The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar. Common usage sometimes regards it as lasting from 1900 to 1999, but this is considered incorrect due to the nonexistence of a "Year Zero" before AD 1/1 CE. The 20th century is also sometimes known as the nineteen hundreds (1900s), referring to the latter usage. Decades are almost always considered as starting with the "0" year and named accordingly ("1960s", etc.), so the first decade of a century technically overlaps back into the preceding one. These pages contain the trends of millennia and centuries. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... In calendars based on the Christian Era or Common Era, such as the Gregorian calendar, the 21st century is the current century, as of this writing. ... This is a list of decades which have articles with more information about them. ... Events and Trends Technology Lawrence Hargrave makes the first stable wing design for a heavier-than-air aircraft Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first documented flight in a powered heavier-than-air aircraft Mass production of automobile Wide popularity of home phonograph Panama Canal is built by the United... // Events and trends Technology Gideon Sundback patents the first modern zipper Harry Brearley invents stainless steel Charles P. Strite invents first pop-up bread toaster Science Einsteins theory of general relativity Max von Laue discovers the diffraction of x-rays by crystals Alfred Wegener puts forward his theory of... Sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or primarily in North America as the Roaring Twenties. // Events and trends Technology John T. Thompson invents Thompson submachine gun, also known as Tommy gun John Logie Baird invents the first working television system (1925) Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly... // Events and trends The 1930s were spent struggling for a solution to the global depression. ... // Events and trends The 1940s were dominated by World War II, the most destructive armed conflict in history. ... // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the height of the baby-boom from returning... The 1960s, or The Sixties, in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 60s and 70s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ... 1901 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the year 2000. ... The Gregorian calendar is the calendar widely used in the Western world. ... 1900 is a common year starting on Monday. ... 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... The presence or absence of year 0 is determined by convention among groups such as historians or astronomers. ... Events The first full year in the life of Jesus as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his Anno Domini era. ... Events The first full year in the life of Jesus as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his Anno Domini era. ... Events and Trends Technology Lawrence Hargrave makes the first stable wing design for a heavier-than-air aircraft Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first documented flight in a powered heavier-than-air aircraft Mass production of automobile Wide popularity of home phonograph Panama Canal is built by the United...

However, a number of arguments have been used to justify the common usage. One was advanced by the scientist Stephen Jay Gould, that the first decade had only nine years. Another was that the astronomical year numbering system for years does have a year zero, the year normally known as 1 BC. In 2000 the International Organization for Standardization clarified ISO 8601 to use the astronomical year numbering system, so retrospectively endorsing all the people who had celebrated the new century a few months earlier. Stephen Jay Gould Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was a New York-born American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. ... Astronomical year numbering is another method of designating BC/AD years. ... Logo of the International Organization for Standardization The International Organization for Standardization (ISO or iso) is an international standard-setting body made up of representatives from national standards bodies. ... ISO 8601 is an international standard for date and time representations. ...

The term is also used to describe various periods that overlap with the calendar definition, most notably the Short twentieth century and the Modern period. It also had a place in popular culture shown by its use in names such as 20th Century Fox and the Twentieth Century Limited. The Short Twentieth Century is a term used by some historians to denote the period 1914—1989, it being their thesis that World War I and the fall of the Soviet Empire (Soviet Union together with the governments which it backed) represented such significant changes in world history as to... Modern can simply mean something that is up-to-date, trendy, new, or from the present time. ... 20th Century Fox logo Fox Plaza, the company headquarters. ... The 20th Century Limited was a passenger train operated by the New York Central (NYC) railroad. ...

Overview

The twentieth century saw a remarkable shift in the way that vast numbers of people lived, as a result of technological, medical, social, ideological, and political innovations. Terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage and became an influence on the lives of everyday people. War reached an unprecedented scale and level of sophistication, approximately 57 million people died as a result of the Second World War (1939-1945) alone. The trends of mechanization of goods and services and networks of global communication, which were begun in the 19th century, continued at an ever-increasing pace in the 20th. In spite of the terror and chaos, the 20th century saw many attempts at world peace. As the 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy said: The Elections and Parties Series Democracy Representative democracy History of democracy Referenda Liberal democracy Representation Voting Voting systems Ideology Elections Elections by country Elections by calender Electoral systems Politics Politics by country Political campaigns Political science Political philosophy Related topics Political parties Parties by country Parties by name Parties by... A world war is a military conflict affecting the majority of the worlds countries. ... Look up Genocide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Most generally, Genocide is the deliberate destruction of a social identity. ... Nuclear War is a card game designed by Douglas Malewicki, and originally published in 1966. ... An act of war - the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan during World War II War is a state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians. ... World War II military casualties Allied soldiers killed Australia: 23,400 Brazil: 493 Canada: 37,500 China: 2,500,000 (CCP and KMT forces) Czechoslovakia: 46,000 France and Free French Forces: 210,000 Greece: 88,300 India: 36,000 Netherlands: 7,900 New Zealand: 11,625 Norway: 2,000... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The President of the United States is the head of state of the United States. ... Order: 35th President Vice President: Lyndon B. Johnson Term of office: January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 Preceded by: Dwight D. Eisenhower Succeeded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Date of birth: May 29, 1917 Place of birth: Brookline, Massachusetts Date of death: November 22, 1963 Place of death: Dallas, Texas First...

What kind of peace do we seek? I am talking about a genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living. Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time. Our problems are man-made, therefore they can be solved by man. For in the final analysis, our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breath the same air, we all cherish our children's future, and we are all mortal.

Virtually every aspect of life in virtually every human society changed in some fundamental way or another during the twentieth century and for the first time, any individual could influence the course of history no matter their background. Arguably, the 20th century re-shaped the face of the planet in more ways than any previous century.

• Death rates
• Infant mortality
• Infectious disease
• Life expectancy
• Maternal death rates
• Battles

Scientific discoveries such as relativity and quantum physics radically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was much more complex than they had previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the preceding century that the last few details of knowledge were about to be filled in. (Redirected from 20th century/Infant mortality) Infant mortality rates plummeted around the globe in the 20th century. ... (Redirected from 20th century/Infectious disease) Many infectious diseases that killed by the millions were greatly reduced in the 20th century, with one notable achievement being the eradication of smallpox, and considerable progress being made toward the eradication of polio (polio eradication being expected to be completed within the first... (Redirected from 20th century/Life expectancy) In demography, life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average, or mathematical expected value, of the remaining lifetime of an individual in the given group. ... (Redirected from 20th century/Maternal death rates) Maternal death is the death of a woman in childbirth. ... List of battles - List of battles before AD 601 - List of battles 601-1400 - List of battles 1401-1800 - List of battles 1801-1900 - List of battles 1901-2000 - List of battles 2001-current Major Battles of the Twentieth Century // Before 1914 1901 Balangiga Massacre September 28 - Filipino guerillas launch... In physics, the term relativity is used in several related contexts: Galileo first developed the principle of relativity, being the postulate that the laws of physics should take the same form for all observers in uniform motion with respect to each other. ... Fig. ...

For a more coherent overview of the historical events of the century, see The 20th century in review. Above all, the 20th century is distinguished from most of human history in that its most significant changes were directly or indirectly economic and technological in nature. ...

The 20th century has sometimes been called, both within and outside the United States, the American Century, though this is a controversial term. The American Century is a term sometimes used for the 20th century. ...

Important developments, events and achievements

Science and technology

• The assembly line and mass production of motor vehicles and other goods allowed manufacturers to produce more and cheaper products. This allowed the automobile to become the most important means of transportation.
• The invention of heavier-than-air flying machines and the jet engine allowed for the world to become "smaller". Space flight increased knowledge of the rest of the universe and allowed for global real-time communications via geosynchronous satellites.
• Mass media technologies such as film, radio, and television allow the communication of political messages and entertainment with unprecedented impact
• Mass availability of the telephone and later, the computer, especially through the Internet, provides people with new opportunities for near-instantaneous communication
• Applied electronics, notably in its miniaturized form as integrated circuits, made possible the above mentioned rise of mass media, telecommunications, ubiquitous computing, and all kinds of "intelligent" appliances; as well as many advances in natural sciences such as physics, by the use of exponentially growing calculation power (see supercomputer).
• The development of Nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides resulted in significantly higher agricultural yield.
• Advances in fundamental physics through the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics led to the development of nuclear weapons, the nuclear reactor, and the laser. Fusion power was studied extensively but remained an experimental technology at the end of the century.
• The Big Bang model of cosmology was developed.
• Inventions such as the washing machine and air conditioning led to an increase in both the quantity and quality of leisure time for the middle class in Western societies.
• Most influential inventions in the 20th century: Antibiotics, Internet
• More...

An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product. ... Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardised products on production lines. ... A small variety of cars, the most popular kind of automobile. ... Fixed-wing aircraft is a term used to refer to what are more commonly known as aeroplanes in Commonwealth English (excluding Canada) or airplanes in North American English. ... A Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. ... Space science, or the space sciences, are fields of science that are concerned with the study or utilization of outer space. ... A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite whose orbital speed equals the Earths rotational speed. ... Mass media is the term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience (typically at least as large as the whole population of a nation state). ... Film refers to the celluloid media on which movies are printed Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A computer is a device or machine for making calculations or controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms. ... Two digital voltmeters The field of electronics is the study and use of electronic devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles in devices such as thermionic valves and semiconductors. ... An integrated circuit (IC) is a thin chip consisting of at least two interconnected semiconductor devices, mainly transistors, as well as passive components like resistors. ... Mass media is the term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience (typically at least as large as the whole population of a nation state). ... A computer is a device or machine for making calculations or controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms. ... Growth of transistor counts for Intel processors (dots) and Moores Law (upper line=18 months; lower line=24 months) Moores law is the empirical observation that at our rate of technological development, the complexity of an integrated circuit, with respect to minimum component cost will double in about... A supercomputer is a computer that leads the world in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation, at the time of its introduction. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 14. ... An airplane spreading pesticide. ... A herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants. ... The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. ... Albert Einsteins theory of relativity is a set of two scientific theories in physics: special relativity and general relativity. ... Fig. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Nuclear power station at Leibstadt, Switzerland. ... Laser (US Air Force) A LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is an optical device which uses a quantum mechanical effect called stimulated emission (discovered by Einstein while researching the photoelectric effect) in order to generate a coherent beam of light from a lasing medium of controlled purity... The Sun is a natural fusion reactor. ... According to the Big Bang theory, the universe originated in an extremely dense and hot state (bottom). ... Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) world + λογια (logia) discourse) is the study of the universe in its totality and by extension mans place in it. ... Front-loading washing machine. ... Note: in the broadest sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning. ... There is also an album by Blur called Leisure. ... The middle class (or middle classes) comprises a social group once defined by exception as an intermediate social class between the nobility and the peasantry. ... An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ... This is a chronological list of inventions. ...

Wars and politics

• Democratic nations began to extend voting privileges to all adults.
• Rising nationalism and increasing national awareness were among the causes of World War I, the first of two wars to involve all the major world powers including Germany, France, Italy, Japan, the United States and the British Commonwealth. World War I led to the creation of many new countries, especially in Eastern Europe.
• The economic and political aftermath of World War I led to the rise of Fascism and Nazism in Europe, and shortly to World War II. This war also involved Asia and the Pacific, in the form of Japanese aggression against China and the United States. While the First World War mainly cost lives among soldiers, civilians suffered greatly in the Second -- from the bombing of cities on both sides, and in the unprecedented German genocide of the Jews and others, known as the Holocaust.
• During World War I, in Russia the Bolshevik putsch led to the Russian Revolution (of October/November 1917). After the Soviet Union's involvement in World War II, Communism became a major force in global politics, spreading all over the world: notably, to Eastern Europe, China, Indochina and Cuba. This led to the Cold War and proxy wars with the western world, including wars in Korea (1950-53) and Vietnam (1957 - 75).
• The "fall of Communism" in the late 1980s freed Eastern and Central Europe from Soviet supremacy. It also led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia into successor states, many rife with ethnic nationalism, and left the United States as the world's superpower.
• Through the League of Nations and, after World War II, the United Nations, international cooperation increased. Other efforts included the formation of the European Union, leading to a common currency in much of Western Europe, the euro around the turn of the millennium.
• The end of colonialism led to the independence of many African and Asian countries. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the USA, the USSR, or China for defense.
• The creation of Israel, a Jewish state in a mostly Arab region of the world, fueled many conflicts in the region, which were also influenced by the vast oil fields in many of the Arab countries.

Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of suffrage, or the right to vote, to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief or social status. ... // Nationalism is an ideology which holds that the nation, ethnicity or national identity is a fundamental unit of human social life, and makes certain political claims based on that belief, above all the claim that the nation is the only legitimate basis for the state, and that each nation is... World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, most of which were once governed by the United Kingdom and are its former colonies. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange) and other former communist regimes (light orange). ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... The term National Socialism has been used in self-description by a number of different political groups and ideologies, some of which have no connection with the Nazis; see National socialism. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb. ... Look up Genocide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Most generally, Genocide is the deliberate destruction of a social identity. ... Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program. ... World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... The phrase Russian Revolution can refer to the following events in the history of Russia. ... World map showing location of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... Indochina, or the scott gay, is a large peninsula in Southeast Asia. ... For the generic term for a high-tension rivalry between countries, see cold war (war). ... A proxy war is a war where two powers use third parties as a supplement or a substitute for fighting each other directly. ... The West can refer to : The U.S. West or the American West The Western world, or Western Civilization. ... The Korean War (Korean: 한국전쟁/韓國戰爭), from June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953, was a conflict between North Korea and South Korea. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 60s and 70s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a Balkan state that existed from 1945 to 1992. ... Ethnic nationalism is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from historical cultural or hereditary groupings (ethnicities); the underlying assumption is that ethnicities should be politically distinct. ... A superpower is a state with the ability to influence events or project power on a global scale. ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded after the First World War at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb. ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 states. ... Western Europe is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of history and culture rather than by geography. ... The euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve European Union member states: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. ... World map of colonialism circa 1945. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest continent and third most populous. ... World map showing location of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ... The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity; and often a combination of these attributes. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are an originally Arabian ethnicity widespread in the Middle East and North Africa. ... Oil is a generic term for organic liquids that are not miscible with water. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are an originally Arabian ethnicity widespread in the Middle East and North Africa. ...

Culture and entertainment

• Movies, music and the media had a major influence on fashion and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and music originate from the United States, American culture spread rapidly over the world.
• After gaining political rights in the United States and much of Europe in the first part of the century, and with the advent of new birth control techniques women became more independent throughout the century.
• Modern art developed new styles such as expressionism, cubism, and surrealism.
• The automobile provided vastly increased transportation capabilities for the average member of Western societies in the early to mid-century, spreading even further later on. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. The car became a leading symbol of modern society, with styles of car suited to and symbolic of particular lifestyles.
• Sports became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on television, became a popular activity.

Film refers to the celluloid media on which movies are printed Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. ... Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Music Look up Music in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikisource, as part of the 1911 Encyclopedia Wikiproject, has original text related to this article: Music Wikicities has a wiki about Music: Music Music City : a collaborative music database All Music Guide... The term fashion applies to a characteristic means of expression or presentation; fashions may follow trends, in which they gain or lose popularity. ... World map showing location of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... Birth control is a regimen of one or more extra actions, devices, or medications followed in order to deliberately prevent or reduce the likelyhood of a woman becoming pregnant. ... On White II by Wassily Kandinsky, 1923. ... Woman with a guitar by Georges Braque, 1913 Cubist house in Prague Cubism was an avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture in the early 20th century. ... Surrealism is a philosophy, a cultural and artistic movement, and a term used to describe unexpected juxtapositions. ... A small variety of cars, the most popular kind of automobile. ...

Disease and medicine

• Although the availability and quality of medicine continued to improve, epidemic diseases continued to spread, aided by modern transportation. An influenza pandemic, the Spanish Flu, killed 25 million between 1918 and 1919, while AIDS is yet uncured and treatments remain too expensive for wide use in developing countries.
• Advances in medicine, such as the invention of antibiotics, decreased the number of people dying from diseases. Contraceptive drugs and organ transplantation were developed. The discovery of DNA molecules and the advent of molecular biology allowed for cloning and genetic engineering.

Negatively stained flu virions. ... The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza Pandemic, the 1918 Flu Epidemic, and La Grippe, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 25 million to 50 million people world-wide in 1918 and 1919. ... 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Red Ribbon symbol is used internationally to represent the fight against AIDS. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, rarely written Aids) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus HIV, a lentivirus [1]. By leading to the destruction and/or functional impairment of cells of the immune... A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ... Medicine on the Web NLM (National Library of Medicine, contains resources for patients and healthcare professionals) Virtual Hospital (digital health sciences library by the University of Iowa) Online Medical Dictionary Collection of links to free medical resources Categories: Medicine | Health ... An antibiotic is a drug that kills oops or slows the growth of bacteria. ... An organ transplant is the transplantation of an organ (or part of one) from one body to another, for the purpose of replacing the recipients damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. ... Space-filling model of a section of DNA molecule Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or deoxyribose nucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and many viruses). ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ... Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Genetically modified organism. ...

Natural resources and the environment

• The widespread use of petroleum in industry -- both as a chemical precursor to plastics and as a fuel for the automobile and airplane -- led to the vital geopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The Middle East, home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of geopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century.
• A vast increase in fossil fuel consumption leads to depletion of natural resources, while air pollution possibly leads to global warming and the ozone hole. The problem is increased by world-wide deforestation, also causing a loss of biodiversity. The problem of a depletion of natural resources is decreased by advances in drilling technology which led to a net increase in the amount of fossil fuel that is readily obtainable at the end of the century, as compared with the amount considered obtainable at the beginning of the century.

Nodding donkey pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001 Petroleum (from Latin petra – rock and oleum – oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish flammable liquid, which exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earths crust. ... The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymerization products. ... A small variety of cars, the most popular kind of automobile. ... Fixed-wing aircraft is a term used to refer to what are more commonly known as aeroplanes in Commonwealth English (excluding Canada) or airplanes in North American English. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Coal rail cars in Ashtabula, Ohio Fossil fuels, also known as mineral fuels, are hydrocarbon-containing natural resources such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. ... This power plant in New Mexico releases sulfur dioxide and particulate matter into the air. ... Global mean surface temperatures 1856-2004 Mean temperature anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980 Global warming is a term used to describe the increase over time of the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans. ... Image of the largest antarctic ozone hole ever recorded in September 2000. ... Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forest. ... Biodiversity or biological diversity is the diversity of and in living nature. ...

Significant people

World leaders

• Africa
  • Gnassingbe Eyadema, Togo
  • Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Côte d'Ivoire
  • Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia
  • Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya
  • Idi Amin, Uganda
  • Nelson Mandela, South Africa
  • Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe
  • Gamal Abdal Nasser, Egypt
  • Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana
  • Julius Nyerere, Tanzania
  • Habib Bourguiba, Tunisia
  • Colonel Moammar Al Qadhafi, Libya
  • Haile Selassie, Ethiopia
  • Léopold Sédar Senghor, Senegal
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré, Guinea

• Americas
  • Theodore Roosevelt, USA
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt, USA
  • Dwight Eisenhower, USA
  • John F. Kennedy, USA
  • Richard Nixon, USA
  • Ronald Reagan, USA
  • Bill Clinton, USA
  • George H. W. Bush, USA
  • Woodrow Wilson,USA
  • Wilfrid Laurier, Canada
  • William Lyon Mackenzie King, Canada
  • Pierre Trudeau, Canada
  • Ernesto 'Che' Guevara, Argentina/Cuba
  • Fidel Castro, Cuba
  • Juan Perón, Argentina
  • Eva Perón, Argentina
  • Salvador Allende, Chile
  • Augusto Pinochet, Chile
  • Emiliano Zápata, Mexico
  • Pancho Villa, Mexico
  • Getúlio Vargas, Brazil
  • Juscelino Kubitschek, Brazil

• Asia
  • Mao Zedong, People's Republic of China
  • Deng Xiaoping, People's Republic of China
  • Pol Pot, Cambodia
  • Mahatma Gandhi, India
  • Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan
  • Indira Gandhi, India
  • Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysia
  • Jawaharlal Nehru, India
  • Emperor Hirohito, Japan
  • Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
  • Sun Yat-sen, Republic of China
  • Chiang Kai-shek, Republic of China
  • Achmad Sukarno, Indonesia
  • Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore
  • Corazon Aquino, the Philippines
  • Ferdinand Marcos, the Philippines

• Australia and Oceania
  • Edmund Barton, Australia
  • Sir Robert Menzies, Australia
  • Peter Fraser, New Zealand
  • Michael Joseph Savage, New Zealand

• Europe
  • Adolf Hitler, Germany
  • António de Oliveira Salazar, Portugal
  • Benito Mussolini, Italy
  • Charles de Gaulle, France
  • Eamon de Valera, Ireland
  • Einar Gerhardsen, Norway
  • Francisco Franco, Spain
  • Franjo Tuđman, Croatia
  • Franz Joseph of Austria, Austria-Hungary
  • Gerhard Schröder, Germany
  • Helmut Kohl, Germany
  • Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslavia
  • Józef Piłsudski, Poland
  • Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany
  • Kemal Atatürk, Turkey
  • Konrad Adenauer, Germany
  • Lech Wałęsa, Poland
  • Archbishop Makarios III, Cyprus
  • Margaret Thatcher, United Kingdom
  • Mário Soares, Portugal
  • Milan Kučan, Slovenia
  • Neville Chamberlain, United Kingdom
  • Nicolae Ceauşescu, Romania
  • Olof Palme, Sweden
  • Urho Kekkonen, Finland
  • Václav Havel, Czech Republic
  • Willy Brandt, Germany
  • Winston Churchill, United Kingdom
  • Tony Blair, United Kingdom

• Middle East
  • Reza Shah Pahlavi, Iran
  • Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran
  • Mohammad Mosaddeq, Iran
  • Ayatollah Khomeini, Iran
  • Ayatollah Khamenei, Iran
  • Mohammad Khatami, Iran
  • Abdul Nasser, Egypt or United Arab Republic
  • Anwar Sadat, Egypt or United Arab Republic
  • David Ben-Gurion, Israel
  • Golda Meir, Israel
  • Menachem Begin, Israel
  • Hafez el Assad, Syria
  • Saddam Hussein, Iraq
  • King Hussein, Jordan

• Russia and Soviet Union
  • Czar Nicholas II
  • Vladimir Lenin
  • Joseph Stalin
  • Leon Trotsky
  • Nikita Khrushchev
  • Leonid Brezhnev
  • Mikhail Gorbachev
  • Boris Yeltsin

