2002 Bali bombing
A huge plume of smoke and fire can be seen emerging from downtown Kuta
Location	Bali, Indonesia
Target(s)	Two nightclubs, US Consular office
Date	12 October 2002 23:05 (UTC+8)
Attack Type	Suicide bombing, car bomb, and other bombing
Fatalities	202
Injuries	209
Perpetrator(s)	Jemaah Islamiyah members

The 2002 Bali bombing occurred on October 12, 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack was the deadliest act of terrorism in the history of Indonesia, killing 202 people, 164 of whom were foreign nationals (including 88 Australians), and 38 Indonesian citizens. A further 209 were injured. Image File history File links 2002_Bali_Bombing. ... Kuta Beach Kuta Beach Kuta Beach Street Kuta is a town in southern Bali, Indonesia. ... This is the current Indonesian Collaboration of the week. ... October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... ... A suicide attack is an attack in which the attacker (attacker being either an individual or a group) intends to kill others and intends to die in the process of doing so (see suicide). ... Car bomb in Iraq, made from a number of concealed artillery shells in the back of a pickup truck. ... The Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) bomb, also known as Mother Of All Bombs, produced in the United States. ... Jemaah Islamiyah, sometimes rendered Jemaah Islamiah, is a militant Islamic terrorist organization dedicated to the establishment of a fundamentalist Islamic theocracy in Southeast Asia, in particular Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, and the south of Thailand and the Philippines. ... October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Motto: Three Principles of the People (三民主義 San-min Chu-i) Anthem: National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei (de facto)  Nanking (de jure)1  Largest city Taipei Official languages Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  - President Chen Shui-bian  - Vice President Annette Lu  - Premier Su Tseng-chang... October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Kuta Beach Kuta Beach Kuta Beach Street Kuta is a town in southern Bali, Indonesia. ... This is the current Indonesian Collaboration of the week. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... The nation-state known in modern times as Indonesia encompasses an archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited) stretching along the Equator. ...

The attack involved the detonation of three bombs: a backpack-mounted device carried by a suicide bomber; a large car bomb, both of which were detonated in or near popular nightclubs in Kuta; and a third much smaller device detonated outside the United States consulate in Denpasar, causing only minor damage. A suicide attack is an attack in which the attacker (attacker being either an individual or a group) intends to kill others and intends to die in the process of doing so (see suicide). ... Car bomb in Iraq, made from a number of concealed artillery shells in the back of a pickup truck. ... Gajah Mada Str. ...

Various members of Jemaah Islamiyah, a violent Islamist group, were convicted in relation to the bombings, including three individuals who were sentenced to death. Abu Bakar Bashir, the alleged spiritual leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, was found guilty of conspiracy, and sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment.^[1] Riduan Isamuddin, generally known as Hambali and the suspected former operational leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, is in U.S. custody in an undisclosed location, and has not been charged in relation to the bombing or any other crime.^[2] Jemaah Islamiyah, sometimes rendered Jemaah Islamiah, is a militant Islamic terrorist organization dedicated to the establishment of a fundamentalist Islamic theocracy in Southeast Asia, in particular Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, and the south of Thailand and the Philippines. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... Abu Bakar Bashir Abu Bakar Bashir (also Abubakar Baasyir, Abdus Somad, and Ustad Abu (Teacher Abu) (born August 17, 1938) is an Indonesian Muslim cleric and leader of the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council (MMI). ... Riduan Isamuddin (also transliterated as Riduan Isamudin, Riduan Isomuddin, and Riduan Isomudin, better known by the nom de guerre Hambali, born as Encep Nurjaman, born April 4, 1966) is an Indonesian Islamist militant. ...

The attack

At 23:05 (15:05 UTC) on 12 October 2002, a suicide bomber inside the nightclub Paddy's Bar detonated a bomb in his backpack, causing many patrons, with or without injuries, to immediately flee into the street. Fifteen seconds later, a second and much more powerful car bomb hidden inside a white Mitsubishi van, was detonated by another suicide bomber outside the Sari Club, located opposite Paddy's Bar. The van was also rigged for detonation by remote control incase the second bomber had a sudden change of heart. Damage to the densely populated residential and commercial district was immense, destroying neighbouring buildings and shattering windows several blocks away. The car bomb explosion left a one meter deep crater ^[3]. October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Car bomb in Iraq, made from a number of concealed artillery shells in the back of a pickup truck. ... Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ) is the fourth largest auto-manufacturer in Japan, and in 2006 was ranked 782nd on Forbes list of the 2000 largest public companies. ...

