The year 1997 in science and technology had many significant events, including those listed below. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Science For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a level of technological mastery sufficient to leave the surface of the planet for the first time and explore space. ...

Astronomy and space exploration

• February 13 - Tune-up and repair work on the Hubble Space Telescope is started by astronauts from the Space Shuttle Discovery.
• July 4 - Mars Pathfinder lands on the surface of Mars
• August 25 - Launch of Explorer 71 of the Explorer program of spacecraft
• October 30 - First successful test flight of the ESA's Ariane 5 expendable launch system

February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Hubble Space Telescope is a telescope in orbit around the Earth. ... Shuttle Orbiter Discovery (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103) is a NASA Space Shuttle. ... July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ... The Mars Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II rocket, just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor was launched. ... Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system, named after the Roman god of war (the counterpart of the Greek Ares), on account of its blood red color as viewed in the night sky. ... August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. ... Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) is an Explorer satellite mission to study matter in situ, comprising energetic particles from the solar wind, the interplanetary medium, and other sources. ... The Explorer program was the United Statess first successful attempt to launch an artificial satellite . ... October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 62 days remaining. ... This article is about the European Space Agency. ... Ariane 5 lifts off from Kourou Ariane 5 is an expendable launch system designed to deliver satellites into geostationary transfer orbit and to send payloads to low earth orbit. ... An expendable launch system is a single-use launch vehicle usually used to launch a payload into space. ...

Aviation

• September 7 - First test flight of the F/A-22 Raptor

September 7 is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years). ... F/A-22 Raptors over California The F/A-22 Raptor is a highly maneuverable stealthy fighter aircraft built by Lockheed Martin Aeronautics and Boeing Integrated Defense Systems. ...

Biology

• February 22 - In Roslin, Scotland, scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly had been successfully cloned and was born in July 1996
• March 4 - United States President Bill Clinton bars federal funding for any research on human cloning
• July 10 - In London, scientists report their DNA analysis findings from a Neandertal skeleton which support the out of Africa theory of human evolution placing an "African Eve" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago
• November 19 - In Carlisle, Iowa, Bobbi McCaughey gives birth to septuplets in the second known case where all seven babies were born alive

February 22 is the 53rd day of every year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Roslin may refer to: Scotland: Roslin, Scotland, (sometimes spelt Rosslyn or Roslyn) a village in Midlothian, south of Edinburgh Roslin Castle Roslin Institute, where Dolly the Sheep was cloned Battle of Roslin, 1303 [1] People: Toros Roslin, a 13th century Armenian Byzantine style manuscript illuminator (active 1256-1268) Alexander Roslin... ... Species See text A sheep is any of member of the eight wooly quadruped species that comprise the genus Ovis, part of the goat antelope subfamily. ... Dolly and her first-born lamb, Bonnie Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003), a ewe, was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell. ... Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. ... See also: Other events of 1996 List of years in science . ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe, III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of an existing, or previously existing human or growing cloned tissue from that individual. ... July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ... London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). ... Binomial name Homo neanderthalensis King, 1864 The Neanderthal or Neandertal was a species of genus Homo (Homo neanderthalensis) that inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago (in the Middle Palaeolithic, early Stone Age). ... Human evolution is the process of change and development, or evolution, by which human beings emerged as a distinct species. ... November 19 is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Carlisle is a city located in Warren County and Polk County, Iowa. ... Bobbi McCoughey gave birth to seven living septuplets on November 19, 1997. ... Identical Triplet Sisters Fraternal twin boys in the tub Twins, triplets and multiple births occur with to varying degrees in most animal species, although the term is most applicable to species in the Placentalia subclass. ...

Computer science

• May 11 - IBM's Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov, the first time a computer defeated a chess grand master in a match. Deep Blue had defeated Kasparov before, but had never won a match against him.

May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ... International Business Machines Corporation (IBM, or colloquially, Big Blue) (NYSE: IBM) (incorporated June 15, 1911, in operation since 1888) is headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. The company manufactures and sells computer hardware, software, and services. ... Kasparov vs. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-09-05, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ...

