In the 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings (August 7, 1998), 257 people were killed and over 4,000 wounded in simultaneous car bomb explosions at the United States embassies in the East African capital cities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya.^[1] The attacks prompted the United States to seek out an organization the assailants could be linked to and prosecuted. Al Qaeda was deemed responsible for the attack. The U.S.'s efforts to try those responsible for the attack, brought Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda to international attention for the first time, giving the organization its name and portraying it as a large and threatening network of terrorists across the world. This also resulted in the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation placing bin Laden atop its Ten Most Wanted list.^[2] Nairobi (pronounced ) is the capital city of Kenya. ... Dar es Salaam (دار السلام), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city (pop. ... Seal on the building of German Embassies. ... August 7 is the 219th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (220th in leap years), with 146 days remaining. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ... ... Car bomb in Iraq, made from a number of concealed artillery shells in the back of a pickup truck. ... Wadih el-Hage (born 1960) was an Al-Qaida member accused of conspiring in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. ... Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: ‎; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Combatants al-Qaeda United States (primary) +other countries Commanders Osama bin Laden Ayman al-Zawahiri George W. Bush Many others Casualties Unknown 3,500+ dead The Al-Qaeda terror campaign started in 1996 with the Khobar Towers bombing. ... In the World Trade Center bombing (February 26, 1993) a car bomb was detonated by Arab Islamist terrorists in the underground parking garage below Tower One of the World Trade Center in New York City. ... Building #131 after the explosion Khobar Towers is part of an housing complex in the city of Khobar, Saudi Arabia near the national oil company (Saudi Aramco) headquarters of Dhahran. ... The USS Cole bombing was a suicide bombing attack against the U.S. Navy guided missile destroyer USS Cole (DDG 67) on October 12, 2000 while it was harbored in the Yemeni port of Aden. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... The Ghriba synagogue bombing was a deadly bombing carried out in Tunisia by the al-Qaeda terrorist group on the El Ghriba synagogue. ... On November 28, 2002, the Mombasa hotel bombing took place. ... The Riyadh compound bombings took place on May 12, 2003, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ... The Istanbul bombings were two truck bomb attacks carried out on two days in November 2003. ... In the 29 May 2004 Al-Khobar massacres in Saudi Arabia, four Islamist terrorists attacked two oil industry installations and a foreign workers housing complex, The Oasis, in the Gulf city of Khobar, Saudi Arabia, taking more than 50 hostages and killing 22 of them. ... Amman, the capital city of Jordan. ... August 7 is the 219th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (220th in leap years), with 146 days remaining. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ... Car bomb in Iraq, made from a number of concealed artillery shells in the back of a pickup truck. ... A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one nation state present in another nation state to represent the sending state in the receiving State. ...  Eastern Africa (UN subregion)  East African Community  Central African Federation (defunct)  geographic, including above East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ... Dar es Salaam (دار السلام), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city (pop. ... Nairobi (pronounced ) is the capital city of Kenya. ... Al-Qaeda or al-Qaida or al-Qaida ( , trans. ... Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: ‎; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ... The FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list arose from a conversation held in late 1949, during a game of Hearts between J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, and William Kinsey Hutchinson,[1] International News Service (the predecessor of the United Press International) Editor-in...

Along with the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia, and the 2000 attack on the USS Cole in Yemen, the Embassy Bombing is one of the major anti-American terrorist attacks that preceded the September 11, 2001 attacks. The United States responded to the attacks by freezing financial assets of related parties and by initiating military action against Afghanistan and Sudan. 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... In the World Trade Center bombing (February 26, 1993) a car bomb was detonated by Arab Islamist terrorists in the underground parking garage below Tower One of the World Trade Center in New York City. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Building #131 after the explosion Khobar Towers is part of an housing complex in the city of Khobar, Saudi Arabia near the national oil company (Saudi Aramco) headquarters of Dhahran. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... The second USS Cole (DDG 67) is an Arleigh Burke class Aegis-equipped guided missile destroyer homeported in NS Norfolk, Virginia. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly...

Al Qaeda’s list of grievances against the West included American participation in the first Gulf War, military operations in Somalia, and military involvement in Yemen. However, the United States presence in Saudi Arabia - a state that is home to a number of the holiest sites in Islam - was perhaps the focal point of Al Qaeda’s anger. Permanent U.S. military installations in the region represented a lack of Saudi Arabian control over its territory and were thought to threaten the Muslim sacred cities of Mecca and Medina. Osama bin Laden believed that “the Americans were infidels and their garrisons propped up a corrupt, insufficiently Islamic Saudi elite.” As U.S. economic and political interests continued to create a greater presence in the Middle East, Al Qaeda began targeting U.S. interests abroad. For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Security conditions and warnings

There were many conditions in both Kenya and Tanzania that made the two countries choice targets for al Qaeda attacks. These include: anarchic rule by corrupt local law enforcement, porous borders with lax security that allowed unregulated movement of people and supplies, active local terrorist organizations other than al Qaeda, political violence endemic to the region, a large contingent of Americans in an embassy vulnerable to attack, and the destabilizing influence of neighboring countries embroiled in wars and conflicts (Somalia, Rwanda and Uganda).

