March 2, 1939 to 1958. ... Pius XI (born Achille Ratti May 31, 1857 - Rome, February 10, 1939) was Pope from February 6, 1922 until February 10, 1939. ... The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy. ... // Antiquity Originally, the Latin word consistorium meant simply sitting together, just as the Greek syn(h)edrion (from which the Biblical sanhedrin was a corruption). ...

Two explanations have been made for this unusual decision. It was claimed that the Pope had already offered Montini a cardinalate in 1953 but that it had been turned down. This was never verified. It was also alleged that Sister Pasqualina Lehnert, a nun who had run the Pope's household since his days as a nuncio in Bavaria, had taken a strong dislike to Montini. The Pope's health had deteriorated in the 1950s particularly due to the questionable medical treatment he received from a so-called doctor that Pius had befriended. Critics of the pope within and outside the Curia claimed that the nun exercised considerable influence during Pius's final years (some ridiculed her as La Popessa) and used her position to poison Pius's mind against Montini. 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Sister Pasqualina Lehnert was a Bavarian Roman Catholic nun who served as Pope Pius XIIs housekeeper from his period as Nuncio to Bavaria in 1917 until his death as pope in 1958. ... The Free State of Bavaria  (German: Freistaat Bayern), with an area of 70,553 km² (27,241 square miles) and 12. ... The 1950s was the decade spanning the years 1950 to 1959. ...

An alternative reason was that Montini declined the red hat because his counterpart as the Assistant (sostituto) Secretary of State for External (Extraordinary) Affairs, Msgr. Domenico Tardini, had already declined elevation to the cardinalate. As Montini felt that he could not accept it as long as Tardini had not, he declined the promotion. Whatever the reason he was not promoted, the situation persisted as a stalemate between the two men's promotion until Montini was promoted to be the new Archbishop of Milan in 1955. Both Montini and Tardini were consecrated (ordained) as bishops, and Tardini remained in Rome as the sostituto Secretary of State. It wasn't until Pius XII died in 1958 that Tardini himself was promoted to being Secretary of State in his own right, and was promoted to cardinal as well. The Venerable Pius XII, born Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Eugenio Pacelli (Rome, March 2, 1876 - October 9, 1958) served as the Pope from March 2, 1939 to 1958. ...

For whatever reason, Montini, who was widely tipped as the likely next pope had he had been a member of the College of Cardinals, was excluded, though even as Archbishop of Milan he still managed to pick up some votes, given that the cardinals are not restricted to choosing a pope from among their ranks. Montini was made a cardinal by the new Pope John XXIII and succeeded him as Pope Paul VI. As a sign of his admiration -- and some say also his sympathy for his friend's exile to Milan -- Pope John XXIII listed Montini at the top of his list of his first consistory of cardinals. This gave Montini the privilege of being the individual who would celebrate the yearly mass, at the pope's own pleasure, which would commemorate the pope's election as Supreme Pontiff. John XXIII would also go on to consult closely with Cardinal Montini about all his plans concerning the planning and execution of the upcoming Vatican II (First Session 1962). The Sacred College of Cardinals is the body of all Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Blessed Pope John XXIII (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 – June 3, 1963), was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City on October 28, 1958. ... Pope Paul VI (Latin: ), (Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 – August 6, 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. ... Blessed Pope John XXIII (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 – June 3, 1963), was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City on October 28, 1958. ... // Antiquity Originally, the Latin word consistorium meant simply sitting together, just as the Greek syn(h)edrion (from which the Biblical sanhedrin was a corruption). ... The Second Vatican Council, or Vatican II, was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church opened under Pope John XXIII in 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI in 1965. ...

