NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 1970 Bhola cyclone

The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) on November 12, 1970. It was the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded, and one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern times. Up to 500,000 people lost their lives in the storm, primarily as a result of the storm surge that flooded much of the low-lying islands of the Ganges Delta. This cyclone was the sixth cyclonic storm of the 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, and was also the most powerful, reaching a strength equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a scale classifying most Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the levels of tropical depression and tropical storm and thereby become hurricanes; the categories it divides hurricanes into are distinguished by the intensities of their respective sustained winds. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 693 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1228 Ã— 1063 pixel, file size: 146 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The NOAA emblem is the property of the U.S. Government and a trademark of the United States Department of Commerce. ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... HPA means Physiology Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis: The hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands work together to regulate hormone levels and maintain homeostasis. ... A millibar (mbar, also mb) is 1/1000th of a bar, a unit for measurement of pressure. ... ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory,[1] the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... The 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season had no bounds, but tropical cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. ... Cyclone Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004 Hurricane and Typhoon redirect here. ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Mount Pinatubo eruption, 1991 A natural disaster is the consequence of the combination of a natural hazard (a physical event e. ... ... Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh and India The Ganges Delta (or the Bengal Delta) is a river delta in the South Asia region of Bengal, consisting of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, India. ... The 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season had no bounds, but tropical cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. ... The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a scale classifying most Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the levels of tropical depression and tropical storm and thereby become hurricanes; the categories it divides hurricanes into are distinguished by the intensities of their respective sustained winds. ...

The cyclone formed over the central Bay of Bengal on November 8 and traveled north, intensifying as it did so. It reached its peak with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) on November 12, and made landfall on the coast of East Pakistan that night. The storm surge devastated many of the offshore islands, wiping out villages and destroying crops throughout the region. The city of Thana, Tazumuddin, was the most severely affected, with over 45% of the population of 167,000 killed by the storm. Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Tazumuddin (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Bhola District in the Division of Barisal, Bangladesh. ...

The Pakistani government was severely frowned upon for its handling of the relief operations following the storm, both by local political leaders in East Pakistan and in the international media. The opposition Awami League gained a landslide victory in the province, and continuing unrest between East Pakistan and the central government triggered the Bangladesh Liberation War, which concluded with the creation of the state of Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Awami League (বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ Bāŋlādeś Āowāmī Līg) or the Bangadesh Peoples League is the main opposition party in Bangladesh. ... In politics, a landslide victory (or just a landslide) is the victory of a candidate or political party by an overwhelming majority in an election. ... Combatants Mukti Bahini India Aided By Soviet Union Pakistan Aided By United States Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Commanders â€¢ Col. ...

Storm history

The remnants of Tropical Storm Nora from the Pacific, which had lasted for two days in the South China Sea, moved west over the Malay Peninsula on November 5.^[1]^[2] The remnants of this system contributed to the development of a new depression in the central Bay of Bengal on the morning of November 8. The depression intensified as it moved slowly northward, and the India Meteorological Department upgraded it to a cyclonic storm the next day. The storm became nearly stationary that evening near 14.5° N, 87° E, but began to accelerate to the north on November 10.^[3] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x633, 823 KB) Summary 1970 Bhola cyclone track. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x633, 823 KB) Summary 1970 Bhola cyclone track. ... The 1970 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1970, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. ... The South China Sea, showing surrounding countries and neighbouring seas and oceans The South China Sea is a marginal sea south of China. ... The Malay Peninsula (Malay: Semenanjung Tanah Melayu) is a major peninsula located in Southeast Asia. ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... IMD logo The India Meteorological Department is a government of India organisation that is responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasts, detecting earthquakes etc. ... is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The cyclone intensified into a severe cyclonic storm on November 11, and began to turn towards the northeast as it approached the head of the Bay. A clear eye formed in the storm, and it reached its peak later that day with sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and a central pressure of 966 hPa (mbar), equivalent to that of a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The cyclone made landfall on the East Pakistan coastline during the evening of November 12, around the same time as the local high tide. Once over land, the system began to weaken but was still considered a cyclonic storm on November 13 when it was about 100 km (65 miles) south-southeast of Agartala. The storm then rapidly weakened into a remnant area of low pressure over southern Assam that evening.^[3] November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... Eye of Category 4 Hurricane Isabel seen from the International Space Station on September 15, 2003 The eye is a region of mostly calm weather found at the center of strong tropical cyclones. ... Kilometre per hour (American spelling: kilometer per hour) is a unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). ... Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. ... HPA means Physiology Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis: The hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands work together to regulate hormone levels and maintain homeostasis. ... A millibar (mbar, also mb) is 1/1000th of a bar, a unit for measurement of pressure. ... The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a scale classifying most Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the levels of tropical depression and tropical storm and thereby become hurricanes; the categories it divides hurricanes into are distinguished by the intensities of their respective sustained winds. ... Hurricane Charley making landfall on August 13, 2004 at its peak intensity. ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... High Tide was a band that was formed in 1969 by Tony Hill (guitar, keyboards, and vocals), Simon House (violin and keyboards), Pete Pavli (bass) and Roger Hadden (drums). ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Agartala (Bengali: à¦†à¦—à¦°à¦¤à¦²à¦¾) is the capital of the Indian state of Tripura. ... Assam (Assamese: à¦…à¦¸à¦® Ã”xÃ´m) is a north eastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a part of Guwahati. ...

