The year 2005 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed below. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Science For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a level of technological mastery sufficient to leave the surface of the planet for the first time and explore space. ...

Astronomy

• February 23 - Astronomers announce the discovery of a galaxy, VIRGOHI21, that consists almost entirely of dark matter. The results are to appear in Astrophysics Journal.
• March 23 - Two independent teams report the observation of light from planets circling two different stars, using the Spitzer infrared space telescope. Both groups detect a slight dimming in the light intensity during conjunction, when the planet is moving behind its sun's disk (occultation). (SpaceflightNow) Results will be published in Nature and Astrophysics Journal.

February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This refers to use the comsological use of the term. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). ... A planet is generally considered to be a relatively large mass of accreted matter in orbit around a star that is not a star itself. ... The Pleiades star cluster A star is a massive body of plasma in outer space that is currently producing or has produced energy through nuclear fusion. ... The Spitzer Space Telescope Facility launches from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on Monday, Aug. ... Image of a small dog taken in mid-infrared (thermal) light (false color) Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of microwave radiation. ... A space observatory is any object in outer space which is used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects. ... In this July, 1997 still frame captured from video, the bright star Aldebaran has just reappeared on the dark limb of the waning crescent moon in this predawn occultation. ...

Biology

• August 31 - A first draft of the chimpanzee genome is published.
• October 5 - The Spanish flu virus is reconstructed and shown to be closely related to the Avian flu virus.
• 30 November - Surgeons in France carry out the first human face transplant

August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining, as the final day of August. ... Type species Simia troglodytes Blumenbach, 1775 Species Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus Chimpanzee, often abbreviated to chimp, is the common name for two species in the genus Pan. ... In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... The Chimpanzee Genome Project is an effort to determine the DNA sequence of the genome of the closest living human relatives. ... October 5 is the 278th day of the year (279th in Leap years). ... The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as La Grippe, or La Pesadilla, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 50 million to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919 [1]. It is thought to have... Avian influenza (also known as bird flu) is a type of influenza virulent in birds. ... November 30 is the 334th day (335th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 31 days remaining, as the final day of November. ... A face transplant is a skin graft that involves replacing a patients entire face with a donor face. ...

Climatology

• January 27 - Scientists behind the climateprediction.net project, a distributed computing project run from Oxford University, announce that first results indicate a long term surface temperature increase due to global warming of between 2 and 11 degrees Celsius as a consequence of doubling carbon dioxide levels, with most of the simulations predicting a temperature rise of around 3.4 °C. The results are published in Nature.

January 27 is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... In computer science, distributed computing studies the coordinated use of physically distributed computers. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ...

Paleontology

• January 13 - Chinese paleontologists announce the discovery of fossils of Repenomamus robustus and Repenomamus giganticus, mammals that lived 130 million years ago. The fossil discoveries indicate that these mammals preyed on small dinosaurs. The results are published in Nature.
• February 17 - Two Ethiopian fossil skulls originally found in 1967 by Richard Leakey, Omo I and Omo II, are re-dated at 195,000 years old, making them the oldest Homo Sapiens remains known. The results are published in Nature.
• December 15 - European and Canadian researchers announce the dating of flint artefacts from Pakefield, Suffolk, UK to around 700,000 years ago, representing the earliest unequivocal evidence for human presence north of the Alps. Results are published in Nature.

January 13 is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Species Repenomamus robustus Repenomamus giganticus Repenomamus is the largest mammal known from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic, and the only one with evidence that it ate dinosaurs. ... February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Richard Leakey Richard Erskine Frere Leakey (born 19 December 1944 in Nairobi, Kenya), is a British-born paleontologist, archaeologist and conservationist. ... Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Physics

• This has been named the World Year of Physics in honor of the 100th anniversary of Albert Einstein's landmark three papers of 1905 and the resulting developments in the field of physics. Many institutions are celebrating by holding lecture series on Einstein, the history of special relativity and quantum mechanics and other public events surrounding the history of physics.

The year 2005 has been named the World Year of Physics in recognition of the 100th anniversary of Albert Einsteins Miracle Year, in which he published three landmark papers, and the subsequent advances in the field of physics. ... Albert Einstein photographed by Oren J. Turner in 1947. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... A simple introduction to this subject is provided in Special relativity for beginners Special relativity (SR) or the special theory of relativity is the physical theory published in 1905 by Albert Einstein in his article On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. SR theory is based on the previous works of... Fig. ... The growth of physics has brought not only fundamental changes in ideas about the material world, mathematics and philosophy, but also, through technology, a transformation of society. ...