From a security standpoint, both embassies were extremely vulnerable to attack. The embassy in Kenya was the hardest to secure because of its proximity to a nearby busy intersection and its lack of a recommended 100 foot standoff zone from the street. The embassy had one radio frequency that was constantly clogged with other radio traffic. Neither the Marine Security Guards (MSG) nor the local security were trained to detect and deter vehicular bombs or terrorist acts. Additionally, the delta barriers and security gates were not working at the time of the attack. While it too did not have a 100 foot standoff nor a working delta barrier, the United States embassy in Tanzania was far more prepared than the one in Kenya. The Regional Security Officer (RSO) in Dar es Salaam, John DiCarlo instituted vehicle screening outside of the embassy to ensure that no one who might have explosives could enter. The RSO and the MSGs were trained in identifying and preventing attacks from parcel bombs, and participated in react drills, and fire drills in the event of an emergency situation. Because of these protections, the attack itself did not go according to al Qaeda’s plan. Regional Security Officer is the title given to DS Special Agents serving overseas as the head of security at an American Embassy. ... Dar es Salaam (دار السلام), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city (pop. ...

Soon after her arrival as ambassador to Kenya in 1996, Prudence Bushnell began raising alarms about the embassy's lack of security. She sent repeated cables warning the State Department that the embassy needed to be re-evaluated and take measures to ensure it was adequately protected. Unfortunately her pleas fell on deaf ears. According to one State Department official, Bushnell was seen as a "...nuisance who was overly obsessed with security." ^[3] To placate the ambassador, the State Department did send a security team to inspect the embassy and they determined that it met their standards for a "medium threat". Concurrently, the State Department had determined that Africa was a low risk in its terrorism assessment. In addition to Bushnell's warnings, General Anthony Zinni visited the embassy in early 1998 and warned the State Department that there were significant security flaws and that the embassy would be an easy and tempting target for terrorism. Ultimately the State Department determined that security upgrades were both unwarranted and fiscally unnecessary. Prudence Bushnell (born 1946 in Washington, D.C.) is an American diplomat and former United States Ambassador to Kenya and Guatemala. ... Anthony Charles Zinni (born September 17, 1943) is a retired general in the United States Marine Corps and a former Commander in Chief of U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM). ...

Attacks and casualties

Aftermath at the Nairobi embassy.

Car bombs in vehicles adjacent to the embassies were detonated simultaneously at 10:45 am local time (3:45 am Washington time). In Nairobi, where the embassy was located in a busy downtown area, 224 people were killed, including 12 Americans, and an estimated 4000 injured, mostly Kenyan civilians; in Dar es Salaam, the embassy was further from the city center, and the attack killed at least 11 and wounded 85. Although the attacks may have been intended to kill employees of the United States government most of the victims were African civilians. Photo of the aftermath of the Kenya embassy bombing. ... Photo of the aftermath of the Kenya embassy bombing. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D...

Upon news of the attacks, the State Department’s Office of American Services and Crisis Management issued a travel advisory for all United States citizens abroad. American installations around the world immediately heightened security as a response to the embassy bombings. Airports, embassies, and domestic federal installations and facilities were on full alert for terrorist activity. The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States Government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ...

Al Qaeda claimed responsibility for both incidents.

Finances and costs of the bombings

The entire cost of al Qaeda’s terrorist operations in the embassy bombings has been determined inconclusively to have been between $10,000 and $50,000. Much of the funding was delivered to the perpetrators using Dihab Shill's Nairobi office.^[4] The attacks were disproportionately inexpensive in relation to the devastation and destruction they caused. The financial path from al Qaeda’s operation rarely leads directly to bin Laden and while bin Laden was the ultimate source of al Qaeda’s funding, it is difficult to trace the operations' finances directly to him. Dihab Shill is a Somali-based hawala company. ... Nairobi (pronounced ) is the capital city of Kenya. ...

In February 1998, bin Laden charged every Muslim to both kill Americans and “plunder their money.” Although an exact figure for the total amount of devastation caused by the attacks is not available, it is possible, based on what information is available, to make an estimate. Taking into consideration the devastation, costs of repair, and the U.S. response, the costs resulting from the embassy bombings put American expenditures in the range of $1.921 billion.