Preparations

The Indian government received many ship reports from the Bay of Bengal that were giving meteorological information on the cyclone, but as Indo-Pakistani relations were generally hostile it is not clear if the Pakistani government received this information.^[4] A large part of the population was apparently taken by surprise by the storm.^[5] There were indications that the storm-warning system that existed in East Pakistan was not used properly, which may have cost tens of thousands of lives.^[6] The Pakistan Meteorological Department issued a report calling for "danger preparedness" in the coastal regions in danger during the day on November 12. As the storm neared the coast, a "great danger signal" was broadcast on Pakistan Radio. Survivors later said that this meant little to them, but that they had recognised a No. 1 warning signal as representing the greatest possible threat.^[7] It is estimated that 90% of the population in the area was aware of the cyclone before it hit, but only about 1% sought refuge in fortified structures.^[2] Plagued by years of suspicion and hatred, relations between Pakistan and India are slowly starting to improve Indo-Pakistani relations are grounded in the geographic, demographic and economic links between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, two of the largest countries in South Asia. ... The Pakistan Meteorological Department is a government of Pakistan organization which works under the Ministry of Defence. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Following two previously destructive cyclones in October of 1960 which killed at least 16,000 people in East Pakistan,^[8] the Pakistani government contacted the American government for assistance in developing a system to avert future disasters. Gordon Dunn, who at the time was the director of the National Hurricane Center, carried out a detailed study and submitted his report in 1961. However, the government did not carry out all of his recommendations Dunn had listed.^[4] The years before 1980 featured the Pre-1980 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons. ... National Weather Service Logo The U.S. National Hurricane Center is the division of National Weather Services Tropical Prediction Center responsible for tracking and predicting the likely behavior of tropical depressions, tropical storms and hurricanes. ...

Impact

The coast of the Bay of Bengal is particularly vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones, and there have been at least six cyclones to hit the region that killed over 100,000 people combined.^[2] The 1970 Bhola cyclone was not the most powerful of these, however; the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone was significantly stronger when it made landfall in the same general area. Lowest pressure 898 mbar (hPa) (unconfirmed) Damage $1. ... Hurricane Charley making landfall on August 13, 2004 at its peak intensity. ...

The 1970 cyclone is nonetheless the deadliest tropical cyclone on record, and is one of the deadliest natural disasters in recent history. The exact death toll will never be known, but it is estimated that between 300,000 and 500,000 people lost their lives.^[9] A comparable number of people died as a result of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, but because of uncertainty in the number of deaths in all three disasters, it may never be known which one was the deadliest. 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Cyclone Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004 Hurricane and Typhoon redirect here. ... Mount Pinatubo eruption, 1991 A natural disaster is the consequence of the combination of a natural hazard (a physical event e. ... A death toll is the number of dead as a result of war, violence, accident, natural disaster, extreme weather, or disease. ... Many buildings were flattened into rubble when the earthquake hit. ... The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake,[1] was a great undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) December 26, 2004 with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. ...

India

The cyclone brought widespread rain to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with very heavy rain falling in places on November 8 and November 9. Port Blair recorded 130 mm (5.1 in) of rain on November 8, and there were a number of floods on the islands. The MV Mahajagmitra, a 5,500 ton freighter en route from Calcutta to Kuwait, was sunk by the storm on November 12, with the loss of all 50 people on board. The ship sent out a distress signal and reported experiencing hurricane-force winds before it sank.^[3]^[10] There was also widespread rain in West Bengal and southern Assam. The rains caused damage to housing and crops in both Indian states, with the worst damage occurring in the southernmost districts.^[3] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Andaman Islands. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Map of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with an extra detailed area around Port Blair Port Blair (Hindi: à¤ªà¥‹à¤°à¥à¤Ÿ à¤¬à¥à¤²à¥‡à¤¯à¤°) (coordinates: ) is the largest town and a municipal council in Andamans district in the Andaman Islands and the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory of India. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... , West Bengal (Bengali: à¦ªà¦¶à§à¦šà¦¿à¦®à¦¬à¦™à§à¦— PoshchimbÃ´Å‹go) is a state in eastern India. ... Assam (Assamese: à¦…à¦¸à¦® Ã”xÃ´m) is a north eastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a part of Guwahati. ...