Space exploration

• January 14 - The Huygens probe was successfully sent into the atmosphere of Titan and returns science data to Earth via the Cassini orbiter. It survives the landing on the surface of Titan and sends pictures and other data for more than an hour afterwards.
• January 26 - ESA's SMART-1 begins sending back close range pictures of the lunar surface
• February 7 - NASA announce budget plans - in the announcement, they state that a mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope will not take place, and that a robotic mission to deorbit the telescope with a safe descent into an ocean will take place. The Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (Jimo) mission is also cancelled.
• February 12 - ESA successfully launch an Ariane 5 ECA carrying three satellites. The previous attempt to launch the new design of rocket, in December 2002, failed when the rocket deviated from its course minutes into the flight.
• July 4 - The Deep Impact spacecraft successfully observes the disintegration of its "impactor" section colliding with the comet Tempel 1. A large number of other telescopes also provide data on this event.

January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... A scale replica of the probe An artists impression of the Huygens probe as it descends through Titans murky, brownish-orange atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon-based molecules, beaming its findings to the distant Cassini orbiter. ... Atmospheric characteristics Pressure 160 kPa Nitrogen 95 percent Methane 5 percent Titan (tye-tun, Greek Τιτάν) is the largest moon of Saturn and the second largest moon in the solar system, after Jupiters moon Ganymede. ... Earth, also known as Terra, and Tellus mostly in the 19th century, is the third-closest planet to the Sun. ... This is an artists concept of Cassini during the Saturn Orbit Insertion (SOI) maneuver, just after the main engine has begun firing. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article is about the European Space Agency. ... SMART-1. ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... NASA Logo Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-09-01, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... The Hubble Space Telescope is a telescope in orbit around the Earth. ... Artistss Conception of Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter The Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) was a proposed spacecraft designed to explore the icy moons of Jupiter. ... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article is about the European Space Agency. ... July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ... Illustration of the Deep Impact space probe after impactor separation (artists conception) Deep Impact is a NASA space probe designed to study the composition of the interior of the comet Tempel 1. ... Comet Hale-Bopp A comet (denoted by ☄) is a small body in the solar system that orbits the sun and (at least occasionally) exhibits a coma (or atmosphere) and/or a tail — both due primarily to the effects of solar radiation upon the comets nucleus, which itself is a... Tempel 1 is a periodic comet (formally designated 9P/Tempel 1). ... 50 cm refracting telescope at Nice Observatory. ...

Awards

• Nobel Prize
  • Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Barry J. Marshall and Robin Warren
  • Nobel Prize in Physics: Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch
  • Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock
• Abel Prize in Mathematics: Peter David Lax

This article does not cite its references or sources. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ... Barry J. Marshall, M.D. is an Australian doctor and Professor of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Western Australia. ... J. Robin Warren (born June 11, 1937 in Adelaide) is an Australian pathologist and researcher who is credited with the 1979 discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. ... Hannes Alfvén, 1970 winner for work on astrophysical plasmas List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Roy Jay Glauber (born 1 September 1925) is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University and Adjunct Professor of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. ... John L. Hall (born 1934) is a JILA (formerly known as the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics) fellow and Physics lecturer at the University of Colorado at Boulder Physics department. ... Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch (b. ... This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to the present day. ... Yves Chauvin (born October 10, 1930) is a French chemist and Nobel Prize winner. ... Robert H. Grubbs (b. ... Richard Royce Schrock (born January 4, 1945) was one of the recipients of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contribution to the metathesis method in organic chemistry. ... The Abel Prize is awarded annually by the King of Norway to outstanding mathematicians. ... Peter David Lax (born May 1,1926) is a highly-respected mathematician working in the areas of mathematics. ...

Appointments

• January 26 - The NIH announce that Elizabeth Nabel will succeed Claude Lenfant as director of the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
• February 7 - The National Academy of Sciences elects Ralph Cicerone as its next president, to begin his 6-year term on 1 July. He takes over from Bruce Alberts.
• February 25
  • - Robert Kirby-Harris is appointed as Chief Executive of the UK's Institute of Physics.
  • - Keith Mason is appointed as the new head of the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council in the UK.
  • - Daniel Höchli is appointed director of the Swiss National Science Foundation.
• April 13 - Michael D. Griffin is confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the next NASA administrator, succeeding Sean O'Keefe.
• December 6 - Kaname Ikeda is appointed as first Director General of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.