Pre-bombing intelligence

While there was never an indication of when or how the U.S. embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania would be attacked, there was mounting intelligence to suggest that the embassies were not adequately secure and potentially targets of terrorist plots. Consequently, while certain threats were identified and intelligence had been collected and disseminated in some cases, they were often discounted before reaching high-level officials and determined to be unfounded. Among the warnings prior to the attacks:

In the summer of 1997, CIA identified Wadih el-Hage as a key figure in al Qaeda’s leadership in Kenya. In August 1997, the Kenyan police, CIA, and FBI raided el-Hage’s house in Nairobi, downloaded files from his computer, and confiscated a number of written correspondences. He was extensively questioned three times by the FBI, but the documents from his home were not translated because of the unavailability of Arab-speaking staff and the low priority given their contents. Wadih el-Hage (born 1960) was an Al-Qaida member accused of conspiring in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. ...

Also the summer of 1997, an informant was turned over to the CIA who claimed that the Nairobi branch of the Islamic charity Al Haramain Foundation was plotting to blow up the American embassy in Kenya. The threat was taken seriously enough for the CIA to send a counterterrorism team to Kenya for further investigation. The team found no evidence of a bomb plot, however they did not interview the nine detained Arab suspects. The agency concluded that the informant was not credible. The CIA stated that there was never any evidence linking Al Haramain to the embassy bombings, though there was evidence to connect the foundation to bin Laden. The Al Haramain Foundation is an Islamic charity. ...

In the fall of 1997, an Egyptian named Mustafa Mahmoud Said Ahmed walked into the Nairobi embassy and told CIA officers that he knew about a group that was planning to detonate a truck bomb inside the diplomats’ underground parking garage. The CIA stated that it received word from a foreign intelligence service that Ahmed was a fabricator of information and that his warning should be treated with skepticism. Ahmed was arrested in Tanzania after the bombing and was believed to be a key figure in the Dar-es-Salaam attack. In particular, investigative Accountability Review Board stated that the intelligence received regarding Ahmed’s warning of a vehicular bomb attack was carefully vetted and was discredited by early 1998. Mustafa Mahmoud Said Ahmed is an Egyptian who gave the CIA advance warning of the 1998 United States embassy bombings. ...

Aftermath and international response

Wreckage from the Nairobi bombing.

In Afghanistan, the Taliban declared on November 20, 1998 that there was no evidence of bin Laden's involvement, and that "bin Laden is a man without sin".^[5] Photo of the aftermath of the Kenya embassy bombing. ... Armed Taliban in pickup truck in Herat, July 2001. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ...

The Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) saw its budget and manpower dramatically increased after these bombings,^[6] and security at all U.S. embassies was strengthened and improved.^[7] This after more than several years of drastic cutbacks in personnel and money allotted to DSS by the U.S. State Department. See also the Bureau of Diplomatic Security // The Diplomatic Security Service is the law enforcement arm of the U.S. State Department. ...

Operation Infinite Reach

The U.S. response was twofold: militarily and economically. To retaliate on an economic level, President Clinton signed Executive Order 13099 on August 20, 1998 that ammended EO-12947 to include Bin Laden on the list of terrorists who threatened to disrupt the Middle East peace process initially compiled in 1995. 13099 further alleged that bin Laden and the Islamic Army Organization were the perpetrators of the attacks on the embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. The executive order attempted to freeze assets owned by bin Laden and al Qaeda and stipulated that U.S. citizens and firms could not do business with them. President Clinton ordered Operation Infinite Reach, a series of cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Sudan and Afghanistan on August 20, 1998, announcing the planned strike in a primetime address on American television. The choice of targets, the secrecy of the Administration’s deliberation, and the decision to pursue a military response in general all incited criticism and complaint. William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... August 20 is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ... Operation Infinite Reach was a US cruise missile strike on purported terrorist bases in Afghanistan and Sudan on August 20, 1998. ... August 20 is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ...

Within days of Operation Infinite Reach, Western engineers who had visited or been associated with the plant, as well as Sudanese officials, doctors, lawyers and plant employees insisted that Al Shifa was a working pharmaceutical plant and not a terrorist operational site. Days prior to the attack on the Al Shifa facility, an intelligence official claimed that there was no evidence of commercial products being sold out of the facility. The Clinton administration believed the plant to be suspicious because it was heavily guarded, it was not believed to be producing commercial products and medications, believed to be directly financed by bin Laden, and had ties to Iraq’s chemical weapons programs. The Al-Shifa (Health) pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum, Sudan was constructed between 1992 and 1996 with components imported from the United States, Sweden, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, India, and Thailand. ...