Africa is the worlds second-largest continent and third most populous. ... General Gnassingbé Eyadéma, formerly Étienne Eyadema (December 26, 1937–February 5, 2005), was the President of Togo from 1967 until his death. ... Félix Houphouët-Boigny (fālÄ“ks´ oofwā´-bwä´nye) (October 18, 1905 - December 7, 1993) was the first President of Côte dIvoire (1960 - 1993). ... Kenneth David Kaunda (born April 28, 1924) was the first President of Zambia (1964 - 1991). ... Jomo Kenyatta (October 20, 1892?–August 22, 1978) was an African politician, the first Prime Minister (1963–1964) and President (1964–1978) of an independent Kenya. ... Idi Amin Dada Idi Amin Dada Oumee (c. ... President Nelson Mandela, 1995-1999 Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela IPA: [nÉ›lsÉ™n roliɬaɬa mandÉ›la], OM OC, (born 18 July 1918) was the first democratically-elected President of South Africa. ... Robert Gabriel Mugabe (born February 21, 1924) has been the head of government in Zimbabwe, first as Prime Minister and later as first executive President, since 1980. ... Gamal Abdel Nasser (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر) Gamal Abdel Nasser (January 15, 1918 - September 28, 1970) was the second President of Egypt after Muhammad Naguib and is considered one of the most important Arab leaders in history. ... Kwame Nkrumah (September 21, 1909 - April 27, 1972) was a Ghanaian politician and one of the most influential founders of Pan-Africanism. ... Julius Kambarage Nyerere (April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) was President of Tanzania, and previously Tanganyika, from the countrys founding until his retirement in 1985. ... Habib Ben Ali Bourguiba (born August 3, 1903 in Monastir – died April 6, 2000) was an Tunisian politican and President of Tunisia from 1957 to 1987. ... Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi Muammar Abu Minyar al-Qaddafi 1 (Arabic: معمر القذافي Mu`ammar al-QadhdhāfÄ«) (born 1942), has been the leader of Libya since 1969. ... Haile Selassie Haile Selassie (Power of Trinity) (July 23, 1892 – August 27, 1975) was the last Emperor (1930–1936; 1941–1974) of Ethiopia, and is a religious symbol in the Rastafarian movement. ... Léopold Sédar Senghor (October 9, 1906–December 20, 2001) was an Seneglese poet and politician who served as the first president of Senegal (1960–1980). ... Ahmed Sékou Touré (January 9, 1922 - March 26, 1984) was the first President of Guinea (1958 - 1984). ... Map of the Americas by Jonghe, c. ... Order: 26th President Vice President: Charles Warren Fairbanks Term of office: September 14, 1901 – March 3, 1909 Preceded by: William McKinley Succeeded by: William Howard Taft Date of birth: October 27, 1858 Place of birth: New York City Date of death: January 6, 1919 Place of death: Oyster Bay, New... Order: 32nd President Vice President: John N. Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman Term of office: March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 Preceded by: Herbert Hoover Succeeded by: Harry S. Truman Date of birth: January 30, 1882 Place of birth: Hyde Park, New York Date of death: April 12... Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ... Order: 35th President Vice President: Lyndon B. Johnson Term of office: January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 Preceded by: Dwight D. Eisenhower Succeeded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Date of birth: May 29, 1917 Place of birth: Brookline, Massachusetts Date of death: November 22, 1963 Place of death: Dallas, Texas First... Order: 37th President Vice President: Spiro Agnew (1969–1973), Gerald R. Ford (1973–1974) Term of office: January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 Preceded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Succeeded by: Gerald R. Ford Date of birth: January 9, 1913 Place of birth: Yorba Linda, California Date of death: April 22... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. ... Order: 41st President Vice President: J. Danforth Quayle Term of office: 20 January , 1989 – 20 January , 1993 Preceded by: Ronald Reagan Succeeded by: Bill Clinton Date of birth: 12 June , 1924 Place of birth: Milton, Massachusetts First Lady: Barbara Pierce Bush Political party: Republican George Herbert Walker Bush ( born 12... Order: 28th President Vice President: Thomas R. Marshall Term of office: March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1921 Preceded by: William Howard Taft Succeeded by: Warren G. Harding Date of birth: December 28, 1856 Place of birth: Staunton, Virginia Date of death: February 3, 1924 Place of death: Washington, D.C... Laurier re-directs here. ... The Right Honourable William Lyon Mackenzie King, PC , LL.B , Ph. ... The Right Honourable Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, PC , CC , CH , QC , MA , LL.L , LL.D , FRSC (October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000) was the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968 to June 3, 1979, and from March 3, 1980 to June 30, 1984. ... Che Guevara Dr. Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna (June 14, 1928[1] – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara or el Che, was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary and Cuban guerrilla leader. ... Cuban President Fidel Castro Fidel Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) has led Cuba since 1959, when, leading the 26th of July Movement, he overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista, and transformed Cuba into the first Communist state in the Western Hemisphere. ... Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine military officer and the President of Argentina from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... Evitas image appeared on a wide variety of products, including stamps, coins, postcards and calendars. ... Salvador Allende Gossens1 (July 26, 1908–September 11, 1973) was President of Chile from 1970 until his death during the violent coup détat of 1973. ... General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte[1] (born November 25, 1915) was head of the military government that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... Photo of Emiliano Zapata (right) and his brother Eufemio Zapata Emiliano Zapata Salazar (August 8, 1879 – April 10, 1919) was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz that broke out in 1910. ... General Pancho Villa José Doroteo Arango Arámbula (June 5, 1878 – July 20, 1923) — better known by his nom de guerre Francisco Villa or, in its diminutive form, Pancho Villa — was one of the foremost generals of the Mexican Revolution. ... Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (April 19, 1882 - August 24, 1954) was the president of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1950 to his suicide in 1954. ... Juscelino Kubitschek and his wife Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (JK) (September 12, 1902-August 22, 1976) was a prominent Brazilian politician who was President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. ... World map showing location of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ... Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-Tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping   listen? (Simplified Chinese: 邓小平; Traditional Chinese: 鄧小平; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; pronounced Dung Shyao-ping; August 22, 1904—February 19, 1997) was a revolutionary elder in the Communist Party of China (CPC) who served as the de facto ruler of the Peoples Republic of... Pol Pot Saloth Sar (May 19, 1925 – April 15, 1998), better known as Pol Pot, was the leader of the Khmer Rouge and the Prime Minister of Cambodia (officially Democratic Kampuchea during his rule) from 1976 to 1979. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी, Gujarati મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ... Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah of Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah (referred to in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam, or Great Leader, which is a legally defined title) (December 25, 1876 - September 11, 1948) was an Indian Muslim nationalist, who led the movement demanding a separate homeland for Muslims in... Indira Gandhi (इन्दिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गान्धी) (19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was Prime Minister of India from 19 January , 1966 to 24 March , 1977, and from 14 January , 1980 until her assassination in 1984. ... Mahathir bin Mohamad (born December 20, 1925 in Alor Star, Kedah) was the Prime Minister of Malaysia from July 16, 1981 to 2003. ... Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू, Javāharlāl Nehrū) (November 14, 1889 – May 27, 1964), also called Pandit (Teacher) Nehru, was the leader of the socialist wing of the Indian National Congress during and after Indias struggle for independence from the British Empire. ... Hirohito (裕仁), the Shōwa Emperor (昭和天皇), (April 29, 1901 - January 7, 1989) reigned over Japan from 1926 to 1989. ... Hồ Chí Minh Hồ Chí Minh (meaning the enlightened fox) (Chữ nôm: 胡志明)   listen? (May 19, 1890 – September 2, 1969) was a Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman, who later became Prime Minister (1954) and President (1954 - 1969) of North Vietnam. ... Sun Yat-sen (November 12, 1866 – March 12, 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary leader and statesman who is considered by many to be the Father of Modern China. He had a significant influence in the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and establishment of the Republic of China. ... National motto: None Official language Mandarin Chinese Capital and largest city Taipei President Chen Shui-bian Premier Frank Hsieh Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 138th 35,980 km² 2. ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887–April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... National motto: None Official language Mandarin Chinese Capital and largest city Taipei President Chen Shui-bian Premier Frank Hsieh Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 138th 35,980 km² 2. ... Sukarno Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... Lee Kuan Yew (also spelt Lee Kwan-Yew) (born September 16, 1923) (Chinese: 李光耀; pinyin: ) was the first Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. ... PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Corazón Aquino Corazón Cojuangco Aquino (born January 25, 1933), widely known as Cory Aquino, was President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. ... Order 10th President of the Philippines (6th President of the 3rd Republic; 1st President of the 4th Republic) Term of Office December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986 Vice President Fernando Lopez (1965-1972) Arturo Tolentino (1986) Predecessor Diosdado Macapagal Successor Corazon Aquino Born September 11, 1917 Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Philippines... Map of Oceania. ... Rt Hon Edmund Barton The Rt. ... Rt Hon Sir Robert Menzies Sir Robert Gordon Menzies (20 December 1894 – 14 May 1978), Australian politician, was the twelfth and longest-serving Prime Minister of Australia serving eighteen and a half years. ... The Right Honourable Peter Fraser (1884 - 1950) served as Prime Minister of New Zealand from 27 March 1940 until 13 December 1949. ... Michael Joseph Savage (March 23, 1872 - March 27, 1940) was a New Zealand politician and the first Labour Prime Minister of New Zealand. ... World map showing location of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889–April 30, 1945) was the Chancellor of Germany from 1933, and Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and chancellor) of Germany from 1934, to his death. ... Antonio Salazar on July 22, 1946 issue of Time Magazine Professor António de Oliveira Salazar (April 28, 1889—July 27, 1970) was the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968, noted for the dictatorial nature of his government. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (   listen?) (November 22, 1890 – November 9, 1970), in France commonly referred to as le général de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. ... Eamon de Valera (born Edward George de Valera, Irish name Éamonn de Bhailéara (October 14, 1882 – August 29, 1975), was an Irish politician, best known as a leader of Irelands struggle for independence from Britain in the early 20th Century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the... Einar Gerhardsen (May 10, 1897 - September 19, 1987) was a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party. ... Francisco Franco Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade (December 4, 1892 – November 20, 1975), abbreviated Francisco Franco Bahamonde and sometimes known as Generalísimo Francisco Franco, was dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. ... Franjo TuÄ‘man (May 14, 1922 - December 10, 1999) was the first president of Croatia in the 1990s. ... Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph I (in English also Francis Joseph) ( August 18, 1830 – November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder [] (born April 7, 1944), a German politician, has been serving as Chancellor of Germany since 1998. ... Dr. Helmut Kohl (full name Helmut Josef Michael Kohl) (born April 3, 1930) is a German conservative politician and statesman. ... Josip Broz Tito   listen? (May 7, 1892 – May 4, 1980) was the president of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ... The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a Balkan state that existed from 1945 to 1992. ... Term of office from November 14, 1918 until December 9, 1922 Profession Statesman and military commander Political party none, see Sanacja for details Spouse Maria PiÅ‚sudska Date of birth December 5, 1867 Place of birth Zułów, in todays Lithuania Date of death May 12, 1935 Place of... Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern (January 27, 1859 - June 4, 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia from 1888 - 1918. ... Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–November 10, 1938), Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... Konrad Adenauer (January 5, 1876 – April 19, 1967) was a conservative German statesman. ... Term of office from December 22, 1990 until December 23, 1995 Profession Electrician and shipyard worker Political party none, see Solidarity for details Spouse Danuta WaÅ‚Ä™sowa Date of birth September 29, 1943 Place of birth Popowo, Poland Date of death Place of death Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa (pronounced , born September... Image:Makarios. ... The Right Honourable Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925), is a British stateswoman and was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990, also Leader of the Opposition from 1975, and the only woman to date to hold those positions. ... Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares (born December 7, 1924), Portuguese politician, was born in Lisbon, and graduated in history, philosophy and law from the University of Lisbon. ... Milan Kučan (January 14, 1941 - ) is a Slovene politician and statesman. ... The Right Honourable Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869–9 November 1940) was a British politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937–1940. ... For other people named Ceausescu or CeauÅŸescu, see Ceausescu (disambiguation). ... Olof Palme Sven Olof Joachim Palme   listen? (January 30, 1927 - February 28, 1986) was a Swedish politician. ... Urho Kekkonen Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (September 3, 1900–August 31, 1986) was a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland (1950–1956) and later as President of Finland (1956–1981). ... Václav Havel Václav Havel (IPA: ) (born October 5, 1936) is a Czech writer and dramatist. ... Willy Brandt (December 18, 1913 – October 8, 1992) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany from 1969 to 1974. ... The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, FRS PC (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. ... The Right Honourable Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953 in Edinburgh, Scotland) is the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Shah Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi (Persian: رضا پهلوی), (March 16, 1877–July 26, 1944), called Reza Shah the Great after his death, was Shah of Persia (later Iran) from December 15, 1925 to September 16, 1941. ... His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (Persian: محمدرضا شاه پهلوی) (26 October 1919 – July 27, 1980) holder of the deferential title Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans), was the last reigning Shah of Iran to date, ruling from 1941 until 1979. ... Mohammed Mossadegh (Persian: محمد مصدق‎) (May 19, 1882 - March 4, 1967) was prime minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953. ... Ayatollah Khomeini founded the first modern Islamic republic Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini (آیت‌الله روح‌الله خمینی in Persian) (May 17, 1900 – June 3, 1989) was an Iranian Shia cleric and the political and spiritual leader of the 1979 revolution that overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then Shah of Iran. ... Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei (Persian: آیت‌الله سید علی خامنه‌ای) (born July 15, 1939) is the Iran. ... Order: 5th President of Iran Vice President: Hassan Habibi (1997–2001), Mohammad Reza Aref (2001–2005) Term of office: August 3, 1997 – August 2, 2005 Preceded by: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Succeeded by: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Date of birth: 1943 Place of birth: Ardakan, Iran Political party: Militant Clerics Society Hojjat ol... Gamal Abdel Nasser (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر) Gamal Abdel Nasser (January 15, 1918 _ September 28, 1970) was the second President of Egypt after Muhammad Naguib and is considered one of the most important Arab leaders in history. ... Capital Cairo Created 1958 Dissolved 1961 Demonym Arab The United Arab Republic (Arabic: Al Džumhuriya Al Arabia Al Mutahiba) (UAR) was a country that existed as a union between the republics of Egypt and Syria between 1958 and 1961; though Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until... Anwar Sadat Mohamed Anwar el-Sadat – محمد أنورالسادات Arabic - (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) Egyptian politician and President from 1970 to 1981. ... Capital Cairo Created 1958 Dissolved 1961 Demonym Arab The United Arab Republic (Arabic: Al Džumhuriya Al Arabia Al Mutahiba) (UAR) was a country that existed as a union between the republics of Egypt and Syria between 1958 and 1961; though Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until... David Ben-Gurion David Ben-Gurion (October 16, 1886 – December 1, 1973; Hebrew: דָּוִד בֶּן גּוּרִיּוֹן) was the first Prime Minister of Israel. ... Golda Meir was the fourth Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir (Hebrew גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר) (b. ... Menachem Begin on the front cover of TIME 1982. ... Hafez al-Assad (October 6, 1930 - June 10, 2000) was the President of Syria from 1971 to 2000. ... Saddam Hussein Saddām Hussein Ê»Abd al-MajÄ«d al-TikrÄ«t, spelled Husayn or Hussain; (Arabic صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي; born April 28, 1937 ) was President of Iraq from 1979 until his removal by coalition forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ... Hussein bin Talal (Arabic: حسين بن طلال) (November 14, 1935 - February 7, 1999) was the King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan from 1952 to 1999. ... Tsar Nicholas II (18 May 1868 to 17 July 1918)1 was the last crowned Emperor of Russia. ... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин   listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) (April 22 (April 10 (O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a Russian revolutionary, the leader of the Bolshevik party, the first Premier of the Soviet Union, and the founder of the ideology of Leninism, later expanded into Marxism-Leninism by Joseph...   Joseph Stalin? (December 6, 1878 – March 5, 1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from mid-1920s to his death in 1953 and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953), a position which had later become that of party leader. ... 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij and Trotzky ) (October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Лев Давидович Бронштейн), was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist intellectual. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchyov (Khrushchev) (Russian: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв   listen?, April 17, 1894 â€“ September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev   listen? (Russian: Леони́д Ильи́ч Бре́жнев) (December 19, 1906 – November 10, 1982) was effective ruler of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, though at first in partnership with others. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov (Gorbachev)   listen? (Russian: ; pronunciation: ) (born March 2, 1931), was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin   listen? (Борис Николаевич Ельцин, b. ...

