NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 2004 Madrid train bombings

The 2004 Madrid train bombings (also known in Spanish as 11-M) consisted of a series of coordinated bombings against the Cercanías (commuter train) system of Madrid, Spain on the morning of 11 March 2004 (three days before Spain's general elections), killing 191 people and wounding 2,050.^[1] The official investigation by the Spanish Judiciary determined the attacks were directed by an al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist cell^[2]^[3]^[4] although no direct al-Qaeda participation has been established.^[5]^[6]^[7] Spanish nationals who sold the explosives to the terrorists were also arrested.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23] Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Makeshift shrine for the victims of the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks inside Atocha station in Madrid. ... This article is about the Spanish capital. ... CercanÃas Madrid is the commuter rail service who serves Madrid, the capital of Spain, and its metropolitan area. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... ... A backpack A backpack is, in its simplest form, a cloth sack carried on ones back and secured with two straps that go over the shoulders (called shoulder straps) and below the armpits. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 481 pixelsFull resolution (1560 Ã— 937 pixel, file size: 204 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) North faÃ§ade of the Atocha railway station (Madrid, Spain, built between 1888 and 1892). ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 481 pixelsFull resolution (1560 Ã— 937 pixel, file size: 204 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) North faÃ§ade of the Atocha railway station (Madrid, Spain, built between 1888 and 1892). ... Interior plaza in old Atocha station Exterior of old Atocha station For other uses, see Atocha (disambiguation). ... CercanÃas are commuter train networks that cover major metropolitan areas in Spain. ... A Connex commuter train stands by the platform in Melbourne, Australia Regional rail systems, or commuter rail systems, usually provide a rail service through a central business district area into suburbs or other locations that draw large numbers of people on a daily basis. ... This article is about the Spanish capital. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Audiencia Nacional de EspaÃ±a (National Court of Spain), is a high court in Spain. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ...

The authorship of the bombings remains controversial to some groups in Spain due to its occurrence three days before general elections and the subsequent defeat of the incumbent Partido Popular (PP), which had been leading in opinion polls. Spain's two main political parties (PSOE and PP), accused each other of concealing or distorting evidence for electoral reasons. Immediately after the bombing PP figures claimed evidence indicated the Basque ETA was responsible for the bombings, an outcome that is generally thought would have strengthened the PP's chances of being re-elected,^[24]^[25] while Islamist responsibility would have had the opposite effect, as it would been perceived a result of Spain's involvement in Iraq, which was already extremely unpopular with Spaniards.^[26] Legislative elections were held in Spain on March 14, 2004. ... From the left: Mariano Rajoy, Josep Piqué and José María Aznar during the proclamation act of Josep Piqué in September 2003 The Peoples Party (Spanish: Partido Popular) is a large liberal-conservative political party in Spain. ... The Spanish Socialist Workers Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español or PSOE) is one of the main parties of Spain. ... For other uses, see ETA (disambiguation). ...

A controversy appeared regarding the handling and representation of the bombings by the government of José María Aznar and alleged unresolved issues around the bombings. Atocha Station The 2004 Madrid train bombings (also known in Spanish as 11-M) consisted of a series of coordinated bombings against the CercanÃas (commuter train) system of Madrid, Spain on the morning of 11 March 2004 (three days before Spains general elections), killing 191 people and wounding...

After 21 months of investigation, judge Juan del Olmo ruled Moroccan national Jamal Zougam guilty of physically carrying out the attack,^[27] ruling out any ETA intervention. Nation-wide demonstrations and protests followed the attacks.^[28] Many analysts coincide on the view that the Aznar administration lost the general elections as a result of the handling and representation of the terrorist attacks, rather than the bombings per se.^[29]^[30]^[31] Juan del Olmo is a Spanish judge in the 2004 Madrid train bombings case[1]. ^ Christian Science Monitor. ... Born in 1973, Jamal Zougam was one of six men implicated in the Madrid Train Bombings Category: ...

Description of the bombings

During the peak of Madrid rush hour on the morning of Thursday, 11 March 2004, ten explosions^[32] occurred aboard four commuter trains (cercanías). All the affected trains were traveling on the same line and in the same direction between Alcalá de Henares and the Atocha station in Madrid. It was later reported that thirteen improvised explosive devices (IEDs) had been placed on the trains. Bomb-disposal teams arriving at the scenes of the explosions detonated two of the remaining three IEDs in controlled explosions, but the third was not found until later in the evening, having been stored inadvertently with luggage taken from one of the trains. The following time-line of events comes from the judicial investigation.^[33] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2274x1608, 695 KB) Plaque set up by the Madrid townhall in memory of the casualties in the 11-M terror attack in Madrid (Spain) Author: Miguel A. Monjas Date: 6/10, 2005 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2274x1608, 695 KB) Plaque set up by the Madrid townhall in memory of the casualties in the 11-M terror attack in Madrid (Spain) Author: Miguel A. Monjas Date: 6/10, 2005 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia... For other uses, see Rush hour (disambiguation). ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Connex commuter train stands by the platform in Melbourne, Australia Regional rail systems, or commuter rail systems, usually provide a rail service through a central business district area into suburbs or other locations that draw large numbers of people on a daily basis. ... Location Location of AlcalÃ¡ Coordinates : 40Âº28â€™N , 3Âº22â€™W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name AlcalÃ¡ de Henares (Spanish) Spanish name AlcalÃ¡ de Henares Founded Preromanian Postal code 28. ... Interior plaza in old Atocha station Exterior of old Atocha station For other uses, see Atocha (disambiguation). ... Munitions rigged for an IED discovered by Iraqi police in Baghdad, November 2005. ...

