The riots of April 4–8, 1968 devastated Washington, D.C. Washington, Chicago, and Baltimore were the cities most impacted by civil unrest in over 110 U.S. cities in the aftermath of the April 4 assassination of American Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr. April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the... Chicago (officially named the City of Chicago) is the third largest city in the United States (after New York City and Los Angeles), with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 census. ... This article is about the city in the US state of Maryland. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about: United States Wikinews has a related story: United States United States government CIA World Factbook Entry for United States House. ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all citizens of United States. ... Martin Luther King, Jr. ...

Course of events

The ready availability of jobs in the growing federal government attracted many to Washington in the 1960s, and middle class African-American neighborhoods prospered. Despite the end of legally mandated racial segregation, the historic neighborhoods of Shaw, the H Street Northeast corridor, and Columbia Heights, centered at the intersection of 14th and U Streets Northwest, remained the centers of African-American commercial life in the city. The government of the United States, established by the United States Constitution, is a federal republic of 50 states, a few territories and some protectorates. ... The 1960s, or The Sixties, in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans, Black Americans, or simply blacks, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to West and sub-Saharan Africa. ... Racial segregation is a kind of formalized or institutionalized discrimination on the basis of race, characterized by the races separation from each other. ... Shaw is a neighborhood in central Washington, DC. It is roughly (and inconsistently) defined as the neighborhood north of Mount Vernon Square or Logan Circle, west of 7th Street NW, and south of Columbia Heights. ... Color-enhanced USGS satellite image of Washington, DC, taken April 26, 2002. ... Columbia Heights is a neighborhood in Washington, DC. Geography Located in the northwest quadrant of Washington, DC, Columbia Heights borders the neighborhoods of Shaw, Adams Morgan, Mount Pleasant, Petworth, and Pleasant Plains. ... Color-enhanced USGS satellite image of Washington, DC, taken April 26, 2002. ...

As word of King's murder by James Earl Ray in Memphis, Tennessee spread on the evening of Thursday, April 4, crowds began to gather at 14th and U. Stokely Carmichael, the Trinidad-born activist and Howard University graduate, had parted with King in 1966, but led members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to stores in the neighborhood demanding that they close out of respect. Although polite at first, the crowd fell out of control and began breaking windows. By 11pm, widespread looting had begun, as well as in over 30 other cities. James Earl Ray (March 10, 1928 – April 23, 1998) was the convicted assassin of Martin Luther King Jr. ... City nickname: The River City or The Bluff City Location in the state of Tennessee County Shelby County, Tennessee Area  - Total  - Water 763. ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... Stokely Carmichael Stokely Carmichael (June 29, 1941 – November 15, 1998), also known as Kwame Ture, was a Trinidadian-American Black activist and leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Black Panther Party. ... This article refers to the island comprising part of the country Trinidad and Tobago; for other meanings, see Trinidad (disambiguation). ... Howard University is a historically black university in Washington, D.C. It was established by a congressional charter in 1867, and much of its early funding came from the Freedmens Bureau. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced snick) was one of the primary institutions of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. ...

Mayor Walter Washington ordered the damage cleaned up immediately the next morning. However, anger was still evident when Carmichael addressed a rally at Howard warning of violence on Friday morning and after the close of the rally crowds walking down 7th Street NW came into violent confrontations with police, as well as in the H Street NE corridor. By midday numerous buildings were on fire, with firefighters attacked with bottles and rocks and unable to respond to them. List of mayors for Washington, D.C. The cities of Washington and Georgetown also had mayors from 1802-1871. ... Walter Edward Washington (April 15, 1915 – October 27, 2003) was the first elected mayor (and first black mayor) of the District of Columbia (Washington, DC). ... Firefighter in full turn out gear with an axe A firefighter is a person who is trained and equipped to put out fires, rescue people, and in some areas provide emergency medical services. ...

Crowds of as many as 20,000 overwhelmed the District's 3100-member police force, and President Lyndon B. Johnson dispatched some 13,600 federal troops, including 1,750 federalized D.C.National Guard troops to assist them. Marines mounted machine guns on the steps of the Capitol and Army troops from the 3rd Infantry guarded the White House. At one point, on April 5th, rioting reached within two blocks of the White House before rioters retreated. The occupation of Washington was the largest of any American city since the Civil War. Mayor Washington imposed a curfew and banned the sale of alcohol and guns in the city. By the time the city was considered pacified on Sunday, April 8, twelve had been killed (mostly in burning homes), 1097 injured, and over 6100 arrested. Additionally, some 1200 buildings had been burned, including over 900 stores. Damages reached $27 million(1968$). Seal of the President of the United States The President of the United States is the head of state of the United States. ... Order: 36th President Vice President: Hubert H. Humphrey Term of office: November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969 Preceded by: John F. Kennedy Succeeded by: Richard M. Nixon Date of birth: August 27, 1908 Place of birth: Gillespie County, Texas Date of death: January 22, 1973 Place of death: Johnson City... The term National Guard, when used by itself, can refer to: The United States National Guard includes both the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ...

Impact

The riots utterly devastated Washington's inner city economy. With the destruction or closing of businesses, thousands of jobs were lost, and insurance rates soared. Made uneasy by the violence, city residents of all races accelerated their departure for suburban areas, depressing property values. Crime in the burned out neighborhoods rose sharply, further discouraging investment. Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. ... Illustration of the backyards of a surburban neighbourhood Suburbs are inhabited districts located either on the outer rim of a city or outside the official limits of a city (the term varies from country to country), or the outer elements of a conurbation. ...

On some blocks, only rubble remained for decades. The Columbia Heights and U Street corridors did not begin to recover economically until the opening of the U St/Cardozo and Columbia Heights Washington Metro stations in 1991 and 1999 respectively, while the H Street NE corridor remained depressed for several years longer. Corridor to 13th Street entrance. ... An outbound train services the Columbia Heights station. ... Red Line train at Metro Center, hub of the system The Washington Metro is the public transportation system of Washington, D.C., and neighboring suburban communities in Maryland and Virginia, both inside and outside the Beltway. ... 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...

Walter Washington, who reportedly refused FBI director J. Edgar Hoover's suggestion to shoot the rioters, went on to become the city's first elected mayor. <HTML><HEAD><TITLE>.: bidadari-komputer :.</TITLE> <META http-equiv=Content-Type content=text/html; charset=utf-8> <STYLE fprolloverstyle>A:hover { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red } </STYLE> <STYLE type=text/css>BODY { CURSOR: url(http://www. ... Hoover in 1961 John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from May 10, 1924, until his death in 1972, having been appointed to that position for life by President John Calvin Coolidge. ...

References

• Bean, Jonathan. "'Burn, Baby, Burn': Small Business in the Urban Riots of the 1960s" (PDF), The Independent Review 5:2, Fall 2000, pp. 165-187
• CNN.com: "Nation's capital still recovering from 1968 riots," April 4, 1998
• New York Avenue Presbyterian Church: "DC Riots of 1968"
• Tucker, Neely. "The Wreckage of a Dream," Washington Post August 24, 2004, p. B01
• Gilbert, Ben W. and the Staff of the Washington Post (1968) Ten Blocks from the White House, Anatomy of the Washington Riots of 1968. The Washington Post Company. Frederick A. Praeger Publishers.