Scientists

Biology and Anthropology

• Norman Borlaug
• Francis Crick
• Ernst Mayr
• Paul Ehrlich
• Jane Goodall
• Stephen Jay Gould
• Hans Adolf Krebs
• John Maynard Smith
• James Watson

Chemistry

• Elias Corey
• Maria Skłodowska-Curie
• Pierre Curie
• Fritz Haber
• Stanley Miller
• Linus Pauling
• Ernest Rutherford
• J.J. Thomson
• Harold Urey

Computer Science

• John Backus
• Edsger Dijkstra
• Linus Torvalds
• Grace Murray Hopper
• John von Neumann
• Claude Shannon
• Alan Turing
• William Gates III

Mathematics

• Paul Erdős
• Kurt Gödel
• David Hilbert
• Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov
• Benoit Mandelbrot
• John Nash

Medicine and Pharmacy

• Carl Djerassi
• Alexander Fleming
• Howard Walter Florey
• Ma Haide (George Hatem)
• Jonas Salk

Physics and Astronomy

• Niels Bohr
• Paul Dirac
• Freeman Dyson
• Albert Einstein
• Enrico Fermi
• Richard Feynman
• Stephen Hawking
• Werner Karl Heisenberg
• Edwin Hubble
• Wolfgang Pauli
• Max Planck
• Carl Sagan
• Erwin Schrödinger

Psychology

• Aaron T. Beck
• Mary Whiton Calkins
• Albert Ellis
• Sigmund Freud
• Carl Jung
• Alfred Kinsey
• Stanley Milgram
• Ivan Pavlov
• Jean Piaget
• B.F. Skinner
• John B. Watson

Main articles: Life All organisms (viruses not included) consist of cells, which in turn, are based on a common carbon-based biochemistry. ... Anthropology (from the Greek word άνθρωπος = human) consists of the study of humankind (see genus Homo). ... Norman Ernest Borlaug (born 25 March 1914) is an American agricultural scientist, humanitarian, Nobel laureate, and the father of the Green Revolution. ... Francis Crick - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Ernst Mayr Ernst Mayr (July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany - February 3, 2005, Bedford, Massachusetts USA), was one of the 20th centurys leading evolutionary biologists. ... Paul Ehrlich (March 14, 1854 – August 20, 1915) was a German scientist who won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. ... Jane Goodall Valerie Jane Morris Goodall, Ph. ... Stephen Jay Gould Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was a New York-born American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. ... Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-1981) Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (August 25, 1900 - November 22, 1981) was a German medical doctor and biochemist. ... John Maynard Smith Professor John Maynard Smith1, F.R.S. (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British evolutionary biologist and geneticist. ... There is more than one person with the name James Watson: James Watson, participant in the Battle of the Little Bighorn James Watson, author of the novel Talking in Whispers James Watson, U.S. Senator from New York (1797-1801) James Watson, painter of 77 portraits held by the U... Chemistry (in Greek: χημεία) is the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself (see physics, biology). ... Elias James Corey (born July 12, 1928) is an American organic chemist. ... Maria Skłodowska-Curie. ... Pierre Curie (May 15, 1859 – April 19, 1906) was a pioneer in the study of crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity. ... Fritz Haber (December 9, 1868 – January 29, 1934) was a German chemist. ... Stanley L. Miller (born 1930) is an American chemist famous for his role in the Miller-Urey experiment he performed in 1953, while a graduate student. ... Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American physical chemist, widely regarded as the premier chemist of the twentieth century. ... Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, FRS (August 30, 1871 - October 19, 1937), called father of nuclear physics, pioneered the orbital theory of the atom notably in his discovery of rutherford scattering off the nucleus with his gold foil experiment. ... Sir Joseph John Thomson, a garbage man OM, PRS (December 18, 1856 – August 30, 1940) often known as J. J. Thomson, was an English physicist, the discoverer of the electron. ... Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was a chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 and later led him to theories of planetary evolution. ... Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Computer Science Open Directory Project: Computer Science Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies Belief that title science in computer science is inappropriate Categories: Computer science ... John Backus (born December 3, 1924) is an American computer scientist, notable as the inventor of the first high-level programming language (FORTRAN), the Backus-Naur form (BNF, the almost universally used notation to define formal language syntax), and the concept of Function-level programming. ... Portrait of Edsger Dijkstra (courtesy Brian Randell) Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (Rotterdam, May 11, 1930 – Nuenen, August 6, 2002) was a Dutch computer scientist. ... Linus Torvalds Linus Benedict Torvalds (born December 28, 1969) is best known for initiating the development of the Linux Operating System. ... Grace Hopper (January 1984) Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906 - January 1, 1992) was an early computer pioneer. ... John von Neumann in the 1940s. ... Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 _ February 24, 2001) has been called the father of information theory, and was the founder of practical digital circuit design theory. ... Alan Turing is often considered the father of modern computer science. ... Bill Gates // Biography Bill Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, on October 28, 1955, to William H. Gates, Sr. ... Main article: History of mathematics The evolution of mathematics can be seen to be an ever increasing series of abstractions. ... Paul ErdÅ‘s Paul ErdÅ‘s (also Pál ErdÅ‘s, March 26, 1913 – September 20, 1996) was an immensely prolific and famously eccentric mathematician who, with hundreds of collaborators, worked on problems in combinatorics, graph theory, number theory, classical analysis, approximation theory, set theory and probability theory. ... Kurt Gödel Kurt Gödel [kurt gøːdl], (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher of mathematics. ... David Hilbert David Hilbert (January 23, 1862 – February 14, 1943) was a German mathematician born in Wehlau, near Königsberg, Prussia (now Znamensk, near Kaliningrad, Russia) who is recognized as one of the most influential mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. ... Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (Андре́й Никола́евич Колмого́ров) (kahl-mah-GAW-raff) (April 25, 1903 in Tambov - October 20, 1987 in Moscow) was a Russian mathematician who made major advances in the fields of probability theory and topology. ... Beno t Mandelbrot was the first to use a computer to plot the Mandelbrot set. ... John Forbes Nash John Forbes Nash Jr. ... Medicine on the Web NLM (National Library of Medicine, contains resources for patients and healthcare professionals) Virtual Hospital (digital health sciences library by the University of Iowa) Online Medical Dictionary Collection of links to free medical resources Categories: Medicine | Health ... Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον = drug) is the profession of compounding and dispensing medication. ... Carl Djerassi Carl Djerassi (born October 29, 1923 in Vienna, Austria), is a chemist and playwright best known for his contribution to the development of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP). ... Alexander Fleming Sir Alexander Fleming (August 6, 1881 – March 11, 1955) discovered the antibiotic substance lysozyme and isolated the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum. ... Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey (September 24, 1898 – February 21, 1968) was a pharmacologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the extraction of penicillin. ... Dr. Ma Haide (b. ... Jonas E. Salk Jonas Salk (October 28, 1914 - June 23, 1995) is the discoverer/inventor of the eponymous Salk vaccine while a researcher in Pittsburgh(see polio vaccine). ... The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. ... In ancient Greece and other early civilizations, astronomy consisted largely of astrometry, measuring positions of stars and planets in the sky. ... Niels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr (October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962) was a Danish physicist who made essential contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics. ... Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, (August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ... Freeman Dyson at Harvard University in 2004 Freeman John Dyson (born December 15, 1923) is an English-born American physicist and mathematician. ... Albert Einstein, by Yousuf Karsh Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist of Swiss and American citizenship, who is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. ... Enrico Fermi in the 1940s. ... Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) (surname pronounced FINE-man; in IPA) was one of the most influential American physicists of the 20th century, expanding greatly the theory of quantum electrodynamics. ... Hawking as himself on Star Trek TNG Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS (born January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England) is one of the worlds leading theoretical physicists. ... Werner Heisenberg Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics. ... Edwin Hubble Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer, noted for his discovery of galaxies beyond the Milky Way and the cosmic red shift. ... Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (April 25, 1900 – December 15, 1958) was an Austrian-Swiss physicist noted for his work on the theory of spin. ... Max Planck This article is about Planck, the German physicist. ... A respected astronomer and dogged critic of pseudoscience, Carl Sagan is best known for his enthusiastic efforts at popularizing science. ... Erwin Schrödinger, as depicted on the former Austrian 1000 Schilling bank note. ... Psychology (Classical Greek: psyche = soul or mind, logos = study of) is an academic and applied field involving the study of behaviour, mind and thought and, frequently, the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. ... Aaron T. Beck, M.D. (born 1921), The Father of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, is a professor at the Psychopathology Research Unit of the University of Pennsylvania. ... Mary Whiton Calkins (1863‑1930), American philosopher and psychologist. ... Albert Ellis in 2003. ... Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939) was an Austrian psychiatrist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, a movement that popularized the theory that unconscious motives control much behavior. ... Carl Gustav Jung Carl Gustav Jung (July 26, 1875 – June 6, 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of Analytical Psychology. ... Alfred Kinsey - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 - December 20, 1984) was a Yale University psychologist who conducted the Small world experiment (the source of the six degrees of separation concept) and the Milgram experiment on obedience to authority. ... Ivan Pavlov Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14, 1849 - February 27, 1936) was a Russian physiologist who first described the phenomenon now known as conditioning in experiments with dogs. ... Jean Piaget (August 9, 1896 – September 16, 1980) was a Swiss developmental psychologist. ... Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 _ August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist and author. ... John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 - September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. ...