All four trains had departed the Alcalá de Henares station between 07:01 and 07:14. The explosions took place between 07:37 and 07:40 in the morning, as described below (all timings given are in local time UTC/GMT+1):

At 08:00, emergency relief workers began arriving at the scenes of the bombings. The police reported numerous victims and spoke of 50 wounded and several dead. By 08:30 the emergency ambulance service, SAMUR (Servicio de Asistencia Municipal de Urgencia y Rescate), had set up a field hospital at the Daoiz y Velarde sports facility. Bystanders and local residents helped relief workers, as hospitals were told to expect the arrival of many casualties. At 08:43, fire fighters reported 15 dead at El Pozo. By 09:00, the police had confirmed the death of at least 30 people —20 at El Pozo and about 10 in Santa Eugenia and Atocha.

The total number of victims are 191. There are victims from 17 countries: 142 Spanish, 16 Romanians, 6 Ecuadorian, 4 Poles, 4 Bulgarians, 3 Peruvians, 2 Dominicans, 2 Colombians, 2 Moroccans, 2 Ukranians, 2 Hondurans, 1 Senegalese, 1 Cuban, 1 Chilean, 1 Brazilian, 1 French, and 1 Filipino. The total number of victims was higher than in any other terrorist attack in Spain, far surpassing the 21 killed and 40 wounded from a 1987 bombing at a Hipercor chain supermarket in Barcelona. On that occasion, responsibility was claimed by the Basque armed militant group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ("Basque Fatherland and Liberty"), or ETA. It was also the worst incident of this kind in Europe since the Lockerbie bombing in 1988. Anthem Ð©Ðµ Ð½Ðµ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑ€Ð»Ð° Ð£ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ—Ð½Ð¸ Ð½Ñ– ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð°, Ð½Ñ– Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ(Ukrainian) Shche ne vmerla Ukrayiny ni slava, ni volya(transliteration) Ukraines glory has not yet perished, nor her freedom Ukraine() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Kiev (Kyiv) Official languages Ukrainian Demonym Ukrainian Government Semi-presidential system - President Viktor Yushchenko - Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych Independence from... Hipercor is a chain of supermarkets and hypermarkets in Spain, belonging to the same group as El Corte Inglés Categories: Stub ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001â€“08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... Political Spain in 1854, after the first Carlist War The Arrano beltza (black eagle) flag is waved by radical Basque nationalists, mainly supporters of ETA and HB, along the IkurriÃ±a and the Navarrese flag as a claim of unity of the Basque lands. ... For other meanings of ETA, see Eta. ... PA 103 redirects here. ...

Further bombings spur investigation

Another bombing, this time on the track of a high-speed train (AVE), was attempted on 2 April but was unsuccessful.^[34] Shortly after, police identified an apartment in Leganés, south of Madrid, as the base of operations for the individuals suspected of being the material authors of the Madrid and AVE attacks. The suspected militants, headed by Jamal Zougam, Serhane Abdelmaji "the Tunisian" and Jamal Ahmidan "the Chinese", were trapped inside the apartment by a police raid on the evening of Saturday 3 April. At 9:03 pm, when the police started to assault the premises, the militants committed suicide by setting off explosives, killing themselves and one of the police officers.^[35] Investigators subsequently found that the explosives used in the Leganés explosion were of the same type as those used in the 11 March attacks (though it had not been possible to identify a brand of dynamite from samples taken from the trains) and in the thwarted bombing of the AVE line.^[36] For other uses, see AVE (disambiguation). ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... LeganÃ©s streets LeganÃ©s is a town in central Spain. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Based on the assumption that the militants killed at Leganés were, indeed, the individuals responsible for the train bombings, the ensuing investigation focused on how they obtained their estimated 200 kg of explosives. The investigation revealed that they had been bought from a retired miner who still had access to blasting equipment.^[37]

Five to eight suspects believed to be involved in the 11 March attacks managed to escape.^[38] ABC reported in December, 2006 that the ETA reminded Spanish Prime Minister Zapatero about the March 11 2004 as an example of what could happen unless the Government considered their petitions (in reference to the 2004 electoral swing), although the source also makes it clear that ETA 'had nothing to do' with the attack itself.^[39] is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ABC is a Spanish national daily newspaper founded in Madrid on January 1, 1903, by Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena. ... For other uses, see ETA (disambiguation). ... (IPA: ) (born 4 August 1960), better known under his second surname Zapatero, is the Prime Minister of Spain. ...

Aftermath

In France, the Vigipirate plan was upgraded to orange level.^[40] In Italy, the Government declared a state of high alert.^[41] 12 March: An estimated 1. ... A policeman from the border police and two soldiers from the Air Force, carrying FAMAS rifles, inspect Lyon Saint-ExupÃ©ry airport. ...