East Pakistan

The meteorological station in Chittagong, 95 km (50 mi) to the east of where the storm made landfall, recorded winds of 144 km/h (90 mph) before its anemometer was blown off at about 2200 UTC. A ship anchored in the port in the same area recorded a peak gust of 222 km/h (138 mph) about 45 minutes later.^[2] As the storm made landfall, it caused a 10 m (33 ft) high storm surge at the Ganges Delta.^[9] In the port at Chittagong, the storm tide peaked at about 4 m (13 ft) above the average sea level, 1.2 m (4 ft), of which was the storm surge.^[2] This article is about Chittagong as a city in Bangladesh. ... Cup-type anemometer with vertical axis and turnabout counter located at the DÃ¼bendorf museum of military aviation An anemometer is a device for measuring the velocity or the pressure of the wind, and is one instrument used in a weather station. ... ... Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh and India The Ganges Delta (or the Bengal Delta) is a river delta in the South Asia region of Bengal, consisting of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, India. ... A storm tide is a tide with a high flood period caused by a storm. ...

Pakistan radio reported that there were no survivors on 13 islands near Chittagong. A flight over the area showed the devastation was complete throughout the southern half of Bhola Island and the rice crops of Bhola Island, Hatia Island and the nearby mainland coastline were destroyed.^[11] Several seagoing vessels in the ports of Chittagong and Mungla were reported damaged, and the airports at Chittagong and Cox's Bazar were under 1 m (3 ft) of water for several hours.^[12] This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Bhola Island (also called Dakhin Shahbazpur) is the largest island of Bangladesh with an area of 1441 km2. ... Coxs Bazar in Bangladesh is the worlds longest natural beach (120 km). ...

Over 3.6 million people were directly affected by the cyclone and the total damage from the storm was estimated at $86.4 million (1970 USD, $450 million 2006 USD).^[13] The survivors claimed that approximately 85% of homes in the area were destroyed or severely damaged, with the greatest destruction occurring along the coast.^[14] 90% of marine fishermen in the region suffered heavy losses, including the destruction of 9,000 offshore fishing boats. Of the 77,000 inshore fishermen, 46,000 were killed by the cyclone and 40% of the survivors were affected severely. In total, approximately 65% of the fishing capacity of the coastal region was destroyed by the storm, in a region where about 80% of the protein consumed comes from fish. Agricultural damage was similarly severe with the loss of $63 million worth of crops and 280,000 cattle dying.^[2] Three months after the storm, 75% of the population was receiving food from relief workers and over 150,000 relied upon aid for half of their food.^[15] The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... cow and ox, see Cow (disambiguation) and Ox (disambiguation). ...

Death toll

Two medical relief surveys were carried out by the Pakistan-SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory: the first in November and the second in February and March. The purpose of the first survey was to establish the immediate medical needs in the affected regions and the second, more detailed, survey was designed as the basis for long-term relief and recovery planning. In the second survey, approximately 1.4% of the area's population was studied.^[16] Kalapara (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Patuakhali District in the Division of Barisal, Bangladesh. ... Amtali (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Barguna District in the Division of Barisal, Bangladesh. ... Galachipa (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Patuakhali District in the Division of Barisal, Bangladesh. ... Char Fasson (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Bhola District in the Division of Barisal, Bangladesh. ... Lalmohan (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Bhola District in the Division of Barisal, Bangladesh. ... Tazumuddin (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Bhola District in the Division of Barisal, Bangladesh. ... Hatiya (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Noakhali District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. ... Ramgati (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Lakshmipur District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. ... Noakhali Sadar (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Noakhali District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. ... External links kamouflage. ...

The first survey concluded that the surface water in most of the affected regions had a comparable salt content to that drawn from wells, except in Sudharam, where the water was almost undrinkable with a salt content of up to 0.5%. The mortality was estimated at 14.2% — equivalent to a death toll of 240,000.^[17] Cyclone-related morbidity was generally restricted to minor injuries, but a phenomenon dubbed cyclone syndrome was observed. This consisted of severe abrasions on the limbs and chest caused by survivors clinging to trees to withstand the storm surge.^[17] Initially there were fears of an outbreak of cholera and typhoid in the weeks following the storm,^[18] but the survey found no evidence of an epidemic of cholera, smallpox or any other disease in the region affected by the storm.^[17] Noakhali Sadar (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Noakhali District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. ... In medicine, epidemiology and actuarial science, the term morbidity can refer to the state of being diseased (from Latin morbidus: sick, unhealthy), the degree or severity of a disease, the prevalence of a disease: the total number of cases in a particular population at a particular point in time, the... In medicine, the term syndrome is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs, symptoms, phenomena or characteristics which often occur together, so that the presence of one feature alerts the physician to the presence of the others. ... Abrasion on the palm of a right hand, shortly after falling Abrasions on elbow and lower arm, still healing. ... Cholera (frequently called Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera) is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ...

The totals from the second survey were likely a considerable underestimate as several groups were not included. The 100,000 migrant workers who were collecting the rice harvest, families who were completely wiped out by the storm and those who had migrated out of the region in the three months were not included, and by excluding these groups the risk of hearsay and exaggeration was reduced.^[16] The survey concluded that the overall death toll was, at minimum, 224,000. The worst effects were felt in Tazumuddin, where the mortality was 46.3%, corresponding to approximately 77,000 deaths in that Thana alone. The mean mortality throughout the affected region was 16.5%.^[19] Tazumuddin (Bengali: ) is an Upazila of Bhola District in the Division of Barisal, Bangladesh. ... Upazila also known as Sub-District. ...