The local Sanglah hospital was ill-equipped to deal with the scale of the disaster and was overwhelmed with the number of injured, particularly burn victims. Many of the injured were flown to the relatively close proximity of Darwin and Perth for specialist burns treatment. This article describes a type of injury. ... Central Darwin, circa 1986 Darwin is the capital of the Northern Territory, and is a city of 109,419 people (2001 census) on Australias far north-western coastline. ... City of Perth is situated on Swan River This article is about the urban area of Perth, Western Australia. ...

National flags at Kuta explosion site (October 17, 2002)

A comparatively small bomb detonated outside the U.S. consulate in Denpasar, which is thought to have exploded shortly before the two Kuta bombs, caused minor injuries to one person and property damage was minimal. It was reportedly packed with human excrement^[4]. National flags at explosion site in Kuta, Bali, Indonesia, October 17, 2002. ... National flags at explosion site in Kuta, Bali, Indonesia, October 17, 2002. ... Gajah Mada Str. ...

The final death toll was 202, mainly comprising Western tourists and holiday-makers in their 20s and 30s who were in or near Paddy's Bar or the Sari Club, but also including many Balinese Indonesians working or living nearby, or simply passing by. Hundreds more people suffered horrific burns and other injuries. The largest group among those killed were holidayers from Australia with 88 fatalities.

There were many acts of individual heroism. Kossy Halemai, a hotel manager, was singled out for praise with the award of Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) in 2005. Kusitino Kossy Halemai was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2005 for aid given to victims of the 2002 Bali bombing. ... Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia, wearing on her left shoulder the Order of Australias Sovereign Badge. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Three bodies were never identified and were cremated at Bali in September 2003. 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The car bomb was initially thought to have consisted of C4, a military grade plastic explosive which is difficult to obtain. However, on 21 October investigators at the scene disclosed that the main portion of the bomb consisted of ammonium nitrate, a fertilizer agent readily available in Indonesia. C4 or Composition C4 is a common variety of military plastic explosive. ... Plastic explosive (or plastique) is a specialised form of explosive material. ... October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (British English fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ...

Suspects

The organisation immediately suspected of responsibility for the bombing was Jemaah Islamiyah, an Islamist group allegedly led by radical cleric Abu Bakar Bashir^{[citation needed]} that has been linked in many news reports to the al-Qaeda network.^{[citation needed]} The Indonesian chief of police, General Da'i Bachtiar said that the bombing was the "worst act of terror in Indonesia's history". Other Indonesian ministers stated their belief that the blasts were related to al-Qaeda. It is now known that al-Qaeda number 2 Ayman al-Zawahiri contacted Jemaah Islamiyah in 2002 asking them to attack a 'soft target' in Indonesia. Abu Bakar Bashir, though officially wanted in Singapore and Malaysia, held a news conference on 12 October to deny any involvement. In a number of statements he denied that the bombing had been perpetrated by Indonesians, and blamed the United States for exploding the bomb, claiming that it wasn't possible for Indonesians to construct such a sophisticated device. Jemaah Islamiyah, sometimes rendered Jemaah Islamiah, is a militant Islamic terrorist organization dedicated to the establishment of a fundamentalist Islamic theocracy in Southeast Asia, in particular Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, and the south of Thailand and the Philippines. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... Abu Bakar Bashir Abu Bakar Bashir (also Abubakar Baasyir, Abdus Somad, and Ustad Abu (Teacher Abu) (born August 17, 1938) is an Indonesian Muslim cleric and leader of the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council (MMI). ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Dai Bachtiar and the military. ... October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ...

Aris Munandar (aka Sheik Aris) is a Jemaah Islamiyah associate linked to Bashir. He is believed to have assisted the Bali bomber Amrozi in acquiring some of the explosives used in the Bali bombings. Philippine intelligence considers Munandar to be associated with Mohammad Abdullah Sughayer, a Saudi national suspected of financing the al-Qaeda affiliated Abu Sayyaf Group in southern Philippines. Munandar is still at large. Amrozi bin Nurhasyim (born July 5, 1962), native of East Java, also known simply as Amrozi, is an Indonesian who was convicted for his part in the 2002 Bali terrorist bombing. ... The Abu Sayyaf Group (Arabic: جماعة أبو سياف; Abū Sayyāf; ASG), also known as al-Harakat al-Islamiyya is one of several militant Islamist separatist groups based in and around the southern islands of the Philippines, in Bangsamoro (Jolo, Basilan, and Mindanao) where for almost 30 years various groups have been engaged...