In December 2004 José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero claimed that the PP government wiped off all of the computer files related with the Madrid bombings, leaving only the documents on paper.^[42] (IPA: ) (born 4 August 1960), better known under his second surname Zapatero, is the Prime Minister of Spain. ...

On 25 March 2005, prosecutor Olga Sánchez asserted that the bombings happened 911 days after 9/11 due to the "highly symbolic and qabbalistic charge for local al-Qaida groups"^[43] of choosing that day. However, 912 days had in fact passed between September 11th, 2001, and March 11th, 2004. The date that commonly refers to the attacks on United States citizens on September 11, 2001 (see the September 11, 2001 Attacks). ... This article is about traditional Jewish Kabbalah. ...

On 4 January 2007 El País reported that Algerian Daoud Ouhnane, who is considered to be the mastermind of the 11-M bombings, has been searching for ways to return to Spain to prepare further attacks,^[44] though this has not been confirmed. El PaÃs (Spanish for The Country) is the most widely-circulated daily newspaper in Spain. ...

Responsibility

According to the Spanish judiciary, a loose group of Moroccan, Syrian, and Algerian Muslims inspired by al-Qaeda, and two Guardia Civil and Spanish police informants,^[45]^[46]^[47] are suspected of having carried out the attacks. As of 11 April 2006, Judge Juan del Olmo charged 29 suspects for their involvement in the train bombings.^[48] Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... RÃo NerviÃ³n patrol boat, in Bilbao. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Juan del Olmo is a Spanish judge in the 2004 Madrid train bombings case[1]. ^ Christian Science Monitor. ...

No evidence has been found of al-Qaeda involvement,^[49] although an al-Qaeda claim was made the day of the attacks by the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades. However, U.S. officials note that this group is "notoriously unreliable".^[50] On August 2007, al-Qaida claimed to be "proud" about the Madrid 2004 bombings.^[51] Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades is a group which claims to be associated with the Islamic fundamentalist organisation al-Qaida. ...

According to The Independent, "Those who invented the new kind of rucksack bomb used in the attacks are said to have been taught in training camps in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, under instruction from members of Morocco's radical Islamist Combat Group."^[52] For other uses, see The Independent (disambiguation). ... For the city in Kyrgyzstan, see Jalal-Abad. ...

According to the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT), the attack was carried out by individuals associated with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group.^[53] The National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) is a non-profit organization founded in response to the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. ... The Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (Groupe Islamique Combattant Marocain, or GICM) is an extremist Islamic fundamentalist group operating in North Africa and suspected of having links with al-Qaida. ...

According to Mohamed Darif, a professor of political science at Hassan II University in Mohammedia, the history of the Moroccan Combat Group is directly tied to the rise of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. According to Darif, "Since its inception at the end of the 1990s and until 2001, the role of the organisation was restricted to giving logistic support to al-Qaeda in Morocco, finding its members places to live, providing them with false papers, with the opportunity of marrying Moroccans and with false identities to allow them to travel to Europe. Since 11 September, however, which brought the Kingdom of Morocco in on the side of the fight against terrorism, the organisation switched strategies and opted for terrorist attacks within Morocco itself."^[54] The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ... This is a list of universities in Morocco Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane University of Al Karaouine, Fes Mohammed V University, Rabat Mohammed V University at Agdal, Rabat Mohammed V University at Souissi, Rabat Hassan II Ain Chok University , Casablanca Hassan II Mohammedia University , Mohammedia Sidi Mohamed Benabdellah University , Fez Mohamed... Mohammedia (also called Fedhala) (in Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ÙŠØ©) is a port city located 15 miles northeast of Casablanca in western Morocco. ...

According to the European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center, this is the only Islamist terrorist act in the history of Europe where international Islamists collaborated with non-Muslims.^[55]

Allegations against the ETA

Immediate reactions to the attacks in Spanish media assumed ETA involvement, and government officials were ready to confirm such suspicions. Because the bombs were 3 days before the general elections in Spain, the situation had many political interpretations. The massacre took place exactly two and a half years after the September 11 terrorist attack on America in 2001. (Others suggest, however, that terrorists wishing to emphasize a connection with 9/11 would not rely on such an oblique connection as its "2 1/2 year anniversary.")^{[citation needed]} Legislative elections were held in Spain on March 14, 2004. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Official statements issued shortly after the Madrid attacks identified ETA as the prime suspect, but the group, which usually claims responsibility for its actions, denied any wrongdoing.^[56] Later evidence strongly pointed to the involvement of extremist Islamist groups, with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group named as a focus of investigations.^[57] Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... The Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (Groupe Islamique Combattant Marocain, or GICM) is an extremist Islamic fundamentalist group operating in North Africa and suspected of having links with al-Qaida. ...

Although ETA has a history of mounting bomb attacks in Madrid,^[58] the 11 March attacks were on a scale far exceeding anything previously attempted by any European terrorist organisation. This led some experts to point out that the tactics used were more typical of Islamic militant extremist groups, perhaps with a certain link to al-Qaeda, or maybe to a new generation of ETA activists using al-Qaeda as a role model. Observers also noted that ETA customarily issues warnings before its mass bombings and that there had been no warning for this attack. Europol director Jürgen Storbeck commented that the bombings "could have been Eta ... But we're dealing with an attack that doesn't correspond to the modus operandi they have adopted up to now".^[59] is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Europol (the name is a contraction of European Police Office) is the European Unions criminal intelligence agency. ... Modus operandi (often used in the abbreviated form MO) is a Latin phrase, approximately translated as mode of operation. ...