The results showed that the highest-survival rate was for adult males aged 15-49, while more than half the deaths were children under ten, who only formed a third of the pre-cyclone population. This suggests that the young, old and sick were selectively lost in the cyclone and its surge. In the months after the storm, the mortality of the middle-aged was lower in the cyclone area than in the control region, near Dacca. This reflected the elimination of the less healthy individuals during the storm.^[20] A scientific control augments integrity in experiments by isolating variables as dictated by the scientific method in order to make a conclusion about such variables. ... Sadarghat, one of the main ports of Dhaka Dhaka (previously Dacca; Bangla: ঢাকা), population 9,000,022 (2001), is the capital of Bangladesh. ...

Aftermath

Government response

The day after the storm struck the coast, three Pakistani gunboats and a hospital ship carrying medical personnel and supplies left Chittagong for the islands of Hatia, Sandwip and Kutubdia.^[12] Teams from the Pakistani army reached many of the stricken areas in the two days following the landfall of the cyclone.^[22] Pakistani President Yahya Khan returned from a state visit to China and overflew the disaster area on November 16. The president ordered "no effort to be spared" to relieve the victims.^[7] He also ordered that all flags should be flown at half-mast and announced a day of national mourning on November 21, a week after the cyclone struck land.^[23] Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 _ August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969_71, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ... This article is about Chittagong as a city in Bangladesh. ... Hatia is a small town and railway station adjacent to Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Kutubdia is an island in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast near Chakaria, Coxs Bazar District, Bangladesh. ... Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 â€“ August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... Flag Flying Half-Staff over the White House Half-mast, or half-staff, describes the act of flying a flag approximately halfway up a flagpole (though anywhere from one-third to two-thirds of the way up the flagpole is acceptable). ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the ten days following the cyclone, one military transport aircraft and three crop-dusting aircraft were assigned to relief work by the Pakistani Government.^[24] The Pakistani government said it was unable to transfer military helicopters from West Pakistan as the Indian government did not grant clearance to cross the intervening Indian territory, a charge the Indian government denied.^[18] By November 24, the Pakistan Government had allocated a further $116 million to finance relief operations in the disaster area.^[25] Yahya Khan arrived in Dacca to take charge of the relief operations on November 24. The Governor of East Pakistan, Vice Admiral Asham denied charges that the armed forces had not acted quickly enough and said supplies were reaching all parts of the disaster area except for some small pockets.^[26] is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Sadarghat, one of the main ports of Dhaka Dhaka (previously Dacca; Bangla: ঢাকা), population 9,000,022 (2001), is the capital of Bangladesh. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

A week after the cyclone's landfall, President Khan conceded that his government had made "slips" and "mistakes" in its handling of the relief efforts. He said there was a lack of understanding of the magnitude of the disaster. He also said that the general election slated for December 7 would take place on time, although eight or nine of the worst affected districts might experience delays, denying rumours that the election would be postponed.^[21] is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

As the conflict between East and West Pakistan developed in March, the Dacca offices of the two government organisations directly involved in relief efforts were closed for at least two weeks, first by a general strike and then by a ban on government work in East Pakistan by the Awami League. Relief work continued in the field, but the long-term planning was curtailed.^[27] A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... The Bangladesh Awami League (বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ Bāŋlādeś Āowāmī Līg) or the Bangadesh Peoples League is the main opposition party in Bangladesh. ...

Criticism of government response

Political leaders in East Pakistan were deeply critical of the central government's initial response to the disaster. A statement released by eleven political leaders in East Pakistan ten days after the cyclone hit charged the government with "gross neglect, callous indifference and utter indifference". They also accused the president of playing down the news coverage.^[25] On November 19, students held a march in Dacca in protest of the speed of the government response^[29] and Abdul Hamid Khan Bashani addressed a rally of 50,000 people on November 24, where he accused the president of inefficiency and demanded his resignation. The president's political opponents accused him of bungling the efforts and some demanded his resignation.^[26] The Royal Marines (RM), are the Royal Navys elite fighting forces. ... Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bangla: à¦¶à§‡à¦– à¦®à§à¦œà¦¿à¦¬à¦° à¦°à¦¹à¦®à¦¾à¦¨ Shekh Mujibur RÃ´hman) (March 17, 1920 â€“ August 15, 1975) was a Bengali political leader in East Pakistan and the founding leader of Bangladesh. ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Pakistan Red Crescent began to operate independently of the government as the result of a dispute that arose after the Red Crescent took possession of 20 rafts donated by the British Red Cross.^[30] A pesticide company had to wait two days before it received permission for two of its crop dusters, which were already in the country, to carry out supply drops in the affected regions. The Pakistani only deployed a single helicopter to relief operations, with Yahya Khan later stating that there was no point deploying any helicopters from West Pakistan as they were unable to carry supplies.^[7] The British Red Cross Society is a prominent part of the largest independent humanitarian organisation in the world â€“ the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. ... An agricultural aircraft is an aircraft that has been built or converted for agricultural use - usually aerial spraying of pesticides or fertiliser. ...

