The year 1995 in science and technology consisted of many events, including those below. For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ... Technology ( Gr. ...

Archaeology

• January 18 - In southern France near Vallon-Pont-d'Arc a network of caves are discovered that contain paintings and engravings that are 17,000 to 20,000 years old.
• Wes Linster discovers the first intact skeleton of Bambiraptor feinbergi.

January 18 is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Pont dArc Vallon-Pont-dArc is a town and commune in the south of France, in the Ardèche département. ... Wes Linster was the discoverer of the first intact skeleton of Bambiraptor feinbergi, which is suggested to be the most convincing evolutionary link yet between dinosaurs and birds. ...

Biology

• The genome of Haemophilus influenzae is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced.

Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffers bacillus, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Dr. Robert Pfeiffer during the influenza pandemic. ...

Computer science

• May 23 - The Java programming language was announced to the world.

May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Programming:Java Java is an object-oriented programming language developed initially by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems. ...

Medicine

• January 30 - Workers from the National Institutes of Health announce the success of clinical trials testing the first preventative treatment for sickle cell anaemia.

January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The National Institutes of Health is an institution of the United States government which focuses on medical research. ... Sickle-shaped red blood cells Sickle cell anemia (American English), sickle cell anaemia (British English) or sickle cell disease is a genetic disease in which red blood cells may change shape under certain circumstances. ...

Space exploration

• March 22 - Cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov returns after setting a record for 438 days in space.

March 22 is the 81st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (82nd in Leap years). ... Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov (born April 27, 1942) is the Russian cosmonaut holding the record for the longest spaceflight in human history, staying aboard the Mir space station for more than 14 months during one trip. ... For other meanings of the term space, see space. ...

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics - Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines
  • Chemistry - Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland
  • Medicine - Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric Wieschaus
• Turing Award - Manuel Blum
• Wollaston Medal for Geology - George Patrick Leonard Walker

The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Frederick Reines Frederick Reines (March 16, 1918 - August 26, 1998) was an American physicist. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to the present day. ... Paul J. Crutzen (December 3rd, 1933 - ) is a Dutch nobel prize winning atmospheric chemist. ... Mario J. Molina (born March 19, 1943) was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in elucidating the threat to the Earths ozone layer of chlorofluorocarbon gases (or CFCs). ... Frank Sherwood Rowland (born June 28, 1927) is a Nobel laureate and a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Irvine. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ... Edward B. Lewis (May 20, 1918–July 21, 2004) was an American geneticist, the winner of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Medicine. ... Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born October 20, 1942 in Magdeburg) is a German biologist who won the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1991 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995 together with Eric Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis for their research on the genetic... The A.M. Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery to a person selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. ... Manuel Blum (born 26 April 1938) is a computer scientist who received the Turing Award in 1995 In recognition of his contributions to the foundations of computational complexity theory and its application to cryptography and program checking. Some of his work includes the Blum Blum Shub pseudorandom number generator, the... The Wollaston Medal is a scientific award for geology, the highest award granted by the Geological Society of London. ... George Patrick Leonard Walker (1926 - 2005) was a British geologist who specialized in mineralogy and volcanology. ...

Births

Deaths

• April 2 - Hannes Alfvén (b. 1908), astrophysicist.
• June 23 - Jonas Salk (b. 1914), medical researcher.