Political analysts^[60]^[61] believe ETA's guilt would have strengthened the PP's chances of being re-elected, as this would have been perceived as the death throes of a terrorist organisation reduced to desperate measures by the strong anti-terrorist policy of the Aznar administration. On the other hand, an Islamist attack would have been perceived as the direct result of Spain's involvement in Iraq, an unpopular war^[62] that had not been approved by the Spanish Parliament. (born in Madrid on February 25, 1953) is a Spanish politician who served as Spanish prime minister from 1996 to 2004. ...

Investigation

All of the devices are thought to have been hidden inside backpacks. The police investigated reports of three people in ski masks getting on and off the trains several times at Alcalá de Henares between 7:00 and 7:10. A Renault Kangoo van was found parked outside the station at Alcalá de Henares containing detonators, audio tapes with Qur'anic verses, and cell phones.^[63] A backpack A backpack is, in its simplest form, a cloth sack carried on ones back and secured with two straps that go over the shoulders (called shoulder straps) and below the armpits. ... This article is about the headgear known as a balaclava, for information about the town in the Crimea see: Balaklava. ... Location Location of AlcalÃ¡ Coordinates : 40Âº28â€™N , 3Âº22â€™W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name AlcalÃ¡ de Henares (Spanish) Spanish name AlcalÃ¡ de Henares Founded Preromanian Postal code 28. ... The Renault Kangoo and Kangoo Express is a van and leisure activity vehicle produced by Renault since 1997. ... A detonator is a device used to trigger bombs, shaped charges and other forms of explosive material and explosive devices. ... The Qurâ€™Än [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... Several examples of non-folding mobile phones. ...

The provincial chief of TEDAX (the bomb disposal experts of the Spanish police) declared on 12 July 2004 that damage in the trains could not be caused by dynamite, but by some type of military explosive, like C3 or C4.^[64] An unnamed source from the Aznar administration claimed that the explosive used in the attacks had been Titadine (used by ETA, and intercepted on its way to Madrid 11 days before).^[65] Despite some confusion, this was soon found to be untrue [19]. The Longest Walk: a British Army ATO approaches a suspect device in Northern Ireland. ... is the 193rd day of the year (194th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A C-4 plastic explosive. ... Preparing C-4 explosive C-4 or Composition C-4 is a common variety of military plastic explosive. ... Titadyn 30 AG (often referred to as Titadine) is a type of compressed dynamite used in mining and manufactured in southern France by Titanite S.A. The explosive comes in the form of salmon-coloured tubes of a range of diameters, from 50 to 120mm. ...

Examination of unexploded devices

A radio report mentioned a plastic explosive called "Special C". However, the government said that the explosive found in an unexploded device, discovered among bags thought to be victims' lost luggage, was the Spanish made Goma-2 ECO. The unexploded device contained 10 kg (22 lb) of explosive with 1 kg (2 lb) of nails and screws packed around it as shrapnel.^[66] Goma-2 ECO was never before used by al-Qaida, but the explosive and the modus operandi were described by The Independent as ETA trademarks, although the Daily Telegraph came to the opposite conclusion.^[67] The trial revealed that the explosive had been stolen from a Spanish mine in Asturias and was later sold to the terrorists. It has been suggested that Fragmentation (weaponry) be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see ETA (disambiguation). ...

Two bombs—one in Atocha and another one in El Pozo stations, numbers 11 and 12—were detonated accidentally by the TEDAX. According to the provincial chief of the TEDAX, deactivated rucksacks contained some other type of explosive. The 13th bomb, which was transferred to a police station, contained dynamite, although it did not explode because it was missing two wires connecting the explosives to the detonator. That bomb used a mobile phone (Mitsubishi Trium) as a timer, requiring a SIM card to activate the alarm and thereby detonate.^[68] The analysis of the SIM card allowed the police to arrest an alleged perpetrator. On Saturday, 13 March, when three Moroccans and two Hindu Indians^[69]^[70] were arrested for the attacks, it was confirmed that the attacks came from an Islamic group.^[71] Only one of the five persons (the Moroccan Jamal Zougam) detained that day was finally prosecuted.^[72] Interior plaza in old Atocha station Exterior of old Atocha station For other uses, see Atocha (disambiguation). ... El Pozo is a small town located about 20 minutes northeast of CuliacÃ n, Sinaloa, Mexico. ... For information on Mitsubishi brand computer monitors, see NEC-Mitsubishi Electronics Display of America Inc. ... Look up SIM, Sim, sim in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ...

Suicide of suspects

On 3 April 2004, in Leganés, south Madrid, four Arab terrorists died in an apparent suicide explosion, killing one G.E.O. (Spanish special police assault unit) police officer and wounding eleven policemen. According to witnesses and media, between five and eight suspects escaped that day.^[38] See also: April 2, 2004 - April 2004 - April 4, 2004 NASA announces that the Gravity Probe B is ready for launch on April 17. ... LeganÃ©s streets LeganÃ©s is a town in central Spain. ... The Grupo Especial de Operaciones (Special Operations Group, GEO) is part of the Spanish National Police and is stationed in Guadalajara near the capital, Madrid. ...