A reporter for the Pakistan Observer spent a week in the worst hit areas in early January and saw none of the tents supplied by relief agencies being used to house survivors and commented that the grants for building new houses were insufficient. The Pakistan Observer regularly carried front page stories with headlines like "No Relief Coordination", whilst publishing government statements saying "Relief operations are going smoothly." In January, the coldest period of the year in East Pakistan, the National Relief and Rehabilitation Committee, headed by the editor of Ittefaq, said thousands of survivors from the storm were "passing their days under [the] open sky". A spokesman said families who were made homeless by the cyclone were receiving up to 250 rupees ($55 1971 USD, $279 2007 USD) to rebuild, but that resources were scarce and he feared the survivors would "eat the cash".^[31] Pakistan Observer is a daily newspaper published from Islamabad, Pakistan. ... The Daily Ittefaq is one of the Bangladeshâ€™s most published and circulated newspapers. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

Political consequences

The Awami League, the largest political party in East Pakistan, headed by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, swept to a landslide victory in the national elections in December 1970, partially as a result of dissatisfaction over the failures of the relief efforts of the national government. The elections for nine national assembly and eighteen provincial assembly seats had to be postponed until January 18 as a result of the storm.^[32] Image File history File links Flag_of_Bangladesh_(1971). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bangladesh_(1971). ... Flag Ratio: 3:5 The national flag of Bangladesh was adopted officially on January 17, 1972. ... The Bangladesh Awami League (বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ Bāŋlādeś Āowāmī Līg) or the Bangadesh Peoples League is the main opposition party in Bangladesh. ... Monument to victims of December 1970 in Gdynia Monument to fallen Shipyard Workers in GdaÅ„sk. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The government's handling of the relief efforts helped exasperate the bitterness felt in East Pakistan, swelling the resistance movement there. Funds only slowly got through, and transport was slow in bringing supplies to the devastated regions. As tensions increased in March, foreign personnel evacuated due to fears of violence.^[27] The situation deteriorated further and developed into the Bangladesh Liberation War in March. This conflict widened into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 in December and concluded with the creation of Bangladesh. This is one of the first times that a natural event helped to trigger a civil war.^[33] Combatants Mukti Bahini India Aided By Soviet Union Pakistan Aided By United States Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Commanders â€¢ Col. ... Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 400,000+ troops Casualties 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] c. ...

International response

India became one of the first nations to offer aid to Pakistan, despite the generally poor relations between the two countries, and by the end of November had pledged $1.3 million (1970 USD, $6.9 million 2007 USD) of assistance for the relief efforts.^[34] The Pakistani government refused to allow the Indians to send supplies in to East Pakistan by air, forcing them to be transported slowly by road instead.^[35] The Indian government also said that the Pakistanis refused an offer of military aircraft, helicopters and boats from West Bengal to assist in the relief operation.^[36] Plagued by years of suspicion and hatred, relations between Pakistan and India are slowly starting to improve Indo-Pakistani relations are grounded in the geographic, demographic and economic links between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, two of the largest countries in South Asia. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... , West Bengal (Bengali: à¦ªà¦¶à§à¦šà¦¿à¦®à¦¬à¦™à§à¦— PoshchimbÃ´Å‹go) is a state in eastern India. ...

US President Richard Nixon allocated a $10 million (1970 USD, $53 million 2007 USD) grant to provide food and other essential relief to the survivors of the storm, and the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan pledged that he would "assist the East Pakistan government in every way feasible."^[37] The American government also sent a number of blankets, tents and other supplies. Six helicopters, two helicopters at an aid mission in Nepal and four from the United States were sent to East Pakistan.^[38] Some 200,000 tons of wheat were shipped from the United States to the stricken region.^[31] By the end of November there were 38 helicopters operating in the disaster area, ten of which were British and ten American. The Americans had provided about 50 small boats and the British 70 for supply distribution.^[34] For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ...

CARE halted aid shipments to the country the week after the cyclone hit, due to unwillingness to let the Pakistani Government handle distribution.^[30] However by January, they had reached an agreement to construct 24,000 cement brick houses at a cost of about $1.2 million (1971 USD, $6.1 million 2007 USD).^[31] American concerns about delays by the Pakistan Government in determining how the relief should be used, meant that $7.5 million (1970 USD, $39.7 million 2007 USD) of relief granted by the US Congress had not been handed over in March. Much of the money was earmarked to be spent on constructing cyclone shelters and rebuilding housing.^[27] The American Peace Corps offered to send volunteers, but were rebuffed by the Pakistani government.^[34] CARE (the full form Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere is almost never used) is one of the largest private international humanitarian organizations in the world, with programmes in over 72 countries. ... The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ... It has been suggested that Crisis corps be merged into this article or section. ...