Humanities

• Art and Literary Theory
  • Clive Bell
  • Pauline Kael

• Civil Rights
  • Martin Luther King Jr.

• Economics
  • John Maynard Keynes
  • John Kenneth Galbraith
  • Milton Friedman
  • Ludwig von Mise

• History
  • Stephen Ambrose
  • Charles A. Beard

• Philosophy
  • Hannah Arendt
  • Jürgen Habermas
  • Martin Heidegger
  • W. V. Quine
  • John Rawls
  • Jean-Paul Sartre
  • Alfred North Whitehead
  • Ludwig Wittgenstein

• Political Science
  • Noam Chomsky
  • Robert A. Dahl
  • C. Wright Mills
  • Edward Said
  • Ayn Rand

Art criticism is the study and evaluation of art. ... Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. ... Arthur Clive Howard Bell (September 16, 1881 – 1964) was an English critic, associated with the Bloomsbury group. ... Pauline Kael (June 19, 1919 - September 3, 2001) was a well-known film critic who wrote for The New Yorker magazine. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Martin Luther King Jr. ... Economics (from the Greek οίκος [oikos], house, and νέμω [nemo], rules, hence household management) is the social science that studies the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services in the context of the competing alternative allocations of goods and courses of action. ... John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes of Tilton (pronounced Kaynes) (June 5, 1883 – April 21, 1946) was an English economist, whose radical ideas had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal. ... John Kenneth Galbraith John Kenneth Galbraith, OC (born October 15, 1908) is the most widely-read economist of the twentieth century. ... Milton Friedman Milton Friedman (born July 31, 1912) is a U.S. economist, known primarily for his work on macroeconomics and for his advocacy of laissez-faire capitalism. ... Ludwig von Mises was one the last members of the original Austrian school of economics. ... History Forums - History is Happening -Discuss all historical topics, as well as current events, in an academic setting. ... Stephen Ambrose, at the 2001 premier of Band of Brothers Stephen Edward Ambrose (January 10, 1936 – October 13, 2002) was a popular historian and biographer of Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. ... Charles Austin Beard (November 27, 1874 - September 1, 1948) was an American historian, author with James Harvey Robinson of The Development of Modern Europe (1907). ... The term philosophy derives from a combination of the Greek words philos meaning love and sophia meaning wisdom. ... Hannah Arendt in her early adulthood Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906 - December 4, 1975) was a German political theorist. ... Habermas speaking with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI, 2004 Jürgen Habermas (born June 18, 1929 in Düsseldorf, Germany) is a philosopher and social theorist in the tradition of critical theory. ... Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889 – May 26, 1976) was a German philosopher. ... W. V. Quine Willard Van Orman Quine (June 25, 1908 - December 25, 2000) was one of the most influential American philosophers and logicians of the 20th century. ... John Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was a philosopher, a professor of political philosophy at Harvard University and author of A Theory of Justice (1971), Political Liberalism, and The Law of Peoples. ... Jean Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre (June 21, 1905 – April 15, 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, dramatist, novelist and critic. ... Alfred North Whitehead Alfred North Whitehead (February 15, 1861, Ramsgate, Kent, UK – December 30, 1947, Cambridge, MA) was a British-American philosopher, physicist and mathematician who worked in logic, mathematics, philosophy of science and metaphysics. ... Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), pictured here in 1930, made influential contributions to logic and the philosophy of language, critically examining the task of conventional philosophy and its relation to the nature of language. ... Niccolò Machiavelli, ca 1500, became the key figure in realistic political theory, crucial to political science Political science is an academic and research discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ... Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is Institute Professor Emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... Robert A. Dahl (b. ... Charles Wright Mills (August 28, 1916, Waco, Texas – March 20, 1962, Nyack, New York) was an American sociologist. ... Edward Said Edward Wadie Said (إدوارد Ø³Ø¹ÙŠØ¯) (November 1, 1935 – September 24, 2003) was a well-known literary theorist, critic and outspoken Palestinian activist. ... Ayn Rand (February 2, 1905–March 6, 1982; first name pronounced (IPA) (rhymes with mine)), born Alissa Alice Zinovievna Rosenbaum, was a popular and controversial American philosopher and novelist, best known for her philosophy of Objectivism and her novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. ...

Business

• Paul Allen
• Warren Buffett
• Walt Disney
• Henry Ford
• Bill Gates
• Howard Hughes
• Steve Jobs
• Linus Torvalds
• Donald Trump
• Sam Walton
• Thomas J. Watson

Paul Allen Paul G. Allen (born January 21, 1953) is an entrepreneur who first established himself by co-founding Microsoft Corporation with Bill Gates. ... Warren Edward Buffett Warren Edward Buffett (born August 30, 1930) is a wealthy American investor and businessman. ... Walt Disney Walter Elias Walt Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966), was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, and animator. ... Time Magazine, January 14, 1935 Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and is credited with contributing to the creation of a middle class in American society. ... Bill Gates // Biography Bill Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, on October 28, 1955, to William H. Gates, Sr. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Steve Jobs gives a keynote address. ... Linus Torvalds Linus Benedict Torvalds (born December 28, 1969) is best known for initiating the development of the Linux Operating System. ... Donald Trump on NBCs The Apprentice Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946, his nickname being The Donald -- given to him by ex-wife Ivana Trump) is an American business executive. ... Samuel Moore Walton (March 29, 1918 – April 5, 1992) was the founder of the giant American retailer Wal-Mart. ... Thomas J. Watson, Sr. ...

Aerospace pioneers

• Alberto Santos-Dumont
• Robert Goddard
• Wernher von Braun
• Neil Armstrong
• Louis Bleriot
• Yuri Gagarin
• Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov
• Freddie Laker
• Charles Lindbergh
• Ron McNair
• Ellison Onizuka
• Herman Potočnik Noordung
• Alan Shepard
• Valentina Tereshkova
• Wright Brothers

Santos-Dumont in his trademark Panama hat. ... Robert Goddard Robert Hutchings Goddard (October 5, 1882 – August 10, 1945) was one of the pioneers of modern rocketry. ... In May 1964, Wernher von Braun stands at his Marshall Space Flight Center desk in Huntsville, Alabama with models of rockets developed and in progress. ... Neil Alden Armstrong (born August 5, 1930) is a former American test pilot and astronaut who was the first human being to walk on the Moon. ... Louis Blériot Louis Blériot (July 1, 1872 in Cambrai - August 2, 1936 in Paris) was a French inventor and engineer, who performed the first flight over a large body of water in a heavier-than-air craft. ... Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Russian: Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин; YOO-ree a-lek-SE-ye-veech ga-GA-reen; March 9, 1934 – March 27, 1968), was a Soviet cosmonaut who in 1961 became the first human to travel into space. ... Vladimir Komarov Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov (Russian: Владимир Михайлович Комаров; March 16, 1927 – April 24, 1967) was a Soviet cosmonaut. ... Sir Frederick Alfred Laker (born August 6, 1922), better known as Sir Freddie Laker is a legendary British airline owner. ... Charles Lindbergh with the Spirit of St. ... Ronald McNair Ronald Erwin McNair (October 21, 1950 - January 28, 1986) was one of the astronauts killed in the launch of the Space Shuttle Challenger, mission STS-51-L. He was a native of Lake City, South Carolina. ... Ellison Shoji Onizuka (June 24, 1946 - January 28, 1986) was an American astronaut from Hawaii who died during the explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger, where he was serving as mission specialist on mission STS-51-L. Onizuka received a Bachelors degree in aerospace engineering in June 1969, and... Herman Potočnik (pseudonym Hermann Noordung) (December 12, 1892 - August 27, 1929) was a Slovene rocket engineer and pioneer of cosmonautics (astronautics). ... Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr. ... Valentina Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (Russian: ; born March 6, 1937), Soviet cosmonaut, flew on Vostok 6 in 1963 to become the first woman in space. ... The Wright brothers, Orville Wright (August 19, 1871 - January 30, 1948) and Wilbur Wright (April 16, 1867 - May 30, 1912), are generally credited with the design and construction of the first practical aeroplane, and making the first controllable, powered heavier-than-air flight along with many other aviation milestones. ...

Military leaders

• Bernard Montgomery
• Charles de Gaulle
• Chester Nimitz
• Douglas Haig
• Douglas MacArthur
• Dwight Eisenhower
• Erich Ludendorff
• Erwin Rommel
• Franc Rozman Stane
• George Patton
• Georgy Zhukov
• Leon Trotsky
• Mao Zedong
• Moshe Dayan
• Paul von Hindenburg
• Rudolf Maister
• Vo Nguyen Giap
• Sir Bernard Freyberg

Bernard Law Montgomery Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (November 17, 1887 - March 24, 1976) was a British military officer during World War II often referred to as Monty. ... Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (   listen?) (November 22, 1890 – November 9, 1970), in France commonly referred to as le général de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. ... Chester Nimitz Chester William Nimitz (February 24, 1885 – February 20, 1966) was the Commander in Chief of Pacific Forces for the United States and Allied forces during World War II. He was the nations leading authority on submarines, as well as Chief of the Navy Bureau of Navigation in... Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig (June 19, 1861 - January 28, 1928) was a British soldier and senior commander during World War I. He had independent wealth: his family manufactured Haig & Haig whisky. ... General Douglas MacArthur aboard a battle ship toward the end of World War two, 1945 Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880 – April 5, 1964) was an American military leader. ... Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ... General Erich Ludendorff Erich Ludendorff (sometimes given incorrectly as Erich von Ludendorff) (April 9, 1865 – December 20, 1937, Tutzing, Bavaria, Germany) was a German Army officer, noted as a general during World War I. Ludendorff was born in Kruszewnia near Posen, Prussia (now PoznaÅ„, Poland). ... Field Marshal Erwin Rommel Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel (   listen?) (November 15, 1891 – October 14, 1944) was one of the most distinguished German Field Marshals and commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps in World War II. He is also known by his nickname The Desert Fox (Wüstenfuchs,   listen?), for the... Franc Rozman Stane (March 27, 1911 - November 7, 1944), was a legendary Slovene partisan commandant. ... General George Smith Patton Jr. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgi Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (Russian: Гео́ргий Константи́нович Жу́ков) (December 1, 1896 (N.S.); November 19, 1896 (O.S.)) - June 18, 1974), Soviet military commander and politician, considered by many as one of the most successful field commanders of World War II. // Prewar career Born into a peasant... 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij and Trotzky ) (October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Лев Давидович Бронштейн), was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist intellectual. ... Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-Tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ... Gen. ... Paul von Hindenburg President of Germany Paul von Hindenburg (full name Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg) (October 2, 1847 – August 2, 1934) was a German Field Marshal and statesman. ... Rudolf Maister-Vojanov (March 29, 1874 - July 26, 1934) was a Slovene colonel in the Austro-Hungarian army. ... General Vo Nguyen Giap (Vietnamese: Võ Nguyên Giáp - Võ is his family name) (born 1912) is a Vietnamese four-star general, who was the military leader of the Viet Minh guerrilla group under Hồ Chí Minhs political leadership, and of the Peoples Army of Vietnam (PAVN) in... The Rt Hon. ...