Security forces carried out a controlled explosion of a suspicious package found near the Atocha station and subsequently deactivated the two undetonated devices on the Téllez train. A third unexploded device was later brought from the station at El Pozo to a police station in Vallecas, and became a central piece of evidence for the investigation. It appears that the El Pozo bomb failed to detonate because a cell-phone alarm used to trigger the bomb was set 12 hours late.^[73]

Conspiracy theories

Sectors of the People's Party (PP), now in opposition, as well as certain media outlets, such as El Mundo newspaper,^[74] continue to support conspiracy theories relating the attack to a vast conspiracy to remove the governing party from power. These theories speculate that the Socialist Party (PSOE), together with ETA and members of the security forces and national and foreign (Morocco) secret services, were involved in the bombings.^[75]. Defenders of the claims that ETA participated in some form in the 11th of March attacks have affirmed that there is circumstantial evidence linking the Islamists with two ETA members who were detained while driving in the outskirts of Madrid a van containing 500 kg of explosives 11 days before the Train bombings^[76] The Peoples Party (Spanish: Partido Popular, PP) is the largest right-wing political party in Spain. ... El Mundo is the second largest newspaper in Spain, with a circulation of 350,297 copies (2003). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see ETA (disambiguation). ...

Trial

Judge Juan del Olmo found "local cells of Islamic extremists inspired through the Internet" guilty for the 11th of March attacks,^[77] not GIA or Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group. These local cells consist of hash traffickers of Moroccan origin, remotely linked to an al-Qaeda cell that had been already captured. These groups bought the explosives (dynamite Goma-2 ECO) from low-level thiefs, police and Guardia Civil confidents in Asturias using money from the small-scale drug trafficking.^[78] Juan del Olmo is a Spanish judge in the 2004 Madrid train bombings case[1]. ^ Christian Science Monitor. ... The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique ArmÃ©; Arabic al-Jamaah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) is a Khawarij terrorist organization that wants to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state. ... The Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (Groupe Islamique Combattant Marocain, or GICM) is an extremist Islamic fundamentalist group operating in North Africa and suspected of having links with al-Qaida. ... Look up hash in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Goma-2 Eco is a type of high explosive manufactured for industrial use (chiefly mining) by UniÃ³n EspaÃ±ola de Explosivos S.A. It is a gelatinous, nitroglycerin-based explosive widely used within Spain and exported abroad. ... RÃo NerviÃ³n patrol boat, in Bilbao. ... Anthem: Asturias, patria querida Capital Oviedo Official language(s) Spanish; Asturian has special status Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 10th 10,604 kmÂ² 2. ...

According to El Mundo, "the notes on the Moroccan confident 'Cartagena' prove that the Police had the leaders of the cell responsible for the 11th of March attacks under surveillance."^[79]

Police surveillance and informants

In the investigations carried out after the bombings to find out what went wrong in the security services, many individual neglicences and miscoordinations between different branches of the police were found. The group dealing with islamist extremist were very small and in spite of having carried out some surveillances, they were unable to stop the bombings. Also some of the criminals involved in the little mafia who provided the explosives were police informants and have leaked to their case officers some hints that were not correctly followed.

Controversies

The authorship of the bombings remains a controversial issue in Spain. Sectors of the Partido Popular (PP) and some of the PP-friendly media outlets (primarily El Mundo and the Catholic Church-owned Cadena COPE radio station), claim that there are inconsistencies and contradictions in the Spanish judicial investigation. Main article: 2004 Madrid train bombings. ... From the left: Mariano Rajoy, Josep Piqué and José María Aznar during the proclamation act of Josep Piqué in September 2003 The Peoples Party (Spanish: Partido Popular) is a large liberal-conservative political party in Spain. ... El Mundo is the second largest newspaper in Spain, with a circulation of 350,297 copies (2003). ... COPE (Cadena de Ondas Populares de EspaÃ±a, roughly translated as Peoples Radiowaves of Spain Network) is a private, commercial, Spanish radio network owned by various organizations within the Spanish Catholic Church. ...

As Spanish and international investigations continue to claim the unlikeliness of ETA's active implication, these claims have shifted from direct accusations involving the Basque terrorist organization [20] to less specific insinuations and general skepticism [21].

Additionally, there is controversy over the events that took place between the bombings and the general elections held three days later.^[96]^[97]

Reactions

In the aftermath of the bombings there were massive street demonstrations across Spain to protest the train bombings.^[98] The international reaction was also notable, as the scale of the attack became clearer. Image:Ac. ...