A Royal Navy task force, centred on HMS Intrepid and HMS Triumph, left Singapore for the Bay of Bengal to assist with the relief efforts. They carried eight helicopters and eight landing craft, as well as rescue teams and supplies.^[37] 50 soldiers and two helicopters were flown in ahead of the ships to survey the disaster area and being relief work.^[39] The British task force arrived arrived off the Pakistan coast on November 24 and the 650 troops aboard the ships immediately began using landing craft to deliver supplies to offshore islands.^[26] An appeal by the British Disasters Emergency Committee raised about £1.5 million (1970 GBP, £33 million 2005 GBP) for disaster relief in East Pakistan.^[34]^[40] The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore the Senior Service). ... A task force (TF) is a temporary unit or formation established to work on a single defined task or activity. ... HMS Intrepid (L11) was a Landing Platform Dock (LPD) of the Royal Navy built at John Brown & Co. ... HMS Triumph (R16) (1944–1981) was a Colossus-class light fleet aircraft carrier, laid down during World War II on 27 January 1943. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Landing craft RapiÃ¨re LCU 1656 departs USS Bataan (LHD-5) well deck during Hurricane Katrina relief operations. ... The Disasters Emergency Committee is an umbrella group comprised of thirteen UK charities. ... ISO 4217 Code GBP User(s) United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies Inflation 2. ...

The Canadian government pledged $2 million of assistance. France and West Germany sent both helicopters and various supplies worth $1.3 million.^[34]^[39] Pope Paul VI announced that he would visit Dacca during a visit to the Far East, and urged people to pray for the victims of the disaster.^[41] The Vatican later contributed $100,000 to the relief efforts.^[34] In Italy and Switzerland, many people lost interest in the disaster after the initial shock. News reports indicated that they perceived the disaster was far away and was someone else's responsibility. By the end of November the Italians had donated $5,500 of supplies.^[34] By the start of 1971, four Soviet helicopters were still operating in the region transporting essential supplies to hard-hit areas. The Soviet aircraft, which had drawn criticism from Bengalis, replaced the British and American helicopters that had operated immediately after the cyclone.^[31] This article cites very few or no references or sources. ... Soviet redirects here. ... The Bengali people are the ethnic community from Bengal (divided between India and Bangladesh) on the Indian subcontinent with a history dating back four millennia. ...

The government of Singapore sent a military medical mission to East Pakistan which arrived at Chittagong on December 1. They were then deployed to Sandwip where they treated nearly 27,000 people and carried out a smallpox vaccination effort. The mission returned to Singapore on December 22, after bringing about $50,000 worth of medical supplies and 15 tons of food for the victims of the storm.^[42] The Japanese cabinet approved a total of $1.65 million of relief funds in December. The Japanese government had previously drawn criticism for only donating a small amount to relief work.^[43] The first shipment of Chinese supplies to East Pakistan was a planeload of 500,000 doses of Cholera vaccine, which was not necessary as the country had adequate stocks.^[35] The Chinese government sent $1.2 million in cash to Pakistan.^[34] Mohammad Reza Pahlavi declared that the disaster was also an Iranian one, and responded by sending two plane loads of supplies within a few days of the cyclone striking.^[29] Many smaller, poorer Asian nations sent nominal amounts of aid.^[34] December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (Persian: Moá¸¥ammad RezÌ¤Ä PahlavÄ«) (October 26, 1919, Tehran â€“ July 27, 1980, Cairo), styled His Imperial Majesty, and holding the imperial titles of Shahanshah (King of Kings), and Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans), was the monarch of Iran from September 16, 1941 until the...

The United Nations donated $2.1 million in food and cash, whilst UNICEF began a drive to raise a further million.^[34] UNICEF helped to re-establish water supplies in the wake of the storm, repairing over 11,000 wells in the months following the storm.^[44] UN Secretary-General U Thant made appeals for aid for the victims of the cyclone and the civil war in August, in two separate relief programs. He said only about $4 million had been contributed towards immediate needs, well short of the target of $29.2 million.^[45] By the end of November, the League of Red Cross Societies had collected $3.5 million to supply aid to the victims of the disaster.^[34] The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... UNICEF Logo The United Nations Childrens Fund or UNICEF (Arabic: ; French: ; Spanish: ) was established by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946. ... The United Nations Secretary-General is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal divisions of the United Nations. ... U Thant (Burmese: ; 22 January 1909 â€“ 25 November 1974) was a Burmese diplomat and the third Secretary-General of the United Nations, from 1961 to 1971. ... The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) is an international humanitarian organisation, often better known as the Red Cross or the Red Crescent. ...

The World Bank estimated that it would cost $185 million to reconstruct the area devastated by the storm. The bank drew up a comprehensive recovery plan for the Pakistani government. The plan included restoring housing, water supplies and infrastructure to their pre-storm state. It was designed to combine with a much larger ongoing flood-control and development program.^[46] The Bank provided $25 million of credit to help rebuild the East Pakistan economy and to construct protective shelters in the region. This was the first time that the IDA had provided credit for reconstruction.^[47] By the start of December, nearly $40 million had been raised for the relief efforts by the governments of 41 countries, organisations and private groups.^[46] ... The International Development Association (IDA) created on September 24, 1960, is the part of the World Bank that helps the worldâ€™s poorest countries. ...