Papal Conclave

A conclave was held on October 25-28 to choose his successor. In the absence of the popular Montini, the papabili included was the Armenian Gregoire Cardinal Agagianian and the conservative Giuseppe Cardinal Siri. The Sistine Chapel is the location of the conclave. ... Papabile (plural: Papabili) is an unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologists and now used internationally in many languages to describe cardinals of whom it is thought likely or possible that they will be elected pope. ... Giuseppe Cardinal Siri (20 May 1906 - 2 May 1989) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Because Pius XII had held only two consistories in 1946 and 1953 during his long reign, the college of cardinals - whose maximum size, as set by Sixtus V in the sixteenth century, was then seventy - was noticeably short of members. There were fifty-three cardinal electors, of whom twelve had been elevated by Pope Pius XI, but due to travel restrictions imposed by their Communist governments, Cardinals Jozsef Mindzsenty and Alojzije Stepinac were not able to travel to Rome. Hence, there were fifty-one electors participating in the conclave, so that a a potential Pope needed thirty-five votes. Sixtus V, né Felice Peretti (December 13, 1521 - August 27, 1590) was pope from 1585 to 1590. ... Pope Pius XI (Latin: ) (May 31, 1857 – February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The mysterious case of 'Pope Gregory XVII'

Assocates of Siri later claimed that the cardinal had actually achieved the two-thirds majority necessary to be pope, that he was offered the papacy and accepted, announcing that his regnal name would be Pope Gregory XVII, only to be forced to change his mind after it was claimed that his strong anti-communist policies would lead to wide-spread persecution of Catholics in the Eastern Bloc. Siri accepted this suggestion, before announcing "Non Accepto", "I do not accept [the Papacy]". The then priest and later author Father Malachi Martin even claimed to have been the conduit of the information that led to Siri's decision to change his mind and not take on the papacy. A regnal name, or reign name, is a formal name used by some popes and monarchs during their reigns. ... Malachi Martin The Reverend Dr. Father Malachi Brendan Martin (July 23, 1921 – July 27, 1999) was a Roman Catholic Jesuit priest who became a popular author and speaker upon various fringe topics such as exorcisms, Satanism, Liberation Theology, the Tridentine liturgy, obscure points of Catholic dogma and the geopolitical importance...

A United States Federal Bureau of Investigation allegedly claimed that Siri had indeed been elected on the third ballot.^[1] What is unambiguously known is that Vatican Radio did conclude, on the basis of apparently white smoke, that a pope had been elected on the third ballot and announced it as such, telling listeners "The smoke is white. . . . There is absolutely no doubt. A pope has been elected."^[2] An FBI source also claimed that Siri was elected on the third ballot.^[3] After the 6pm 3rd ballot white smoke appeared, not only the public was confused. The Swiss Guards assembled to give the ceremonial salute to the new pontiff, only to have to withdraw again. // At present, the FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes and is second to only the United States Marshal Service in terms of law enforcement jurisdiction (although the USMS by practice relegates itself to judicial duties, making the FBI the de-facto lead... Administration building and radio masts at Vatican City Vatican Radio is the official broadcasting service of the Vatican. ... Swiss Guards have been Swiss who fought for various European powers from the 15th century until the 19th century, called up from the separate Swiss cantons and placed at the disposal of various foreign powers by treaties (the capitulations), in return for money payments. ...

Some sedevacantist groups base their existence on the supposed deposition of the valid Papa Siri and the election of a supposedly invalid replacement. Despite this, Cardinal Siri unambiguously supported and submitted to the four pontiffs who were elected following his supposed election, and died in full communion with Rome. Sede vacante coat of arms, used when there is no reigning pope. ...

On the other hand, Father Andrew Greeley, in his athoritiative Making of the Popes: 1978, says that New York Cardinal Richard Cushing smuggled out the exact vote totals by writing the details on the inside of one of his shirts.^[4] According to Greeley, Siri received no votes at all during the conclave. The Rev. ... Richard James Cushing (1895 - 1970) was a U.S. cardinal in 1958. ...

Choosing Roncalli

Pope John XXIII
(1958-1963)

As with many papal conclaves, the man eventually chosen to reign as pope was not one of the papabili but a mild-mannered former diplomat of working class origins, 77-year old Angelo Cardinal Roncalli, the Cardinal Patriarch of Venice and former nuncio to France. Roncalli's selection was a surprise to all, most particularly Roncalli, who arrived in Rome with a return train-ticket to Venice and who hoped for a short conclave so that he could return home. enhanced, cleaned image of [[Pope Paul VI] - no copyright issues File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... enhanced, cleaned image of [[Pope Paul VI] - no copyright issues File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Blessed Pope John XXIII (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 – June 3, 1963), was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City on October 28, 1958. ...