The Madrid trial

The trial of 29 accused began on 15 February 2007. According to El País, "the Court dismantled one by one all conspiracy theories" and demonstrated that any link or implication of the bombings with ETA was either misleading or without any foundation. During the trial the defendants withdrew their previous declarations and denied any involvement.^[99]^[100]^[101] is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

Though the trial proceeded smoothly in its opening months, 14 of the 29 accused mounted a hunger strike in May, protesting against the alleged "unfair" role of political parties and media in the legal proceedings. Judge Javier Gómez Bermúdez refused to suspend the trial despite the strike, and the hunger strikers ended their fast on 21 May.^[102] A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance in which participants fast as an act of political protest, or to provoke feelings of guilt or to achieve a goal such as a policy change. ... is the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The last audience of the trial was held on 2 July 2007. Transcripts and videos of the audiences are visible on datadiar.tv.^[103] is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

On October 31, 2007, the Audiencia Nacional of Spain delivered its verdicts. Of the 28 defendants in the trial, 21 were found guilty on a range of charges from forgery to murder. Two of the defendants were sentenced each to more than 40,000 years in prison, but Spanish law limits the actual time served to 40 years.^[104] Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The Audiencia Nacional de EspaÃ±a (National Court of Spain), is a high court in Spain. ... Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intention to deceive. ...

See also

Specifically about the 2004 Madrid bombings

12 March: An estimated 1. ... The Atocha Train Station Memorial is a memorial monument located at the Atocha Train Station in Madrid, Spain, that commemorates the 191 victims of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings and the special forces agent who died when seven suicide bombers blew themselves up on 3 April 2004. ... Brandon Mayfield (born 1966) is an attorney at law with a practice in Washington County, Oregon and is best known for being erroneously linked to the 11 March, 2004 Madrid attacks. ... The Forest of the Departed (El Bosque de los Ausentes, in Spanish). ... Main article: 2004 Madrid train bombings. ... Forest of the Departed - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Main articles: JosÃ© Luis RodrÃguez Zapatero and Spanish legislative election, 2004 JosÃ© Luis RodrÃguez Zapatero and the 2004 General Election concern the election victory of JosÃ© Luis RodrÃguez Zapatero in March 2004. ... Image:Ac. ...

Other

The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered non-state terrorism. ... Rescue teams making their way through the rubble The Bologna massacre, also known in Italy as the Strage di Bologna, was a terrorist bombing against the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of 2 August 1980, which killed 85 people and wounded more than 200. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... A wanted poster in Japan. ... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... In 1995, the GIA Islamist militant group staged a series of attacks against the French public, targeting public transportation. ... The USS Cole bombing was a suicide bombing attack against the U.S. Navy guided missile destroyer USS Cole (DDG 67) on October 12, 2000 while it was harbored in the Yemeni port of Aden. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... The date that commonly refers to the attacks on United States citizens on September 11, 2001 (see the September 11, 2001 Attacks). ... The Istanbul bombings were two truck bomb attacks carried out on two days in November 2003. ... Moscow Metro (Russian: ), which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is one of the worlds most heavily used metro systems. ... is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated terrorist bomb blasts that hit Londons public transport system during the morning rush hour. ... Map showing the Western line and blast locations. ... Police in the damaged parking building. ...