Religious figures

• Pope Pius XII
• Pope John XXIII
• Pope John Paul II
• Mother Teresa of Calcutta
• The 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet, Thubten Gyatso
• The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, Tenzin Gyatso
• The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
• The Rev. Billy Graham
• Mahatma Gandhi
• Aurobindo Ghosh
• Ramana Maharshi
• Ayatollah Khomeini
• Ayatollah Khamenei

The Venerable Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as Pope and sovereign of Vatican City from March 2, 1939 to 1958. ... The Blessed Pope John XXIII (Latin: ), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 – June 3, 1963), reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City from October 28, 1958 until his death in 1963. ... The Servant of God Pope John Paul II (Latin: ), born Karol Józef WojtyÅ‚a (May 18, 1920 – April 2, 2005), reigned as pope of the Catholic Church for almost 27 years, from 16 October 1978 until his death, making his the third-longest reign in the history of the... Mother Teresa was born Agnes Gonxhe Bojaxhiu Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta (August 27, 1910 – September 5, 1997) was an internationally renowned Catholic nun and founder of the Missionaries of Charity whose work among the poor of Calcutta (later renamed Kolkata) was widely reported. ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ... The 14th and current Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso (born 1935) The 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso (1876-1933) In Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lamas are a sequence of leaders, since 1391, from the Gelug (dge lugs) school. ... Tibet (Tibetan: བོད་, Bod, pronounced pö in Lhasa dialect; Chinese: 西藏, pinyin: XÄ«zàng; older splling Thibet) is a region and former independent country in Central Asia and the home of the Tibetan people. ... Thubten Gyatso (1876-1933), sometimes spelled Thupten Gyatso, was the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet. ... The 14th and current Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso (born 1935) The 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso (1876-1933) In Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lamas are a sequence of leaders, since 1391, from the Gelug (dge lugs) school. ... Tibet (Tibetan: བོད་, Bod, pronounced pö in Lhasa dialect; Chinese: 西藏, pinyin: XÄ«zàng; older splling Thibet) is a region and former independent country in Central Asia and the home of the Tibetan people. ... Tenzin Gyatso is the fourteenth and current Dalai Lama. ... Martin Luther King Jr. ... Billy Graham The Rev. ... Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 – January 30, 1948) (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी), called Mahatma Gandhi, was the charismatic leader who brought the cause of Indias independence from British colonial rule to world attention. ... ... Ramana Mahrishi as portrayed in a loving oil painting by Jayalakshmi Satyendra Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi is regarded by some as one of the greatest saints of Hinduism in the 20th century. ... Ayatollah Khomeini founded the first modern Islamic republic Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini (آیت‌الله روح‌الله خمینی in Persian) (May 17, 1900 – June 3, 1989) was an Iranian Shia cleric and the political and spiritual leader of the 1979 revolution that overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then Shah of Iran. ... Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei (Persian: آیت‌الله سید علی خامنه‌ای) (born July 15, 1939) is the Iran. ...

Artists

• Amedeo Modigliani
• Andy Warhol
• Constantin Brancusi
• George Braque
• Henri Matisse
• Henry Moore
• Jackson Pollock
• Jacob Epstein
• Joan Miró
• Juan Gris
• Marcel Duchamp
• Pablo Picasso
• Piet Mondrian
• René Magritte
• Salvador Dalí
• Wassily Kandinsky

Amedeo Modigliani Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (July 12, 1884 – January 24, 1920) was an Jewish Italian painter and sculptor. ... Andy Warhol, circa 1965. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... ] Categories: People stubs | Modern artists | French painters | French sculptors | 1882 births | 1963 deaths | Cubism ... Self-Portrait in a Striped T-shirt (1906). ... --138. ... Jackson Pollock in 1950 Pollocks Galaxy, a part of the Joslyn Art Museums permanent collection Blue Poles Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an influential American artist and a major force in the abstract expressionism movement. ... Jacob Epstein photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1934 Sir Jacob Epstein (10 November 1880 - 19 August 1959) was an American-born sculptor who worked chiefly in England, where he pioneered modern sculpture, often producing controversial works that challenged taboos concerning what public artworks appropriately depict. ... Joan Miró Woman and Bird (Barcelona) Joan Miró (April 20, 1893 – December 25, 1983) was a painter, sculptor and ceramist born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. ... The Sunblind, 1914, Tate Gallery. ... Marcel Duchamp (July 28, 1887 – October 2, 1968) was an influential French/American artist. ... Young Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso, formally Pablo Ruiz Picasso, (October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973) was one of the recognized masters of 20th century art, probably most famous as the founder, along with Georges Braque, of Cubism. ... Piet Mondrian (March 7, 1872 – February 1, 1944) was a Dutch painter and an important contributor to the De Stijl art movement, which was founded by Theo van Doesburg. ... The Betrayal Of Images (La trahison des images) (1928-1929) René François Ghislain Magritte (November 21, 1898 – August 15, 1967) was a surrealist artist, born in Lessines, Belgium. ... Salvador Dalí as photographed in 1934 by Carl Van Vechten Salvador Felip Jacint Dalí Domènech (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989) was an important Catalan-Spanish painter, best known for his surrealist works. ... Wassily Kandinsky On White II (Kandinsky 1923) Wassily Kandinsky (Russian: Василий Кандинский, first name sometimes spelled as Vasily, Vassily or Vasilii) (December 4, 1866 – December 13, 1944) was a Russian-born painter and art theorist. ...

Music

• Aaron Copland
• Amitabh Bachchan
• Aram Khachaturian
• Bob Dylan
• Bob Marley
• Charlie Parker
• Cliff Richard
• Dalida
• David Bowie
• Dmitri Shostakovich
• Elvis Presley
• Frank Sinatra
• Frank Zappa
• Gary Davis
• George Gershwin
• Gustav Holst
• Igor Stravinsky
• Jean Sibelius
• Jimi Hendrix
• John Cage
• John Coltrane
• John Williams
• Kraftwerk
• Led Zeppelin
• Louis Armstrong
• Madonna
• Michael Jackson
• Miles Davis
• Motörhead
• Nirvana
• Olivier Messiaen
• Phil Spector
• Pink Floyd
• Queen
• Ray Charles
• The Beach Boys
• The Beatles
• The Clash
• The Grateful Dead
• The Ramones
• The Rolling Stones
• The Velvet Underground
• Van Morrison

Aaron Copland Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900–December 2, 1990) was an American composer of modern tonal music as well as film music. ... Amitabh Bachchan (born October 11, 1942, Allahabad, India) also known as Big B, is an Indian actor. ... Aram Ilich Khachaturian (Armenian: Ô±Ö€Õ¡Õ´ Ô½Õ¡Õ¹Õ¡Õ¿Ö€ÕµÕ¡Õ¶, Russian: Аpaм Ильич XaчaÑ‚ypян) (June 6, 1903 – May 1, 1978) was a composer of classical music. ... Portrait photograph of Bob Dylan taken by Daniel Kramer Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman May 24, 1941) is widely regarded as one of Americas greatest popular songwriters. ... Bob Marley Robert Nesta Marley (February 6, 1945 – May 11, 1981 ) better known as Bob Marley, was a Jamaican singer, guitarist, and songwriter. ... Charlie Parker Charles Parker, Jr (August 29, 1920 – March 12, 1955) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. ... Dressed For The Occasion, Cliff Richard Sir Cliff Richard (born Harry Rodger Webb in Lucknow, India, on October 14, 1940) is the stage name of one of UKs most popular singers. ... Dalida as shown on a French stamp issued in 2001 Dalida (January 17, 1933 - May 3, 1987) was an Egyptian-born singer, of Italian origin, making her career in France. ... David Bowie today. ... Dmitri Dmitrievich Shostakovich   listen? (Russian: ) (September 25, 1906 – August 9, 1975) was a Russian composer of the Soviet period. ... Elvis Presley Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known as The King of Rock and Roll or The King, was an American singer and actor. ... Frank Sinatra in 1947 Francis Albert Sinatra (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer who is considered one of the finest vocalists of all time, renowned for his impeccable phrasing and timing. ... Frank Zappa Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American rock/jazz fusion musician, composer, and satirist. ... Reverend Gary Davis (Blind Gary Davis, April 30, 1896 – May 5, 1972) was an African American blues and gospel singer and guitarist. ... George Gershwin photograph by Edward Steichen in 1927. ... Gustav Holst Gustavus Theodore von Holst (September 21, 1874 – May 25, 1934) was an English composer with Latvian, Swedish, and Spanish roots. ... Igor Fyodorovitch Stravinsky (Russian: ) (June 17, 1882 – April 6, 1971) was a Russian-American composer of modern classical music. ... A bust of Jean Sibelius at the Sibelius-monumentti in Helsinki. ... Jimi Hendrix James Marshall Jimi Hendrix (November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter, widely considered to be the most important electric guitarist in the history of popular music. ... John Cage John Milton Cage (September 5, 1912–August 12, 1992) was an American experimental music composer and writer. ... Insert non-formatted text here John Coltrane (September 23, 1926 – July 17, 1967) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. ... This article is about John Williams the noted film composer. ... Kraftwerks Trans-Europe Express album (1977). ... Led Zeppelin, circa 1969 (clockwise from left: Robert Plant, Jimmy Page, John Bonham, John Paul Jones) Led Zeppelin was a British rock band, who were pivotal in the development of hard rock and heavy metal, and are said to be one of the most influential bands of all time. ... Louis Armstrongs stage personality matched his flashy trumpet as captured in this photo by William P. Gottlieb. ... Madonna at the Live 8 concert. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Miles Dewey Davis III (May 25, 1926 – September 28, 1991) one of the most influential and innovative musicians of the twentieth century, was an African-American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. ... Phil, Mikkey and Lemmy Motörhead are a canonical British speed metal band. ... Drummer Dave Grohl, left, guitarist/singer/songwriter Kurt Cobain, center, and bassist Krist Novoselic, right. ... Olivier Messiaen (December 10, 1908 – April 27, 1992) was a French composer, organist, and ornithologist. ... Phil Spector Harvey Phillip Phil Spector (born December 26, 1940) is a highly influential record producer who turned out some of the best-known popular music of the 1960s and 1970s. ... Pink Floyd circa 1971. ... The Queen logo, designed by Freddie Mercury Queen is a British Glam rock band which was popular during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s; even to this day they remain loved by millions. ... Ray Charles at the piano. ... The Beach Boys, 1963 (L to R, David Marks, Carl Wilson, Dennis Wilson, Mike Love, Brian Wilson) The Beach Boys are a pop music group formed in Hawthorne, California in 1961, whose popularity has lasted into the twenty-first century. ... The Beatles (L-R, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr, John Lennon), in 1964, performing on The Ed Sullivan Show promoting their first U.S. hit song, I Want To Hold Your Hand, and ushering in the British Invasion of American popular music. ... The Clash in 1978. ... Jerry Garcia later in life The Grateful Dead was an American rock band, which was formed in 1965 in San Francisco from the remnants of another band, Mother McCrees Uptown Jug Champions. ... The Ramones (L-R, Johnny, Tommy, Joey, Dee Dee) on the cover of their debut self-titled album (1976), cementing their place at the dawn of the punk movement. ... The Rolling Stones, mid-60s. ... The Velvet Underground and Nico in 1966 (from left to right: John Cale, Nico, Lou Reed, Sterling Morrison, and Maureen Tucker). ... Van Morrison in concert, 1974 George Ivan Morrison (born August 31, 1945) is an Irish singer/songwriter originally from Belfast, Northern Ireland. ...

Film

• Frank Capra
• Francis Ford Coppola
• Sergei Eisenstein
• Jean-Luc Godard
• D.W. Griffith
• Alfred Hitchcock
• Elia Kazan
• Stanley Kubrick
• George Lucas
• Steven Spielberg
• Orson Welles

Frank Capra Frank Capra (May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was an American film director and a major creative force behind a number of highly popular films. ... Francis Ford Coppola (born April 7, 1939 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American film director, screenwriter, vintner, magazine publisher, and hotelier. ... Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Russian: Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн, Latvian: Sergejs Eizenšteins) (January 23, 1898–February 11, 1948) was a Soviet theatrical scenic designer turned filmmaker noted for his films Battleship Potemkin and Oktober, both based loosely on a true story and presented in a realistic fashion, causing an immeasurable influence on early documentary... Jean-Luc Godard Jean-Luc Godard (born December 3, 1930) was one of the most influential members of the nouvelle vague. ... David Lewelyn Wark Griffith (January 22, 1875 - July 23, 1948) was an American film director (commonly known as D. W. Griffith) probably best known for his film The Birth of a Nation. ... Alfred Hitchcock Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE, (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was a British film director closely associated with the thriller genre. ... Elia Kazan Elia Kazan (September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003) was a Greek-born American film and theatre director and producer. ... Stanley Kubrick (July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American film director. ... George Lucas George Walton Lucas, Jr. ... Steven Spielberg Steven Allan Spielberg KBE (born on December 18, 1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio but raised in the suburbs of Haddonfield, New Jersey and Scottsdale, Arizona), is an Jewish American film director and producer whose films range from science fiction to historical drama to horror. ... Orson Welles, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1937 George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) is generally considered one of Hollywoods greatest directors, as well as a fine actor, broadcaster and screenwriter. ...