January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... NIH can refer to: National Institutes of Health Norwegian School of Sports Sciences: (Norges idrettshøgskole - NIH) Not Invented Here This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute is a division of the National Institutes of Health, located in Bethesda, Maryland. ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... President Harding and the National Academy of Sciences at the White House, Washington, DC, April 1921 The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine. ... Ralph J. Cicerone is an American atmospheric scientist, a former chancellor of UC Irvine, and currently president of the National Academy of Sciences. ... Dr. Bruce Alberts (b. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The Institute of Physics (IOP) is the United Kingdoms professional body for physicists. ... The Swiss National Science Foundation is a science research support organization mandated by the Swiss Federal Government. ... 13 April is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... Michael D. Griffin Dr. Michael D. Griffin (born in 1949 in Aberdeen, Maryland) is the current NASA Administrator. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... NASA Logo Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-09-01, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... Sean OKeefe (born January 27, 1956) was the 10th Administrator of NASA, leading the space agency from December 2001 to February 2005. ... December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Kaname Ikeda is a Japanese civil servant. ... ITER is a proposed international experiment designed to show the scientific and technological feasibility of a fusion power reactor. ...

Other events

• February 8 - Yale University wins more than $1 million in damages and attorney's fees, along with the patent rights relating to electrospray ionization from former professor and Nobel Prize winner John Fenn.

February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut. ... A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a person for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or composition of matter (substance) (known as an invention) which is new, inventive and... Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a technique used in mass spectrometry to produce ions. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Dr. John B. Fenn Dr. John B. Fenn (born June 15, 1917 in New York City) is a research professor of analytical chemistry who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002. ...

Deaths

• February 3 – Ernst Mayr (b. 1904), leading evolutionary biologist.
• February 6 - Hubert Curien (b. 1924), former President of CERN and first chairman of ESA.
• February 10 - D. Allan Bromley, director of Yale's A. W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory
• March 6 - Hans Bethe (b. 1906), Nobelaureate in Physics (1967) for his discoveries concerning the energy production mechanism in stars.
• June 20 - Jack Kilby (b. 1923), Nobelaureate in Physics (2000) for his work on integrated circuits.
• October 28 - Richard Smalley (b. 1943), Nobelaureate in Chemistry (1996) for the discovery of a new form of carbon, Buckminsterfullerene.
• November 16 - Henry Taube (b. 1915), Nobelaureate in Chemistry (1983) for his work in the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes.

February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article has been identified as possibly containing errors. ... See also: Other events of 1904 List of years in science . ... Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, i. ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Hubert Curien (1924-February 6, 2005) was a French physicist and a key figure in European science politics, as both the President of CERN (1994-1996) and the first chairman of the European Space Agency (ESA) (1981-1984). ... See also: Other events of 1924 List of years in science . ... CERN logo CERN is the European Council for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire), the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated on the border between France and Switzerland, just west of Geneva. ... This article is about the European Space Agency. ... February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Yale can refer to an educational institution: Yale University, one of the United States oldest universities. ... March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... Hans Bethe in 1945. ... See also: Other events of 1906 List of years in science . ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Pleiades star cluster A star is a massive body of plasma in outer space that is currently producing or has produced energy through nuclear fusion. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... Jack Kilby holding an old calculator and one of the newest. ... See also: Other events of 1923 List of years in science . ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Optical Microscope image of an integrated circuit showing defects in the aluminium layer deposition. ... October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 64 days remaining. ... Richard Errett Smalley (June 6, 1943 – October 28, 2005) was the Gene and Norman Hackerman Professor of Chemistry and a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Rice University, in Houston, Texas. ... See also: Other events of 1943 List of years in science . ... Chemistry (derived from the Arabic word kimia, alchemy, where al is Arabic for the) is the science of matter that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Buckminsterfullerene (C60) Fullerenes are molecules composed entirely of carbon, taking the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... Professor Henry Taube, Ph. ... See also: Other events of 1915 List of years in science . ... Chemistry (derived from the Arabic word kimia, alchemy, where al is Arabic for the) is the science of matter that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

2005 Science and technology summary on the web

• The year in science and technology in Israel - IsraCast article