Notes

^ El Mundo
^ (Spanish), [1] Spanish Indictment on the investigation of March 11
^ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Database [2] "the length of time between the Madrid bombings and Abu Nayaf al-Afghani’s claim has cast doubt on its authenticity..[]...Other sources attribute the March 11 attacks to the group Abu Dujana Al-Afghani Ansar Al-Qaeda Europe, which appears be an alias for Abu Nayaf al-Afghani. A separate al-Qaeda linked organization, the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade, also declared responsibility for the Madrid attacks, and although it faces similar questions about the validity of its claims, it is generally regarded by authorities as having carried out the attacks"] (see MIPT)
^ The Times, February 15, 2007. Spain furious as US blocks access to Madrid bombing 'chief' The al-Qaeda leader who created, trained and directed the terrorist cell that carried out the Madrid train bombings has been held in a CIA “ghost prison” for more than a year
^ The Independent article:"While the bombers may have been inspired by Bin Laden, a two-year investigation into the attacks has found no evidence that al-Qa'ida helped plan, finance or carry out the bombings, or even knew about them in advance."
^ Madrid Bombing Suspect Denies Guilt, The New York Times, February 15, 2007: The cell was inspired by al-Qaida but had no direct links to it, nor did it receive financing from Osama bin Laden's terrorist organization, Spanish investigators say
^ Al Qaeda, Madrid bombs not linked: Spanish probe, listed at borrull.org
^ iiss.org
^ jamestown.org
^ [3]
^ [4]
^ opendemocracy.net
^ borrull.org
^ guardian.co.uk
^ newyorker.com
^ aljazeera.net
^ fas.org
^ jinsa.org
^ aijac.org.au
^ opendemocracy.net
^ intelligence.org
^ atimes.com
^ rand.org
^ [5] Lago, I. (Universidad Pompeu Fabra) DEL 11-M AL 14-M: LOS MECANISMOS DEL CAMBIO ELECTORAL. Pgs 12-13.
^ [6] Selected bibliography on political analyses of the 11-M aftermath.
^ 92% of the Spanish population expressed its disagreement with the intervention[7])
^ http://www.elmundo.es/papel/2005/12/09/espana/1900192.html
^ Cf. Meso Ayeldi, K. "Teléfonos móviles e Internet, nuevas tecnologías para construir un espacio público contrainformativo: El ejemplo de los flash mob en la tarde del 13M" http://www.ull.es/publicaciones/latina/20041558meso.pdf
^ [8]
^ [9]
^ [10]
^ (Spanish),Sound of the second wave of bombs recorded in a Cellular Phone conversation
^ (Spanish),Judicial Indictment - Downloadable in Spanish
^ The Terror Web (The NewYorker)
^ Suspected Madrid bombing ringleader killed (CNN)
^ The Terror Web (The NewYorker)
^ Madrid bomb cell neutralised (BBC Europe)
^ ^a ^b "Madrid bombing suspects", BBC News, 2005-03-10. Retrieved on 2007-10-31.
^ (Spanish),[11]
^ France raises alert to orange (BBC News)
^ The Terrorist Threat to the Italian Elections (Jamestown)
'^ Aznar 'wiped files on Madrid bombings, The Guardian, Tuesday 14 December 2004 via an article in El País
^ (Spanish),Un factor "cabalístico" en la elección de la fecha de la matanza en los trenes, "El País", 2005 March 10th
^ (Spanish)[12] El argelino huido tras perpetrar el 11-M preparaba nuevos atentados en España El País, 4 January, 2007
^ The Times Bomb squad link in Spanish blast
^ (Spanish)Rafá Zouhier was a confident of the Guardia Civil before, during and after the bombings...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras was also a police confident -Rafá Zohuier era confidente de la Guardia Civil antes, durante y después de los atentados....José Emilio Suárez Trashorras...También era confidente de la policía-
^ (Spanish)The two key collaborators of the Madrid train bombings were police confidents
^ Suspects indicted in Madrid train attacks (OnlineNewsHous)
^ The Independent article:While the bombers may have been inspired by Bin Laden, a two-year investigation into the attacks has found no evidence that al-Qa'ida helped plan, finance or carry out the bombings, or even knew about them in advance.
^ CBS News. Madrid Massacre Probe Widens
^ Al Qaeda dice sentirse 'orgullosa' de la destrucción que afectó a Madrid el 11-M
^ Elizabeth Nash. "Madrid bombers 'were inspired by Bin Laden address'", The Independent, 7 November 2006.
^ MIPT 2004 Spain overview
^ Mohamed Darif. "The Moroccan Combat Group (PDF)", Real Instituto Elcano, 3/30/2004.
^ (French),PDF Until now, there has never been any example of a terrorist action by international islamist made in collaboration with non muslims. French original: Il n'y a d'ailleurs à ce jour aucun example d’une action terroriste menée par des islamistes internationalistes en collaboration avec des non musulmans
^ Voters Oust Spanish Government, CBS News On Sunday, a Basque-language daily published a statement by ETA in which the group for a second time denied involvement in the attacks.
^ BBC on preparations for the trial
^ Madrid Massacre Probe Widens (CBS News)
^ From Bali to Madrid, attackers seek to inflict ever-greater casualties (The Guardian)
^ [13] Lago, I. (Universidad Pompeu Fabra) DEL 11-M AL 14-M: LOS MECANISMOS DEL CAMBIO ELECTORAL. Pgs 12-13.
^ [14] Selected bibliography on political analyses of the 11-M aftermath.
^ 92% of the Spanish population expressed its disagreement with the intervention[15])
^ Spain Campaigned to Pin Blame on ETA (Washington Post)
^ (Spanish)Los TEDAX revisaron "dos veces" todos los vagones del 11-M sin encontrar Goma 2 ni la mochila de Vallecas (Libertad Digital)
^ CBS News: Madrid Massacre Probe Widens. MADRID, March 11, 2004 The bombers used titadine, a kind of compressed dynamite also found in a bomb-laden van intercepted last month as it headed for Madrid, a source at Aznar's office said, speaking on condition of anonymity. Officials blamed ETA then, too.
^ Millions rally in anger at Madrid bombers (Daily Telegraph)
^ MADRID: THE AFTERMATH: Spain admits bombs were the work of Islamists For the first time in its history al-Qa'ida has used not the cheap and primitive fertiliser-based bombs familiar in attacks from Yemen to Istanbul, but Goma 2 ECO gelignite, detonated by mobile phones. This sophisticated twin technique has previously been the trademark of Eta, the Basque separatist group.
^ (Spanish)La Policía encuentra una decimotercera mochila bomba en la comisaría de Puente de Vallecas (El Mundo)
^ (Spanish)[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2004/03/18/enespecial/1079606797.html
^ (Spanish)Libertad digital, los enigmas del 11-M 6. Las primeras detenciones Las detenciones de los hindúes
^ (Spanish)Al Qaeda reivindica los atentados en un vídeo hallado en Madrid (El Mundo)
^ (Spanish)[16]
^ A Strike At Europe's Heart (Time)
^ Spain’s 11-M and the right’s revenge (Open Democracy)
^ (Spanish)Los agujeros negros del 11-M (El Mundo)
^ MADRID: THE AFTERMATH: Spain admits bombs were the work of Islamists Connections have also been drawn between the drivers of a van found on the outskirts of Madrid on 29 February containing 500 kg of explosive and the Islamists: the two men in the van are alleged to be members of Eta, and also to have been among a group of Basques who expressed strong support for Iraq against the Anglo-American invasion. But so far the evidence does not go beyond the circumstantial.
^ (Spanish)El auto de procesamiento por el 11-M (El Mundo)
^ Across the Divide (Time)
^ (Spanish)Las notas del confidente marroquí 'Cartagena' prueban que la Policía controlaba a la cúpula del 11-M (El Mundo)
^ Spain: State Funeral For Madrid Bombing Victims Gathers World Leaders Radio Free Europe: The main suspect remains Moroccan Jamal Zougam, who allegedly had close ties to Islamist militants and who has been under watch by Spanish, French, and Moroccan agents since 2001
^ Spanish investigators confident The lead suspect is Jamal Zougam, who allegedly has close ties with Islamist militants and has been under watch by Spanish, French and Moroccan agents since 2001 at least.
^ Un inspector asegura que perseguían a varios de los acusados desde enero de 2003, ABC:An inspector assures that several accused were being pursued since January 2003
^ "The notes of the Moroccan confident 'Cartagena' prove that the Police had the 3/11 leadership under surveillance."
^ Madrid bombing accused ‘under watch since 2002’
^ 34 over 40 alleged perpetrators were controlled by the Police
^ 11-M: ¿Culpa in vigilando? Police made a follow-up on the prosecuted, due to his condition of being suspects of Islamic terrorists. De los acusados...la policía venía haciendo un seguimiento por su calidad de sospechosos de ser terroristas islámicos
^ ABC Rafa Zouhier. Confident of the Civil Guard...Rafa Zouhier. Confidente de la Guardia Civil...
^ Rafá Zouhier was a confident of the Guardia Civil before, during and after the bombings...he do not inform about the preparations. José Emilio Suárez Trashorras was a National Police confident about guns, explosive and drug smugling-Rafá Zohuier era confidente de la Guardia Civil antes, durante y después de los atentados... no informó sobre los preparativos...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras... era confidente de la Policía Nacional-
^ The two key collaborators of the Madrid train bombings were police confidents
^ El juez dice que el confidente Trashorras pudo conocer el destino del explosivo
^ Trashorras era confidente del otro mando policial que ha intervenido esta mañana... ("El País", 03/27/2007)
^ El policía Manolón dice que Trashorras, su confidente, le controlaba con llamadas al móvil
^ el jefe de la Brigada de Estupefacientes de esta comisaría...un confidente suyo, el ahora procesado José Emilio Suárez Trashorras
^ El Jefe del Grupo de Estupefacientes de la Comisaría de Avilés, conocido como "Manolón"...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras...su confidente
^ Un inspector asegura que perseguían a varios de los acusados desde enero de 2003
^ Newspaper Spat Over Madrid Bombs Conspiracy The Guardian
^ Spanish Terrogate, National Review
^ Millions pack Madrid's streets CNN
^ (Spanish)Comienza en Madrid el juicio por el mayor atentado islamista registrado en Europa, El Pais, February 15, 2007 (Spanish)
^ (Spanish)El Morabit niega ahora haber sido avisado de los atentados del 11-M, El Mundo, February 20, 2007 (Spanish)
^ "Madrid bombing 'mastermind' protests innocence", February 15, 2007, 1:59 PM ET Agence France-Presse, Yahoo News (here (English)
^ The Madrid bombing trial blog Madrid11.net
^ [17] transcripts and videos of the Madrid trial
^ Barrett, Jane. "Court finds 21 guilty of Madrid bombings", Reuters, 2007-10-31. Retrieved on 2007-10-31.