Evidence soon came to light that there was no connection between the plant and the Sudan Military Industrial Complex (SMIC). The United States also tried, unsuccessfully, to establish a direct link between the plant owner, Salah Idris, and the SMIC after the Al Shifa bombing. Since there was seemingly no connection between the SMIC and Al Shifa management, the alleged direct financial connection between bin Laden and the plant did not exist. U.S. intelligence reports also based their accusations on a soil sample taken from the plant grounds in December of 1997 and later tested in the United States. U.S. testing facilities claimed that this soil sample contained amounts of O-ethyl methylphosphonothioic acid, or EMPTA, a dual-use chemical that can be used to make VX nerve gas. Since the United States withdrew its embassy personnel and intelligence officers from Sudan in 1996, the CIA had to rely on questionable intelligence sources regarding the sample. O-ethyl methylphosphonothioic acid, or EMPTA, is a dual-purpose chemical. ... The VX nerve agent is the most well-known of the V-series of nerve agents. ...

The attacks on al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan occurred in the Khost province, sixty miles south of Kabul. These facilities were a sprawling set of camps designed to train al Qaeda operatives. Considering its objectives, the attack in Afghanistan was successful in that it destroyed key physical targets. However, the operation did not accomplish the destruction of bin Laden and his operatives and did not lead to any significant changes in the al Qaeda network and leadership. Khost, sometimes spelt Khowst, is a town in Afghanistan, located at 33. ...

The indictment

There are 21 accused, and more than 300 counts, in the current indictment^[8], which has been augmented since its initial appearance in 1998. The names of the accused, spelled here as they are in the indictment, are

1. Usama bin Laden (at large)
2. Muhammad Atef (killed)
3. Ayman al Zawahiri (at large)
4. Saif al Adel (at large)
5. Mamdouh Mahmud Salim (held at Guantanamo Bay detention camp)
6. Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah (at large)
7. Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah (killed)
8. Khalid al Fawwaz (held in the UK, fighting extradition)
9. Wadih el Hage (serving life without parole)
10. Anas al Liby (at large)
11. Ibrahim Eidarous (held in the UK, fighting extradition)
12. Adel Abdel Bary (held in the UK, fighting extradition)
13. Fazul Abdullah Mohammed (at large)
14. Ahmed Mohamed Hamed Ali (at large)
15. Mohamed Sadeek Odeh (serving life without parole)
16. Mohamed Rashed Daoud al-'Owhali (serving life without parole)
17. Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil (held at Guantanamo Bay detention camp)
18. Khalfan Khamis Mohamed (serving life without parole)
19. Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani (held at Guantanamo Bay detention camp)
20. Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam (at large)
21. Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan (at large)