Allegedly French cardinals came to Rome determined to elect a man some had dismissed as over-the-hill. The Frenchmen held their votes together even when Roncalli’s candidacy seemed to slip, gathered allies, and eventually got their candidate elected. It is reported, perhaps apocryphally, that one elderly and confused cardinal kept voting for “Achille Ratti” throughout the balloting. Pius XI (born Achille Ratti May 31, 1857 _ Rome, February 10, 1939) was Pope from February 6, 1922 until February 10, 1939. ...

Roncalli was elected on the 11th ballot, and took the regnant name John XXIII, a name not used since the 15th century. Though his reign was short, Good Pope John as he was widely called, energised the Catholic Church and touched the hearts of non-Catholics and Catholics alike with his warmth, kindness, humility, and sense of humour. His impact was shown when the fiercely anti-Catholic Belfast City Council decided to fly the flag over city hall at half-mast in his honour after his death. The Rev. ... Blessed Pope John XXIII (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 – June 3, 1963), was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City on October 28, 1958. ... Among the Patriarchates in the West, the Pope, as Bishop of Rome is the only truly independent Patriarch. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 54. ... Flag Flying Half-Staff over the White House Half-mast, or half-staff, describes the act of flying a flag approximately halfway up a flagpole (though anywhere from one-third to two-thirds of the way up the flagpole is acceptable). ...

Footnotes

1. ↑  Department of State secret dispatch, "John XXIII," issue date: November 20, 1958, declassified: November 11, Paul L. Williams, The Vatican Exposed (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2003), pp. 90-92.
2. ↑  The Tablet, November 1, 1958
3. ↑  Department of State secret file, "Cardinal Siri," issue date: April 10, 1961, declassified: February 28, 1994, William, "'Op. Cit pp.90-92.
4. ↑  Greeley, Andrew: The Making of the Popes: 1978 (Kansas City, MO: Andrews and McMeel, 1979)

November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Rev. Lawrence F. Murphy’s personal recollections of the epoch-making election of Pope John XXIII

Papal Conclaves 1800–2005

1800 | 1823 | 1829 | 1830–1831 | 1846 | 1878 | 1903 | 1914 1922 | 1939 | 1958 | 1963 | August 1978 | October 1978 | 2005 The Sistine Chapel is the location of the conclave. ... The ombrellino and keys, which is the insignia of the Holy See during sede vacante. ... The Papal conclave of 1799-1800 followed the death of Pope Pius VI on 29 August 1799 and led to the selection of Giorgio Barnaba Luigi Chiaramonti, later Pius VII, as pope on 14 March 1800. ... The 1823 Papal conclave led to the election of Pope Leo XII. Categories: Catholic-related stubs ... The 1829 Papal conclave led to the election of Pope Pius VIII. Categories: Catholic-related stubs ... A Papal conclave was held commencing December 14, 1830 after the death of Pope Pius VIII. It did not conclude until the February 2, 1831 election of Mauro Alberto Cappellari as Pope Gregory XVI. No conclave since has lasted as much as one week, but at the time no conclave... The Quirinal Palace The Popes residence as head of state of the Papal States was the venue for the 1846 conclave. ... The Papal conclave of 1878 resulted from the death of Pope Pius IX in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican on 7 February 1878. ... The Papal conclave of 1903 was caused by the death of the 93 year old Pope Leo XIII, who at that stage was the third longest reigning pope in history. ... The Papal conclave of 1914 was held to choose a successor Pope Pius X, who had died in the Vatican on 20 August 1914. ... After a reign of just eight years, Pope Benedict XV died on 22 January 1922 of pneumonia. ... Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State, was elected pope. ... Pope John XXIII (1958-1963) Pope John XXIII died of cancer on June 3 in the Apostolic Palace in the middle of the Vatican Council II. He was commonly regarded as having been the most popular pope in the 20th century to that point. ... The Papal conclave of 2005 was convoked due to the death of Pope John Paul II on April 2, 2005. ...