Geology

• May 10 - An earthquake near Ardekul in northeastern Iran kills at least 2,400

May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... Global earthquake epicenters, 1963–1998 An earthquake is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the Earths surface. ...

Medicine

• FDA approval of daclizumab, the first humanized antibody therapeutic.^[1]

The United States Food and Drug Administration is the government agency responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, biologics and blood products in the United States. ... Daclizumab (Zenapax) is a murine-human chimaerised monoclonal antibody to the IL-2Rα receptor of T cells. ... Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell. ...

Technology

• October 15 - The first supersonic land speed record is set by the ThrustSSC team from the United Kingdom

October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in Leap years). ... ThrustSSC at Black Rock Desert, Nevada, USA. The ThrustSSC is built with highly protected aluminium wheels The team with ThrustSSC. ThrustSSC (SuperSonic Car) is a British designed and built jet propelled car developed by Richard Noble and Ron Ayers, which holds the world land speed record. ...

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics - Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips
  • Chemistry - Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens Christian Skou
  • Medicine - Stanley B. Prusiner
• Turing Award - Douglas Engelbart
• Wollaston Medal for Geology - Douglas James Shearman

This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Hannes Alfvén, 1970 winner for work on astrophysical plasmas List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Steven Chu (Traditional Chinese: 朱棣文; Pinyin: ) (born February 28, 1948 in St. ... Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (born April 1, French physicist working at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, France, where he has also studied physics. ... Categories: Stub | 1948 births | Nobel Prize in Physics winners ... This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to the present day. ... Paul Delos Boyer (born July 31, 1918) is an American biochemist. ... John Ernest Walker (born January 7, 1941) is an English chemist. ... Jens Christian Skou (born October 8, 1918) is a Danish chemist and Nobel laureate. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ... Stanley B. Prusiner, M.D. is a Professor of Neurology and Biochemistry at the University of California, San Francisco. ... The A.M. Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery to a person selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. ... Douglas Engelbart Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart (born January 30, 1925 in Oregon) is an American inventor of Norwegian descent. ... The Wollaston Medal is a scientific award for geology, the highest award granted by the Geological Society of London. ...

Births

Deaths

• January 17 - Clyde Tombaugh (b. 1906), astronomer, discoveror of Pluto
• April 7 - Georgi Shonin (b. 1935), cosmonaut.
• May 2 - John Carew Eccles (b. 1903), psychologist
• August 24 - Louis Essen (b. 1908), physicist, co-developer of the first practical atomic clock
• September 4 - Hans Eysenck (b. 1916), psychologist.

January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Clyde William Tombaugh (February 4, 1906 — January 17, 1997) was an American astronomer who discovered the planet Pluto in 1930. ... See also: Other events of 1906 List of years in science . ... An astronomer or astrophysicist is a scientist whose area of research is astronomy or astrophysics. ... Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 0. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... Georgi Stepanovich Shonin (Russian: Георгий Степанович Шонин; August 3, 1935 – April 7, 1997) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 6 space mission. ... See also: Other events of 1935 List of years in science . ... U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... Sir John Carew Eccles (January 27, 1903–May 2, 1997) was an Australian neurophysiologist who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse. ... See also: Other events of 1903 List of years in science . ... A psychologist is a scientist who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of the human behaviour and mental processes. ... August 24 is the 236th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (237th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. ... Louis Essen (September 6, 1908 – August 24, 1997) was an English physicist whose most notable achievements were in the precise measurement of time and the determination of the speed of light. ... See also: Other events of 1908 List of years in science . ... Atomic clock Chip-Scale Atomic Clock Unveiled by NIST An atomic clock is a type of clock that uses an atomic resonance frequency standard as its counter. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... Hans Eysenck Hans Jürgen Eysenck (March 4, 1916 - September 4, 1997) was a notable psychologist. ... See also: Other events of 1916 List of years in science . ... A psychologist is a scientist who studies psychology, the systematic investigation of the human behaviour and mental processes. ...

References

1. ^  Reference: Waldman, Thomas A. (2003). Immunotherapy: past, present and future. Nature Medicine 9, 269-277.