Hamden Khalif Allah Awad appears in the indictment under his alias Ahmed the German. This person detonated the bomb in Tanzania and was killed in the process. Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: ‎; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ... Mohammed Atef (also transliterated as Muhammad Atef, Muhammed Atef, and several other ways) was the alleged military chief of the international terrorist organization al-Qaida. ... Ayman al Zawahiri, born June 19, 1951, is an Egyptian physician. ... Saif al-Adel Saif Al-Adel (or Seif Al Adel) (born April 11, 1960 or 1963) is believed to be a senior member of the Al-Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad. ... Mamdouh Mahmud Salim (Arabic: ‎) is an alleged senior member of al-Qaeda, charged[1] with participating in the 1998 United States embassy bombings, and charged with kidnapping, attempted murder, and various conspiracy and attempt counts for his actions while under arrest. ... Detainees upon arrival at Camp X-Ray, January 2002 Guantánamo Bay detainment camp serves as a joint military prison and interrogation camp under the leadership of Joint Task Force Guantanamo (JTF-GTMO) and has occupied a portion of the United States Navys base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba since... Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah (Arabic: عبدالله أحمد عبدالله; born about 1963) is an Egyptian national wanted by the United States government. ... External link FBI Most Wanted Terrorist Site Categories: People stubs | 1964 births | Al-Qaida | Egyptian people ... Khalid al-Fawwaz is a Saudi dissident who has been living in London, United Kingdom since 1994. ... Wadih el-Hage (born 1960) was an Al-Qaida member accused of conspiring in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. ... Life imprisonment is a term used for a particular kind of sentence of imprisonment. ... Anas al-Liby (Arabic: أنس الليبي) (born March 30, 1964 or May 14, 1964) is a Libyan Al-Qaeda operative, who fled Libya because of Muammar al-Qaddafi, and is wanted for his involvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. ... Ibrahim Hussein Abdel Hadi Eidarous was a main perpertrator of the 1998 United States embassy bombings. ... Adel Mohanned Abdul Almagid Bary was a main perpetrator of the 1998 United States embassy bombings. ... Fazul Abdullah Mohammed Fazul Abdullah Mohammed (Arabic: فازول عبدالله محمد) (born either August 25, 1972; December 25, 1974; or February 25, 1974 -- January 8, 2007) was a suspected member of Al Qaeda and sometimes purported to be the leader of Al Qaedas East Africa cell. ... Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali (born about 1965) is an Egyptian national wanted by the United States government. ... Mohammed Odeh is an al-Qaida terrorist. ... Life imprisonment is a term used for a particular kind of sentence of imprisonment. ... Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-Owhali is an al-Qaida terrorist. ... Life imprisonment is a term used for a particular kind of sentence of imprisonment. ... Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil (b. ... Detainees upon arrival at Camp X-Ray, January 2002 Guantánamo Bay detainment camp serves as a joint military prison and interrogation camp under the leadership of Joint Task Force Guantanamo (JTF-GTMO) and has occupied a portion of the United States Navys base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba since... Khalfan Khamis Mohamed, a Tanzanian national, was indicted on December 16, 1998, in the Southern District Court of New York, for his alleged participation in the August 7, 1998, bombings of the U.S. embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya, and for conspiring to kill U.S... Life imprisonment is a term used for a particular kind of sentence of imprisonment. ... Ahmed Ghailani Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani (Arabic: أحمد خلفان الغيلاني) is a member of the al-Qaeda terrorist organization. ... Detainees upon arrival at Camp X-Ray, January 2002 Guantánamo Bay detainment camp serves as a joint military prison and interrogation camp under the leadership of Joint Task Force Guantanamo (JTF-GTMO) and has occupied a portion of the United States Navys base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba since... Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam (born February 19, 1976 in Mombasa, Kenya) is a Kenyan, who has been indicted in the Southern District of New York for his alleged involvement in the August 7, 1998, bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya. ... Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan (born April 9, 1960 or April 9, 1969, in Mombasa, Kenya) is a fugitive wanted by the United States government. ... Hamden Khalif Allah Awad alias Ahmed the German (actually Egyptian) (Aug. ...

Ahmed Refai Taha, Ali Mohamed, and several unidentified individuals also appear as unindicted co-conspirators in the 1998 indictment. The Egyptian Refai Ahmed Taha (Arabic: ‎) or Ahmed Refai Taha, alias Abu Yasser al-Masri ( أبو ياسر المصري ), was the leader of a terrorist component of al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya[1], having succeeded The Blind Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman in that rôle after the latters arrest in 1993 and imprisonment... Ali Abdul Saoud Mohamed, also known as Ali Mohammed (b. ...

References

1. ^ Introduction. Report of the Accountability Review Boards: Bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on August 7, 1998. U.S. State Department (January 1999). Retrieved on 2005-12-30.
2. ^ Most Wanted. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved on 2005-12-30.
3. ^ Unheeded Warnings - A Special Report: Before Bombings, Omens and Fears. The New York Times (9 January 1999). Retrieved on 2007-01-09.
4. ^ USA v. Usama Bin Laden - Trial Transcript Day 15. Court Reporters Office, Southern District of New York (8 March 2001). Retrieved on 2006-05-04.
5. ^ Tina V. Yazedjian (January 7, 2000). International Terrorism And the Case Of Usama bin Laden. Defense Magazine. Lebanese Army.
6. ^ Funding for Embassy Security:FY 1999 Security Supplemental. U.S. Department of State (August 8, 1999). Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
7. ^ Security Improvements Since the East Africa Bombings. U.S. Department of State (August 8, 1999). Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
8. ^ Copy of indictment USA v. Usama bin Laden et. al., Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies

• Report of the Accountability Review Boards on the Embassy Bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam on August 7, 1998. U.S. Department of State (January 1999). Retrieved on 2006-12-13.

• U.S. Embassy Bombings Trial Archive. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.

2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in leap years). ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... January 7 is the seventh day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Monterey Institute of International Studies (its acronym is MIIS) is a graduate school in Monterey, California, United States, that specializes in programs in international relations, international business, and translation and interpretation. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• The Power of Nightmares
• Anatomy of a Terrorist Attack
• Rewards for Justice - Most Wanted Terrorists
• US State Department website about attacks
• Four embassy bombers get life (CNN)
• Transcripts of Sentencing Phase of Embassy Bombers Trial
• PBS primer on the attacks
• Terrorism and Law Enforcement