Writers and poets

• Alamgir Hashmi
• Alan Moore
• Albert Camus
• Aldous Huxley
• Allen Ginsberg
• Amy Tan
• André Breton
• Andre Malraux
• Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
• Antonio Machado
• Arthur Miller
• Ayn Rand
• Basil Bunting
• C.S. Lewis
• Charles Olson
• Charles Reznikoff
• Cid Corman
• Dorothy Richardson
• Douglas Adams
• E. E. Cummings
• Ernest Hemingway
• Ezra Pound
• Fernando Pessoa
• F. Scott Fitzgerald
• Franz Kafka
• Gabriel García Márquez
• Gary Snyder
• George Orwell
• Gerina Dunwich
• Gertrude Stein
• H.D.
• Halldór Laxness
• Harper Lee
• Hart Crane
• Hermann Hesse
• Hugh MacDiarmid
• Isaac Asimov
• J. D. Salinger
• J.K. Rowling
• J.R.R. Tolkien
• Jack Kerouac
• James Joyce
• John Millington Synge
• John Steinbeck
• John Updike
• Jorge Luis Borges
• Kurt Vonnegut
• Louis Aragon
• Louis Zukofsky
• Marcel Proust
• Marianne Moore
• Mikhail Bulgakov
• Mina Loy
• Orrick Johns
• Paul Eluard
• Philip Larkin
• Richard Wright
• Robert Creeley
• Samuel Beckett
• Seamus Heaney
• Sean O'Casey
• Stephen King
• T.S. Eliot
• Thomas Pynchon
• Virginia Woolf
• Vladimir Nabokov
• W. B. Yeats
• W.H. Auden
• Wallace Stevens
• William Carlos Williams
• William Faulkner

Alamgir Hashmi [Aurangzeb Alamgir Hashmi] (born November 15, 1951) is a major English poet of the latter half of the 20th century. ... Alan Moore Alan Moore (born November 18, 1953, in Northampton, England) is a British writer most famous for his work in comics. ... Albert Camus Albert Camus (November 7, 1913 – January 4, 1960) was a French author and philosopher and one of the principal luminaries (with Jean-Paul Sartre) of existentialism. ... Aldous Huxley Aldous Leonard Huxley (July 26, 1894 – November 22, 1963) was a British writer who emigrated to the United States. ... Allen Ginsberg in San Francisco. ... Amy Tan (Chinese: 譚恩美; pinyin: Tán Ä’nmÄ›i) (born February 19, 1952) is a Chinese American author. ... André Breton (February 18, 1896 – September 28, 1966) was a French writer, poet, and surrealist theorist. ... Andr Malraux, French author, adventurer and statesman Andr Malraux (November 3, 1901 - November 23, 1976) was a French author, adventurer and statesman. ... Antoine de Saint-Exupéry in Toulouse Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (June 29, 1900 – July 31, 1944) was a French writer and aviator. ... Antonio Machado y Ruiz (July 26, 1875 – February 22, 1939) was a Spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literary movement known as the Generation of 98. ... Arthur Miller in his later years Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist, and author. ... Ayn Rand (February 2, 1905–March 6, 1982; first name pronounced (IPA) (rhymes with mine)), born Alissa Alice Zinovievna Rosenbaum, was a popular and controversial American philosopher and novelist, best known for her philosophy of Objectivism and her novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. ... Basil Bunting (March 3, 1900 – 1985) was a British modernist poet. ... Clive Staples Lewis (November 29, 1898 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis, was an author and scholar. ... Charles Olson (27 December 1910 - 10 January 1970) was an important 2nd generation American modernist poet who was a crucial link between earlier figures like Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams and such later avant garde groups as the Beats and L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E. He... Charles Reznikoff (August 31, 1894 _ January 22, 1976) was the poet for whom the term Objectivist was first coined. ... Cid Corman (1924 - March 12, 2004) was an American poet, translator and editor who was a key figure in the history of American poetry in the second half of the 20th century. ... Dorothy Miller Richardson (17 May 1873 - 17 June 1957) was the first writer to publish a novel using what was to become known as the stream-of-consciousness technique. ... Douglas Noël Adams in an undated publicity photograph by Jill Furmanovsky Douglas Noël Adams (March 11, 1952 – May 11, 2001), also known (to fans) as Bop Ad or Bob (after his illegible signature) or by his initials DNA (it is notable that Watson and Cricks famous discovery... E. E. Cummings Edward Estlin Cummings (October 14, 1894 – September 3, 1962), typically abbreviated E. E. Cummings, was an American poet, painter, essayist, and playwright. ... Ernest Hemingway, 1950 Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist and short story writer. ... Ezra Pound in 1913. ... Fernando Pessoa Fernando António Nogueira Pessoa (June 13, 1888 - November 30, 1935) was born in Lisbon and is seen by many as the greatest modern Portuguese author. ... F.Scott Fitzgerald, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1937 Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896–December 21, 1940) was an Irish-American Jazz Age novelist and short story writer. ... Franz Kefka approximately 1917 Franz Kefka (b. ... Gabriel Garcia Marquez Gabriel José García Márquez (born March 6, 1928) is a Colombian novelist, journalist, publisher, and political activist. ... Young Gary Snyder, on one of his early book covers Gary Snyder (born May 8, 1930) is an American poet (often associated with the Beat Generation); and an essayist, lecturer, and environmental activist who is frequently described as the laureate of Deep Ecology — both roles reflecting his studies of Buddhist... George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by the pen name George Orwell was a British author. ... Gerina Dunwich (born December 27, 1959, in Illinois) is a professional astrologer, occult historian, and popular New Age author, best known for her books on Wicca and the spellcasting arts. ... Gertrude Stein was born in Pittsburgh on February 3, 1874 and passed on July 27, 1946 in Paris. ... H.D. in the mid 1910s Hilda Doolittle (September 10, 1886, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania – September 27, 1961, Zürich), prominently known only by her initials H.D., was an American poet, novelist and memoirist. ... Halldór Kiljan Laxness (born Halldór Guðjónsson) (April 23, 1902 - February 8, 1998) was a famous 20th century Icelandic author of such novels as Independent People, The Atom Station, Paradise Reclaimed, Icelands Bell, The Fish Can Sing and World Light. ... Harper Lee (born April 28, 1926) is an American novelist, author of the classic 1960 novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. ... Harold Hart Crane (July 21, 1899 in Garrettsville, Ohio, United States – April 26, 1932) was a U.S. poet. ... Hermann Hesse Hermann Hesse (July 2, 1877 – August 9, 1962) was a German author, and the winner of the 1946 Nobel Prize in literature. ... Hugh MacDiarmid was the pen name of Christopher Murray Grieve (August 11, 1892 - September 9, 1978). ... Dr. Isaac Asimov enthroned with symbols of his lifes work (Rowena Morrill) Isaac Asimov (c. ... Jerome David Salinger (born January 1, 1919) is an American author best known for The Catcher in the Rye, a classic coming-of-age story that has enjoyed enduring popularity since its publication in 1951. ... Joanne Rowling OBE (born July 31, 1965 in Chipping Sodbury, South Gloucestershire), commonly known as J.K. Rowling (pronunciation: roll-ing; her former students used to joke with her name calling her the Rolling Stone), is a British fiction writer. ... J. R. R. Tolkien in 1916. ... Jack Kerouac Jack Kerouac (March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969) was an American novelist, writer, poet, artist, and one of the most prominent members of the Beat Generation. ... James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (February 2, 1882 – January 13, 1941) was an expatriate Irish writer and poet, and is widely considered one of the most significant writers of the 20th century. ... John Millington Synge John Millington Synge (April 16, 1871 - March 24, 1909) was an Irish dramatist, poet, prose writer, and collector of folklore. ... John Steinbeck John Ernst Steinbeck (February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was one of the most famous American novelists of the 20th century. ... John Updike John Updike (born March 18, 1932) is an American novelist and short story writer born in Reading, Pennsylvania. ... Jorge Luis Borges (bôr′hÄ•s) (/ˈxoɾ.xe luˈis ˈboɾ.xes/ in IPA) (August 24, 1899 – June 14, 1986) was an Argentine writer who is considered to be one of the foremost writers of the 20th century. ... Kurt Vonnegut Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. ... Louis Aragon (October 3, 1897 - December 24, 1982), French historian, poet and novelist. ... The cover of the 1978 edition of Zukofskys long poem A. Louis Zukofsky (January 23, 1904 - May 12, 1978) was one of the most important second-generation American modernist poets. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Marianne Moore photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1948 Marianne Moore (November 15, 1887 - February 5, 1972) was a Modernist American poet and writer. ... Mikhail Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasievich Bulgakov (or Bulhakov, Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков; May 15 (May 3 Old Style), 1891–March 10, 1940) was a Soviet novelist and playwright of the first half of the 20th century. ... Mina Loy and her husband Stephen Haweis at Académie Colarossi Mina Loy (December 27, 1882 - September 25, 1966) was an artist, poet, Futurist, actor, Christian Scientist, designer of lamps and bohemian extraordinaire. ... Orrick Glenday Johns (born June 2, 1887 - July 8, 1946) was a poet and playwright. ... Paul Éluard was the nom de plume of Eugène Grindel (December 14, 1895 - November 18, 1952), a French poet. ... Philip Larkin (August 9, 1922 – December 2, 1985) was an English poet, novelist and jazz critic. ... Richard Wright, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1939 Richard Nathaniel Wright (September 4, 1908 - November 28, 1960) was an African-American author of novels and short stories. ... Robert Creeley (May 21, 1926 - March 30, 2005) was an American poet, author of more than sixty books, and usually associated with the Black Mountain poets, though his verse aesthetic diverged from that schools. ... Samuel Beckett Samuel Barclay Beckett (April 13, 1906 – December 22, 1989) was an Irish playwright, novelist and poet. ... Seamus Justin Heaney (b. ... Sean OCasey Sean OCasey (March 30, 1880 - September 18, 1964) was a major Irish dramatist and memorist. ... Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is a prolific American author best known for his horror novels. ... Thomas Stearns Eliot (September 26, 1888 - January 4, 1965), was a major Modernist Anglo-American poet, dramatist, and literary critic. ... Thomas Pynchon pictured in his high school yearbook. ... Virginia Woolf Virginia Woolf (January 25, 1882 – March 28, 1941) was a British author and feminist, a prose writer who has a consequential impact on British modernist literature. ... Vladimir Nabokov Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (Russian: Владимир Владимирович Набоков; pronounced: vlah-DEE-meer nah-BAWK-awf) (April 10 O.S. [April 22/23 N.S.], 1899 - July 2, 1977) was a Russian-American author. ... A 1907 engraving of Yeats. ... Christopher Isherwood and W.H. Auden, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1939 Wystan Hugh Auden (February 21, 1907–September 29, 1973) was an English poet. ... Wallace Stevens Wallace Stevens (October 2, 1879 - August 2, 1955) was an American Modernist poet. ... William Carlos Williams William Carlos Williams (sometimes known as WCW) (September 17, 1883 – March 4, 1963), was an American poet closely associated with Modernism. ... William Faulkner, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1954 William Cuthbert Faulkner (September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was a Nobel Prize-winning novelist from Mississippi. ...