Disaster preparedness

In December, the League of Red Cross Societies drafted a plan for immediate use should a comparable event to the cyclone should hit other "disaster prone countries". A Red Cross official stated some of the relief workers sent to East Pakistan were poorly trained and the organisation would compile a list of specialists. The UN General Assembly adopted a proposal to improve its ability to provide aid to disaster-stricken countries.^[48]

In 1966, the Red Crescent began to support the development of a cyclone warning system for the residents of the Ganges Delta.^[49] On November 20, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution that both expressed its sympathy to the Pakistan government and called on the UN specialised agencies, governmental and Non-governmental organisations to help Pakistan with both its short term relief and long term reconstruction and development. This developed into a Cyclone Preparedness Programme in 1972, which is today run by the Government of Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society. The programme's objectives are to raise public awareness of the risks of cyclones and to provide training to emergency personnel in the coastal regions of Bangladesh.^[49] Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh and India The Ganges Delta (or the Bengal Delta) is a river delta in the South Asia region of Bengal, consisting of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, India. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The United Nations General Assembly (GA) is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations. ... A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization which is not a part of a government. ... [This document is old, written in 1996 (Presidential list updated 2004). ...

In the 20 years after the 1970 cyclone, over 200 cyclone shelters were constructed in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. When next destructive cyclone approached the country in 1991, volunteers from the Cyclone Preparedness Programme warned people of the cyclone two to three days before it struck land. Over 350,000 people fled their homes to shelters and other brick structures, whilst others sought high ground. Whilst the 1991 cyclone killed over 138,000 people, this was substantially less than the 1970 storm and the Cyclone Preparedness Programme must take some of the credit for that.^[50] Lowest pressure 898 mbar (hPa) (unconfirmed) Damage $1. ...

See also

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x662, 320 KB) http://eol. ... This is a list of notable tropical cyclones, subdivided by basin and reason for notability. ... Lowest pressure 898 mbar (hPa) (unconfirmed) Damage $1. ... ...

