July 31 is the 212th day (213th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 153 days remaining, as the final day of July.

Events

• 1423 - Hundred Years War: Battle of Cravant - The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
• 1498 - On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.
• 1588 - The Spanish Armada is spotted off the coast of England.
• 1667 - The Treaty of Breda ends the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
• 1703 - Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet but is pelted with flowers.
• 1790 - First US patent issued; granted to inventor Samuel Hopkins.
• 1856 - Christchurch, New Zealand chartered as a city.
• 1917 - The Third Battle of Ypres starts in Flanders.
• 1919 - German national assembly adopts the Weimar constitution (to enter into force August 14)
• 1930 - The radio mystery program The Shadow airs for the first time.
• 1941 - Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS general Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution of the Jewish question."
• 1945 - Pierre Laval, fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria.
• 1948 - At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated.
• 1954 - First ascent of K2.
• 1961 - At Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, the first All-Star Game tie in major league baseball history occurs when the game is stopped in the 9th inning due to rain.
• 1964 - Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon (images are 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound telescopes).
• 1971 - Apollo program: Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover.
• 1973 - A Delta Airlines jetliner crashed while landing in fog at Logan Airport, Boston, Massachusetts killing 89
• 1975 - In Detroit, Michigan, Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa is reported missing.
• 1976 - NASA releases the famous Face on Mars photo, taken by Viking 1
• 1987 - A rare, class F-4 tornado rips through Edmonton, Alberta, killing 27 people and causing $330 million in damage.
• 1992 - A Thai Airways Airbus A300-310 crashes into mountain south of Kathmandu, Nepal killing 113.
• 1996 - MIL-STD-1750A was declared inactive for use in new designs.
• 1999 - NASA intentionally crashes the Lunar Prospector spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the moon's surface.

Births

• 1396 - Philip III of Burgundy, duke of Burgundy (d. 1467)
• 1803 - John Ericsson, Swedish inventor and engineer (d. 1889)
• 1816 - George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870)
• 1901 - Jean Dubuffet, painter and sculptor (d. 1985)
• 1911 - George Liberace, musician (d. 1983)
• 1912 - Milton Friedman, recipient of the 1976 Nobel Prize in economics
• 1912 - Irv Kupcinet, newspaper columnist (d. 2003)
• 1913 - William Todman, game show producer
• 1914 - Louis de Funès, actor and comedian (d. 1983)
• 1916 - Bill Todman, game show producer (d. 1979)
• 1918 - Hank Jones, pianist
• 1919 - Curt Gowdy, sports announcer
• 1919 - Primo Levi, author, chemist (d. 1987)
• 1921 - Whitney Young, civil rights activist (d. 1971)
• 1923 - Ahmet Ertegun, record company executive
• 1928 - Kurt Sontheimer, political scientist
• 1929 - Don Murray, actor
• 1930 - Oleg Popov, clown
• 1931 - Kenny Burrell, guitarist
• 1939 - France Nuyen, actress
• 1941 - Amarsinh Chaudhary, politician
• 1943 - William Bennett, former U.S. Secretary of Education and drug czar
• 1943 - Susan Flannery, actress
• 1944 - Geraldine Chaplin, actress
• 1946 - Gary Lewis, rock and roll musician
• 1946 - Bob Welch, rock and roll musician
• 1951 - Evonne Goolagong, tennis star
• 1951 - Barry Van Dyke, actor
• 1952 - Alan Autry, American football player, actor, mayor of Fresno, California
• 1952 - Helmuts Balderis, Latvian ice-hockey player
• 1958 - Bill Berry, rock and roll musician (of the band R.E.M.)
• 1958 _ Mark Cuban, billionaire businessman, producer, Dallas Mavericks owner
• 1959 - Stanley Jordan, jazz guitarist
• 1962 - Wesley Snipes, actor
• 1964 - Jim Corr, singer, musician ("The Corrs")
• 1965 - J. K. Rowling, novelist
• 1966 - Dean Cain, actor
• 1974 - Jonathan Ogden, American football player
• 1977 - Tim Couch, American football quarterback
• 1981 - Eric Lively, actor
• 1981 - Ira Losco, Maltese singer

Deaths

• 1099 - Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar ("El Cid"), Spanish warrior
• 1108 - King Philip I of France
• 1556 - Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits
• 1875 - Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (b. 1808)
• 1886 - Franz Liszt, composer
• 1914 - Jean Jaurès, French Socialist politician (d. 1859)
• 1917 - Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet
• 1937 - Charles Martine, Apache scout
• 1944 - Antoine de Saint_Exupery, French pilot and writer
• 1953 - Robert Taft, Senator from Ohio, former candidate for President of the United States, son of William Howard Taft, "Mr. Republican"
• 1980 - Mohd. Rafi, Bollywood playback singer. (b. 24 December 1924)
• 1993 - Baudouin I of Belgium
• 2001 - Poul Anderson, science fiction author

Holidays and observances

• La Hae Hawai‘i - Hawaiian Flag Day
• Republic of the Congo - Upswing of the Revolution
• Feast day of Saint Ignatius of Loyola

July 30 - August 1 - June 30 - August 31 -- listing of all days