Indonesian authorities also believe more suspects remain at large. In 2005, Indonesian police arrested 24 additional people suspected of involvement in the Bali attacks and a 2003 bombing of the Marriott Hotel in Jakarta. Some were believed to have been making preparations to leave for the Philippines. Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta), formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta and Batavia is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ...

An October 12, 2005 story in Australian broadcaster SBS's documentary series Dateline, called "Inside Indonesia's War on Terrorism", argued that the Indonesian military or police may have been involved in executing the attack. ^[5] The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) is one of two government funded Australian public broadcasting radio and television networks, the other being the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Dateline (Australian TV series). ... Indonesias armed forces (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, abbreviated as TNI, formerly Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, abbreviated as ABRI) total about 1,602,000 members, including the Army (TNI-AD), Navy(including marines), and Air Force. ...

Legal proceedings

Sari Club

Download high resolution version (1500x1131, 434 KB)This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Download high resolution version (1500x1131, 434 KB)This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ...

Initial charges and trials

In April 2003 Indonesian authorities charged Abu Bakar Bashir (also rendered "Ba'asyir") with treason. It was alleged that he tried to overthrow the government and set up an Islamic state. The specific charges against Bashir related to a series of church bombings on Christmas Eve in 2000, and to a plot to bomb United States and other Western interests in Singapore. He was initially not charged over the Bali attack, although he was frequently accused of being the instigator or inspirer of the attack. On 2 September Bashir was acquitted of treason but convicted of lesser charges and sentenced to a prison term of four years. He said he would appeal. On October 15, 2004, he was arrested by the Indonesian authorities and charged with involvement in another bomb attack, which killed 14 people at the J. W. Marriott hotel in Jakarta on August 5, 2003. Secondary charges in this indictment accused him of involvement in the Bali bombing, the first time he faced charges in relation to this attack. On March 3, 2005, Bashir was found not guilty of the charges surrounding the 2003 bombing, but guilty of conspiracy over the 2002 attacks in Bali. He was sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment. The Australian, US, and many governments expressed its disappointment that the sentence was too short; in the outcome, Bashir was freed 14 June 2006 having served less than 26 months for his conspiracy^[6] 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Abu Bakar Bashir Abu Bakar Bashir (also Abubakar Baasyir, Abdus Somad, and Ustad Abu (Teacher Abu) (born August 17, 1938) is an Indonesian Muslim cleric and leader of the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council (MMI). ... Traitor redirects here. ... Location of the bombings On December 24, 2000 a series of explosion took place in Indonesia, which were part of a high-scale terrorist attack by the Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah terrorist networks. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta), formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta and Batavia is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ... August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 30 April 2003, the first charges related to the Bali bombings were made against Amrozi bin Haji Nurhasyim, known as Amrozi, for allegedly buying the explosives and the van used in the bombings. On 8 August he was found guilty and sentenced to death. Another participant in the bombing, Imam Samudra, was sentenced to death on 10 September. Amrozi's brother, Ali Imron, who had expressed remorse for his part in the bombing, was sentenced to life imprisonment on 18 September. A fourth accused, Mukhlas, was sentenced to death on 1 October. All those convicted have said they will appeal, and none of the death sentences have yet been carried out. The Australian, US, and many other foreign governments expressed satisfaction with the speed and efficiency with which the Indonesian police and courts dealt with the bombing's primary suspects, despite what they characterized as light sentences. All Australian jurisdictions abolished the death penalty more than 30 years ago, but a poll showed that 55% of Australians approved of the death sentences in the Bali cases. The Australian government said it would not ask Indonesia to refrain from using the death penalty. April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Amrozi bin Nurhasyim (born July 5, 1962), native of East Java, also known simply as Amrozi, is an Indonesian who was convicted for his part in the 2002 Bali terrorist bombing. ... August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... Abdul Aziz aka Imam Samudra aka Qudama (born January 14, 1970 in Serang-Banten, Indonesia) is an Indonesian terrorist who was convicted for his part in the 2002 Bali bombing. ... September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ...