Sports figures

American Football 

George Halas

Jim Brown

Joe Montana

Red Grange

Vince Lombardi

Walter Payton

Athletics 

Al Oerter

Betty Cuthbert

Bob Beamon

Emil Zatopek

Fanny Blankers-Koen

Jim Thorpe

Paavo Nurmi

Steve Ovett

Baseball 

Babe Ruth

Jackie Robinson

Roberto Clemente

Ted Williams

Boxing 

Jack Dempsey

Joe Louis

Muhammad Ali

Rocky Marciano

Cricket 

Don Bradman

Douglas Jardine

Gary Sobers

George Headley

Herbert Sutcliffe

Jack Hobbs

Len Hutton

Malcolm Marshall

Ray Lindwall

Richard Hadlee

Steve Waugh

Victor Trumper

Vivian Richards

Wilfred Rhodes

Cycling 

Eddy Merckx

Fausto Coppi

Equestrian 

Mark Todd

Football 

Alex James

Alfredo di Stefano

Bill Shankly

Bobby Moore

Denis Law

Eusebio

Ferenc Puskas

Franz Beckenbauer

Gordon Banks

Johann Cruyff

Kenny Dalglish

Lev Yashin

Pelé

Stanley Matthews

Golf 

Arnold Palmer

Bobby Jones

Gary Player

Jack Nicklaus

Severiano Ballesteros

Ice Hockey 

Wayne Gretzky

Motor Sport 

Ayrton Senna

Jim Clark (racing driver)

Juan Manuel Fangio

Michael Schumacher

Mountaineering 

Edmund Hillary

Tenzing Norgay

Racing 

Lester Piggott

Tony McCoy

Rugby Football 

Colin Meads

Gareth Edwards

Wally Lewis

Skiing 

Franz Klammer

Swimming 

Dawn Fraser

Mark Spitz

Martin Strel

Tennis 

Martina Navratilova

Rod Laver

George Stanley Halas (February 2, 1895 - October 31, 1983), nicknamed Papa Bear and Mr. ... Brown was a first-team All-American in both football and lacrosse James Nathaniel Jim Brown (born February 17, 1936) is an American professional football player and actor. ... Joseph Clifford Montana was born on June 11, 1956 in the Pittsburgh surburb of New Eagle, Pennsylvania. ... Time Magazine, October 5, 1925 Harold Edward Grange, better known as Red Grange (June 13, 1903 - January 28, 1991), was a college football player. ... Vincent Thomas Lombardi (June 11, 1913 – September 3, 1970) was one of the most successful coaches in the history of American football. ... Walter Jerry Payton (July 25, 1954 - November 1, 1999) was an American football player who held the career record for most yards gained by a running back until 2002 when Emmitt Smith broke his record. ... Alfred Adolf Al Oerter, Jr. ... Elizabeth Cuthbert (born April 20, 1938 in Sydney) is Australian athlete, and a four-fold Olympic champion. ... Robert Bob Beamon (born August 29, 1946) is an American track and field athlete, best known for his long-standing world record in the long jump. ... Emil Zátopek (September 19, 1922 - November 22, 2000) was a Czech athlete and Olympic gold medalist in long distance running. ... Fanny Blankers-Koen speeding towards the gold medal in the final of the 80 m hurdles event at the 1948 Summer Olympics. ... Thorpe participated in the 1912 Summer Olympics. ... Born in Turku, Paavo Nurmi (June 13, 1897 - October 2, 1973) was a Finnish runner. ... Steve Ovett; Los Angeles 8 August 1984: 1500m race at the Games of XXIII Olympiad Stephen Michael James Steve Ovett (born October 9, 1955), is an English middle distance runner and gold medalist in the 800 m at the 1980 Olympics. ... George Herman Ruth, (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948), better known as Babe Ruth and also commonly known by the nicknames The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat, was an American baseball player and United States national icon. ... Brooklyn Dodger infielder Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in major league baseball in 1947. ... Roberto Clemente Walker (August 18, 1934 – December 31, 1972) was a Major League Baseball right fielder and right-handed batter. ... Ted Williams & Tom Yawkey Theodore Samuel Williams (August 30, 1918 – July 5, 2002), nicknamed The Splendid Splinter, Teddy Ballgame, The Thumper and The Kid, was an American left fielder in Major League Baseball who played 19 seasons, twice interrupted by military service as a Marine Corps pilot, with the Boston... This article is about the boxer named Jack Dempsey. ... Joseph Louis Barrow (1914-1981), better known in the boxing world as Joe Louis and nicknamed The Brown Bomber, was a native of Lexington, Alabama who became World Heavyweight Champion. ... Cassius Clay redirects here. ... Rocco Francis Marchegiano (September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969), better known as Rocky Marciano, was a boxer who holds the distinction of being the only heavyweight champion to retire undefeated and was commonly known as the Brockton Blockbuster. ... Sir Donald George Bradman (August 27, 1908 - February 25, 2001) was an Australian cricket player who is universally regarded as the greatest batsman of all time, and one of Australias greatest popular heroes. ... Douglas Robert Jardine (23 October 1900, Bombay - 18 June 1958, Montreux) was a British cricketer and captain of the controversial 1932-33 Bodyline tour of Australia. ... Sir Garfield St Aubrun Sobers (born July 28, 1936 in Barbados), better known as Garry Sobers, was a West Indies cricket player. ... Categories: Stub | West Indian cricketers | Jamaica cricketers | West Indian test cricketers | West Indian batsmen | Wisden Cricketers of the Year ... Herbert Sutcliffe (born November 24, 1894, Summerbridge, Harrogate, Yorkshire, England; died January 22, 1978, Cross Hills, Yorkshire, England) was arguably the greatest opening batsman in cricket history and undoubtedly one of the greatest players of any type the game has known. ... Sir John Berry Jack Hobbs, KBE (born 16 December 1882 in Cambridge, England, died 21 December 1963 in Hove, Sussex) played cricket for Surrey and England. ... For more coverage of cricket, go to the Cricket portal. ... Malcolm Marshall was a West Indian cricketer. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Sir Richard John Hadlee KBE (born July 3, 1951), New Zealand cricketer (national team known as the Black Caps), and universally regarded as their best-ever. ... For more coverage of cricket, go to the Cricket portal. ... Victor Thomas Trumper (born November 2, 1877 in Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, died June 28, 1915, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales) was a famous Australian batsman in the sport of cricket. ... Sir Isaac Vivian Alexander Richards (known by his second name, Vivian or, more popularly, Viv Richards), a former West-Indian cricketer, was born in St Johns, Antigua on 7 March 1952. ... Wilfred Rhodes (born October 29, 1877, North Moor, Kirkheaton, near Huddersfield, Yorkshire; died July 8, 1973, Branksome Park, Bournemouth) was one of the greatest cricketers of the twentieth century. ... Baron Eddy Merckx /merks/ (born Edouard Louis Joseph Merckx on June 17, 1945 in Meensel-Kiezegem, Belgium) is considered by many to be the greatest cyclist of the 19th and 20th centuries. ... Fausto Coppi (September 15, 1919 in Castellania (Province of Alessandria), Italy, - January 2, 1960 in Tortona, Italy) was an Italian racing cyclist. ... Mark Todd (born March 1, 1956) is a New Zealand horseman who was voted Rider of the 20th Century by the International Equestrian Federation, (Fédération Equestre Internationale). ... Alex James (Steven Alex James, born on 21 November 1968 in Bournemouth, England) is the bass player in the band Blur and is one of the members of Fat Les. ... Alfredo Di Stéfano (born July 4, 1926, at Barrancas, Argentina), is a former Argentine-born footballer who played international football for Argentina, Colombia, and, most famously, Spain. ... William Bill Shankly (September 2, 1914 - September 8, 1981) was one of the most successful and respected football managers. ... Bobby Moore Robert Frederick Chelsea Bobby Moore, OBE (April 12, 1941 - February 24, 1993) was an English footballer whose place in footballing history is secure as the captain of West Ham and the English 1966 World Cup-winning team. ... Denis Law (born February 24, 1940, in Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom) is a retired Scottish football player, who enjoyed a long and successful career as a striker from the 1950s to the 1970s. ... Eusébio da Silva Ferreira (known by the playing name of Eusébio) (born January 25, 1942) nicknamed The Black Pearl and The Black Panther, is a Portuguese football player born in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo), Mozambique. ... Ferenc Puskás (Hungarian: Puskás Ferenc, surname first; nicknamed Puskás Öcsi, born 2 April 1927 in Budapest) was a Hungarian football player. ... Franz Beckenbauer Franz Beckenbauer (born September 11, 1945) is a famous German football player, coach and manager, nicknamed der Kaiser (the emperor) because of his elegant style, his leadership qualities and his domination on the football pitch. ... Gordon Banks, OBE (born Sheffield, England, 30th December, 1937) was a footballer considered by many to be the best goalkeeper to have played the game. ... Johan Cruijff Johan Cruijff (born April 25, 1947 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch football trainer/coach and former star player. ... Kenneth Kenny Mathieson Dalglish MBE (born March 4, 1951, Dalmarnock, Glasgow, Scotland) is a former Scottish international football player. ... ... Pelé, on scoring a goal in the 1970 World Cup final against Italy. ... Sir Stanley Matthews (February 1, 1915 - February 23, 2000) was a football player, often regarded as one of the greats of the English game. ... Arnold Palmer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Bobby Jones can refer to different people: Bobby Jones: a golf player Bobby J. Jones: a baseball player Bobby M. Jones: a baseball player Bobby Jones: a basketball player Bobby Jones: a gospel singer This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... // Jack William Nicklaus (born January 21, 1940 in Columbus, Ohio), also known as The Golden Bear, was a major force in professional golf from the 1960s to the mid 1990s, and is regarded as the greatest golfer of all time. ... Severiano Seve Ballesteros (born 9 April 1957 in Pedreña, Spain) is a Spanish golfer who was one of the sports leading figures in the 1980s and 1990s. ... Wayne Gretzky playing for the New York Rangers in 1997 Wayne Douglas Gretzky, OC (born January 26, 1961) is a former professional ice hockey player and current head coach and part owner of the Phoenix Coyotes. ... Ayrton Senna Ayrton Senna da Silva (March 21, 1960–May 1, 1994), better known as Ayrton Senna, was a Brazilian racing driver who won the Formula One world championship three times. ... Jim Clark, OBE or Jimmy Clark (March 4, 1936 – April 7, 1968) was a Formula 1 race car driver, still regarded as one of the best drivers of all time and most naturally gifted. ... Juan Manuel Fangio (June 24, 1911 - July 17, 1995) was a noted Argentinian racing car driver and winner of the Formula One championship five times, including four in a row from 1954-57. ... Michael Schumacher (born January 3, 1969) is a German Formula One (F1) driver. ... Sir Edmund Hillary after accompanying first plane to land at the Marble Point ground air strip - Antarctica Edmund Hillary on the New Zealand 5 dollar note Sir Edmund Percival Hillary, KG, ONZ, KBE (born July 20, 1919) is a New Zealander mountaineer and explorer, most famous for the first successful... Tenzing Norgay (May 29(?) 1914 – May 9, 1986) was a Nepalese sherpa, a participant in seven expeditions to Mount Everest culminating in the first successful ascent, during Sir John Hunts expedition of 1953. ... Lester Keith Piggott (born on Guy Fawkes day 1935) was an English jockey, considered to be the best of his generation and one of the greatest flat jockeys of all time. ... Tony has broken countless records since he started riding in England in 1994. ... Colin Earl Meads (nicknamed Pinetree, born June 3, 1936) in Cambridge, New Zealand. ... Gareth Edwards, born 12 July 1947 in Pontardawe, Wales, is a former Welsh rugby union scrum half, considered by many to be the greatest player in the history of the game. ... Wally Lewis (born 1 December, 1959 in Brisbane, Australia) is generally considered the greatest Rugby League player of all time. ... Franz Klammer (born December 3, 1953) was an Austrian skier who dominated the downhill event throughout much of the mid to late 1970s. ... Dawn Fraser (born September 4, 1937) is an Australian champion swimmer. ... Mark Andrew Spitz (born February 10, 1950) is a American swimmer. ... Martin Strel is a Slovenian ultra marathon swimmer, born: October 1, 1954, Mokronog, Slovenia. ... Navratilova at the 2000 US Open Martina Navrátilová   listen? (b. ... Country: Australia Residence: N/A Height: 58 (172 cm) Weight: 150 lbs. ...

Decades and years

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20th century