References

^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1970). Western North Pacific Tropical Storms 1970 (PDF). Annual Typhoon Report 1970. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Frank, Neil; Husain, S. A. (June 1971). The deadliest tropical cyclone in history? (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d India Meteorological Department (1970). Annual Summary - Storms & Depressions (PDF). India Weather Review 1970 pp. 10-11. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ ^a ^b Anderson, Jack. "Many Pakistan flood victims died needlessly" (PDF), Lowell Sun, 1971-01-31. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Sullivan, Walter. "Cyclone May Be Worst Catastrophe Of The Century", New York Times, 1970-11-22.
^ Staff writer. "East Pakistan Failed To Use Storm-Warning System", New York Times, 1970-12-01.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zeitlin, Arnold. "The Day The Cyclone Came To East Pakistan" (PDF), Stars and Stripes, Associated Press, 1970-12-11. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Dunn, Gordon (1961-11-28). The tropical cyclone problem in East Pakistan (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ ^a ^b Kabir, M. M.; Saha B. C.; Hye, J. M. A.. Cyclonic Storm Surge Modelling for Design of Coastal Polder (PDF). Institute of Water Modelling. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Staff writer. "Cyclone Toll Still Rising" (PDF), Florence Morning News, Associated Press, 1970-11-15. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Staff writer. "Pakistan Death Toll 55,000; May Rise to 300,000", New York Times, Associated Press, 1970-11-16.
^ ^a ^b Staff writer. "Thousands of Pakistanis Are Killed by Tidal Wave", New York Times, 1970-11-14.
^ EM-DAT: the International Disaster Database (2007). Disaster List for Bangladesh. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Sommer, Alfred; Mosley, Wiley (1972-05-13). East Bengal cyclone of November, 1970: Epidemiological approach to disaster assessment (PDF) 9. The Lancet. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Sommer, Alfred; Mosley, Wiley (1972-05-13). East Bengal cyclone of November, 1970: Epidemiological approach to disaster assessment (PDF) 11. The Lancet. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ ^a ^b Sommer, Alfred; Mosley, Wiley (1972-05-13). East Bengal cyclone of November, 1970: Epidemiological approach to disaster assessment (PDF) 6. The Lancet. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sommer, Alfred; Mosley, Wiley (1972-05-13). East Bengal cyclone of November, 1970: Epidemiological approach to disaster assessment (PDF) 5. The Lancet. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ ^a ^b Schanberg, Sydney. "Pakistanis Fear Cholera's Spread", New York Times, 1970-11-22.
^ Sommer, Alfred; Mosley, Wiley (1972-05-13). East Bengal cyclone of November, 1970: Epidemiological approach to disaster assessment (PDF) 7. The Lancet. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Sommer, Alfred; Mosley, Wiley (1972-05-13). East Bengal cyclone of November, 1970: Epidemiological approach to disaster assessment (PDF) 7–8. The Lancet. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ ^a ^b Schanberg, Sydney. "Yahya Condedes 'Slips' In Relief", New York Times, 1970-11-22.
^ Staff Writer. "Toll In Pakistan Is Put At 16,000, Expected To Rise", New York Times, 1970-11-15.
^ Staff writer. "Pakistan Now Puts Official Death Toll In Storm at 150,000", New York Times, Reuters, 1970-11-19.
^ Schanberg, Sydney. "Foreign Relief Spurred", New York Times, 1970-11-22.
^ ^a ^b Staff writer. "East Pakistani Leaders Assail Yahya on Cyclone Relief", New York Times, Reuters, 1970-11-23.
^ ^a ^b ^c Staff writer. "Yahya Directing Disaster Relief", New York Times, United Press International, 1970-11-24.
^ ^a ^b ^c Durdin, Tillman. "Pakistanis Crisis Virtually Halts Rehabilitation Work In Cyclone Region", New York Times, 1971-03-11.
^ Library of Congress. Emerging Discontent, 1966-70. Bangladesh Country Study. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ ^a ^b Staff writer. "Copter Shortage Balks Cyclone Aid", New York Times, 1970-11-18.
^ ^a ^b Staff Writer. "Disputes Snarl Cyclone Relief" (PDF), Charleston Daily Mail, Associated Press, 1970-11-23. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zeitlin, Arnold. "Pakistan Cyclone Relief Still Jumbled and Inadequate" (PDF), Long Beach Press-Telegram, Associated Press, 1971-01-13. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Jin Technologies (2003-06-01). General Elections 1970. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Olson, Richard (2005-02-21). A Critical Juncture Analysis, 1964-2003 (PDF). USAID. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Halloran, Richard. "Pakistan Storm Relief a Vast Problem", New York Times, 1970-11-29.
^ ^a ^b Schanberg, Sydney. "People Still Dying Because Of Inadequate Relief Job", New York Times, 1970-11-29.
^ Schanberg, Sydney. "Pakistan Leader Visits Survivors", New York Times, 1970-11-25.
^ ^a ^b Zeitlin, Arnold. "Official E. Pakistan Death Toll 148,116" (PDF), Yuma Daily Sun, Associated Press, 1970-11-20. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Naughton, James. "Nixon Pledges $10-Million Aid For Storm Victims in Pakistan", New York Times, 1970-11-17.
^ ^a ^b Staff writer. "U.S. and British Helicopters Arrive to Aid Cyclone Area", New York Times, Reuters, 1970-11-20.
^ Disasters Emergency Committee. DEC Appeals and Evaluations. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Staff writer. "Pope to Visit Pakistan", New York Times, 1970-11-22.
^ Choy Choi Kee (1999-11-07). Medical Mission to East Pakistan. MINDEF. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Staff writer. "Tokyo Increases Aid", New York Times, 1970-12-02.
^ UNICEF. Sixty Years For Children (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Brewer, Sam Pope. "Thant Again Asks Aid To Pakistanis", New York Times, 1971-08-13.
^ ^a ^b Staff writer. "World Bank Offers Plan to Reconstruct East Pakistan", New York Times, 1970-12-02.
^ World Bank (2005). Cyclone Protection and Coastal Area Rehabilitation Project. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Hamilton, Thomas. "World Red Cross Groups Plan Aid for 'Disaster-Prone' Areas", New York Times, 1970-12-14.
^ ^a ^b Cyclone Preparedness Programme (PDF). International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ Steve Jones et al. (July 1993). Evaluation / review of the ODA-financed relief and rehabilitation programmes in Bangladesh following the cyclone of April 1991 (PDF) pp. 11 & 55. DFID. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.

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Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (71st in leap years). ... The Library of Congress is the de facto national library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Charleston Daily Mail is an afternoon newspaper in Charleston, West Virginia. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Los Angeles Newspaper Group is an umbrella group of local daily newspapers published in the greater Los Angeles area. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... January 13 is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States Agency for International Development (or USAID) is the US government organization responsible for most non-military foreign aid. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... November 29 is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Sydney H. Schanberg (born January 17, 1934 in Clinton, Massachusetts) is an American journalist who is best known for his coverage of the war in Cambodia. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... November 29 is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Sydney H. Schanberg (born January 17, 1934 in Clinton, Massachusetts) is an American journalist who is best known for his coverage of the war in Cambodia. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... is the 329th day of the year (330th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pron. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Disasters Emergency Committee is an umbrella group comprised of thirteen UK charities. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... MINDEF is an abreviation of Singapores Ministry of Defence Singapore Ministry of Defence link title ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... December 2 is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... UNICEF Logo The United Nations Childrens Fund or UNICEF (Arabic: ; French: ; Spanish: ) was established by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 225th day of the year (226th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... December 2 is the 336th day of the year (337th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The International Telecommunication Union (ITU; French: Union internationale des tÃ©lÃ©communications, Spanish: UniÃ³n Internacional de Telecomunicaciones) is an international organization established to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... DFID is the United Kingdom Department for International Development, it is headed by the Secretary of State for International Development. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

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