Hambali, head of Jemaah Islamiyah and leading suspect of Mariott Hotel bombing in Jakarta, is also considered a suspect in the Bali bombing.

On 15 August Riduan Isamuddin, generally known as Hambali, described as the operational chief of Jemaah Islamiyah and as al-Qaeda's point man in Southeast Asia, was arrested in Ayutthaya, the old capital one hour's drive north of Bangkok. He is in American custody in an undisclosed location, and has not been charged in relation to the Bali bombing or any other crime. It was reported that the United States is reluctant to hand Hambali over to Indonesian authorities in light of the lenient sentence given to Abu Bakar Bashir. Hambali, rare picture of a historical figure, unsure if there was ever a copyright on this figure The copyright status of this work is difficult or impossible to determine. ... August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ... Riduan Isamuddin (also transliterated as Riduan Isamudin, Riduan Isomuddin, and Riduan Isomudin, better known by the nom de guerre Hambali, born as Encep Nurjaman, born April 4, 1966) is an Indonesian Islamist militant. ... Jemaah Islamiyah, sometimes rendered Jemaah Islamiah, is a militant Islamic terrorist organization dedicated to the establishment of a fundamentalist Islamic theocracy in Southeast Asia, in particular Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, and the south of Thailand and the Philippines. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Point man is a U.S. English term used especially in American politics (e. ... The Bangkok Skytrain at sunset on Thanon Narathiwat Ratcha Nakharin with the Empire Tower in the background. ...

Constitutional appeals

On July 23, 2004, one of the convicted bombers, Maskur Abdul Kadir, successfully appealed his conviction. He had been tried under retrospective laws which were introduced after the bombing and which were employed to aid the prosecution of those involved in the attack. These laws were used by the prosecution instead of existing criminal laws as they allowed the death penalty to be imposed and lowered certain evidentiary restrictions.

The highest court in Indonesia, the Constitutional Court, found by a margin of five to four that trying the terrorist suspects under these retrospective laws violated Article 28I(1) of the constitution [2]. The minority judges argued that international human rights documents such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights allowed an exception to not applying retrospective legislation in the prosecution of crimes against humanity. The majority found that this argument was inconsistent with the text of Article 28I(1) which states that the rights listed there "cannot be limited under any circumstances."

Following this decision, charges related to the bombings against Idris, who had confessed to participating in the attacks to the police and court, were dismissed.

Both the chief of the Constitutional Court, in extra-judicial comments, and the Justice Minister, Yusril Ihza Mahendra, stated that the decision has no effect on the status of the thirty-two other convictions reached before the Constitutional Court's ruling. The legal status of Kadir, Idris and others who might have their convictions quashed following the ruling on the retrospective law is unclear. Yusril Ihza Mahendra (born Belitung, South Sumatra; February 5, 1956) is an Indonesian politician. ...

The decision by the Constitutional Court has been seen as an important demonstration of its independence from the government. It is a relatively new body, created after the fall of Soeharto, and this decision was one of the first to overrule the constitutionality of the government's application of a law.

Notes

2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ...

References

Australian Federal Police http://afp.gov.au/international/operations/previous_operations/bali_bombings_2002

See also

• List of terrorist incidents
• 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing
• 2004 Jakarta embassy bombing
• 2005 Bali bombings

This does not cite its references or sources. ... The 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing occurred on 5 August 2003 in Jakarta, Indonesia. ... The bomb left a crater in the road three metres deep The Jakarta embassy bombing took place on September 9, 2004 in Jakarta, Indonesia. ... Wikinews has news related to: Fatal explosions hit Bali The 2005 Bali bombings were a series of explosions that occurred on October 1, 2005, in Bali, Indonesia. ...

External links

• Remember Bali: a memorial website
• Australian Broadcasting Corp. Online
  • News on the Bali bombing
  • Current affairs program Four Corners: "The Bali Confessions" (February 10, 2003)
• Photographs and writings pertaining to the Bali tragedy
• Emptybottle.org: A weblogger writes (and friends and family gather online) as his friend is caught in the bombing, is hospitalized, and later dies from his wounds.
• Asian Law Centre: Melbourne University legal analysis of the Constitutional Court's decision (July 27, 2004)
• [1] Bali’s message of dialogue- includes the Bali Declaration on Building Interfaith Harmony July 2005