The National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) is a non-profit organization founded in response to the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 10 is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... El PaÃs (Spanish for The Country) is the most widely-circulated daily newspaper in Spain. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom (and the Kingdom of Great Britain before the United Kingdom existed) since 1788 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. ... CBS News logo, used from Sept. ... Cover of Radio Liberty booklet The Most Important Job in the World Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a radio and communications organization which is funded by the United States Congress. ... ABC is a Spanish national daily newspaper founded in Madrid on January 1, 1903, by Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... National Review (NR) is a biweekly magazine of political opinion, founded by author William F. Buckley, Jr. ... El País (The country) is one of the most widely read Spanish newspapers. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... El Mundo can refer to: El Mundo (Spain), Spanish newspaper El Mundo (Puerto Rico), Puerto Rican newspaper El Mundo (Argentine), Argentine newspaper El Mundo (game), four player tables game described in the Alfonso X manuscript This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might... is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... AFP logo Paris headquarters of AFP Charles Havas Agence France-Presse (AFP) is the oldest news agency in the world, and one of the three largest with Associated Press and Reuters. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

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Disputing statements made by Spanish government and judiciary

El Mundo can refer to: El Mundo (Spain), Spanish newspaper El Mundo (Puerto Rico), Puerto Rican newspaper El Mundo (Argentine), Argentine newspaper El Mundo (game), four player tables game described in the Alfonso X manuscript This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might... The AsociaciÃ³n de VÃctimas del Terrorismo is a Spanish organization encompassing some 6,000 victims of terrorist violence, mainly from the Basque terror group ETA (90% of them are represented in this Association) but also from the 2004 Madrid train bombings. ...