Official G8 2005 Portrait. Left to right:
President George W. Bush of the United States,
Prime Minister Paul Martin of Canada,
President Jacques Chirac of France,
Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi of Japan,
Prime Minister Tony Blair of the United Kingdom,
Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi of Italy,
President Vladimir Putin of Russia,
President José Durão Barroso of the European Commission,
Chancellor Gerhard Schröder of Germany

The 31st G8 summit was held from July 6 to July 8, 2005 at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Perthshire in Scotland and hosted by British Prime Minister Tony Blair. As host, the UK stated its intent to focus this G8 meeting on the issues of global climate change and the lack of economic development in Africa. Other announced items on the agenda were counter-terrorism, non-proliferation and reform in the Middle East. The summit was overshadowed, however, by bomb attacks in London on the first day of the conference. Image File history File linksMetadata 20050708-173. ... Image File history File linksMetadata 20050708-173. ... The Group of Eight (G8) consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Russian Federation. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States and a former governor of Texas. ... Stephen Harper is the current Prime Minister of Canada. ... For other uses, see Paul Martin (disambiguation). ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... Jacques René Chirac (born November 29, 1932), French politician, is President of the French Republic. ... The Prime Minister of Japan (内閣総理大臣 Naikaku sōri daijin) is the English political nomenclature of the head of government of Japan. ... Junichiro Koizumi Junichiro Koizumi (Japanese: 小泉純一郎, Koizumi Junichirō, born January 8, 1942) is the current Prime Minister of Japan. ... In the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister is the head of government, exercising many of the executive functions nominally vested in the Sovereign, who is head of state. ... Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. ... This is a list of Prime Ministers of Italy. ... (born 29 September 1936) is an Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor. ... Flag of the President of Russia The President of Russia (ru: Президент России) is the highest position within the Government of Russia. ... (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин, Vladímir Vladímirovich Pútin; born October 7, 1952) is a Russian politician, and the current President of the Russian Federation. ... The President of the European Commission is notionally the highest ranking unelected official within the European Union. ... This article needs to be updated. ... The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. ... The German head of government has been known as the Chancellor (German: Kanzler) ever since the creation of the post. ... Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder [] (born April 7, 1944), German politician, was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005. ... The Group of Eight (G8) consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Russian Federation. ... July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Gleneagles Hotel is a luxury hotel in Auchterarder, Perthshire, Scotland. ... Auchterarder (Scottish Gaelic: Uachdar Ardair) is a small burgh in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. ... Perthshire (Siorrachd Pheairt in Gaelic) is a traditional county in central Scotland, which extends from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west, and Aberfoyle in the south. ... Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and is a complete wanker and pussy boy is the head of government and so exercises many of the executive functions nominally vested in the Sovereign, who is head of state. ... Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. ... The Group of Eight (G8) consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Russian Federation. ... The term climate change is used to refer to changes in the Earths climate. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ... Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ... World map with nuclear weapons development status represented by color. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The 7 July 2005 London bombings were a series of co-ordinated suicide bombings that struck Londons public transport system during the morning rush hour. ...

Priorities

Logo of the 31st G8 summit in Gleneagles, Scotland

Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, which take place primarily between civil servants in the weeks before the summit itself, leading to a joint declaration which all countries can agree to sign. For the 2005 summit, the British government set the priorities of supporting Africa's economic development (by agreeing to write off debts of the poorest countries, and to significantly increase aid) and of moving forward initiatives to research and combat global warming. Tony Blair had planned to move beyond the Kyoto Protocol by looking at how to include key developing countries (India, China, Mexico, Brazil and South Africa) not included in it - principally by agreeing technology transfer of clean energy technologies in exchange for commitments on reduction of greenhouse gases. However, because of the terrorist attacks in London on 7 July, more attention may have been focused on fighting terrorism. The Right Honourable John Whitaker Jack Straw (born August 3, 1946, Buckhurst Hill) is a British Labour Party politician. ... The European Council, sometimes informally called the European Summit, is a meeting of the heads of state or government of the European Union, and the President of the European Commission (not to be confused with the Council of the European Union, or the Council of Europe). ... The President of the European Commission is notionally the highest ranking unelected official within the European Union. ... This article needs to be updated. ... The President of the European Parliament oversees all the activities of the European Parliament and its constituent bodies. ... Josep Borrell Josep Borrell Fontelles (born April 24, 1947) is a Spanish politician. ... Vicente Fox Quesada (born July 2, 1942) is the current president of Mexico. ... Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (born October 6, 1945) is a left-wing Brazilian politician. ... // Candidacy Jiang Zemin with Hu Jintao Before the opening of 14th National Congress of the CPC, the leaders of the CPC, including Deng and Chen Yun, chose candidates for the Politburo Standing Committee to ensure the transition of power from the so-called second-generation leaders (Deng, Chen, Hu Yaobang... Dr. Manmohan Singh (Punjabi: , Hindi: ) is the 14th, and current Prime Minister of India. ... Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (born June 18, 1942, in Idutwa, South Africa) is the President of the Republic of South Africa. ... Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat and the seventh and current Secretary-General of the United Nations. ... United Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is an American academic and political figure. ... Logo of the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means... Rodrigo Rato (born March 18, 1949) was Spains Economy Minister and Vice President serving with the Peoples Party (PP) between 1996 and 2004. ... The logo of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Aid is assistance, often financial, provided to developing countries by developed countries. ... Global mean surface temperatures 1856 to 2005 Mean surface temperature anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980 Global warming is a term used to describe the trend of increases in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans... Kyoto Protocol Opened for signature December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan Entered into force February 16, 2005. ... Top: Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ... The 7 July 2005 London bombings were a series of co-ordinated suicide bombings that struck Londons public transport system during the morning rush hour. ...

Aid to Africa and debt cancellation

The traditional meeting of G8 finance ministers before the summit took place in London on 10 and 11 June 2005, hosted by Chancellor Gordon Brown. On 11 June, agreement was reached to write off the entire US$40 billion debt owed by 18 Highly Indebted Poor Countries to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the African Development Fund. The annual saving in debt payments amounts to just over US$1 billion. War on Want estimates that US$45.7 billion would be required for 62 countries to meet the Millennium Development Goals. The ministers stated that twenty more countries, with an additional US$15 billion in debt, would be eligible for debt relief if they met targets on fighting corruption and continue to fulfill structural adjustment conditionalities that eliminate impediments to private investment. The agreement, which required weeks of intense negotiations led by Brown, must be approved by the lending institutions to take effect. This article is about the British city. ... (Redirected from 10 June) June 10 is the 161st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (162nd in leap years), with 204 days remaining. ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Rt. ... James Gordon Brown, Ph. ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... The word billion and its equivalents in other languages refer to one of two different numbers, depending on whether the writer is using the long or short scale. ... The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative aims at assisting the worlds poorest countries by bringing their external debt to sustainable levels, conditional on their governments showing satisfactory performance levels. ... Logo of the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means... The logo of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... War On Want is a campaigning charity based in London, England, which highlights the needs of poverty-stricken areas around the world, lobbying governments and international agencies to tackle problems, as well as raising public awareness of the concerns of developing nations. ... The Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that all 191 United Nations member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. ... Debt relief is the partial or total forgiveness of debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth, owed by individuals, corporations, or nations. ... Structural adjustment is a term used by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for the changes it recommends for developing countries. ... A conditionality in international development is a condition attached to a loan or to debt relief, typically by the International Monetary Fund or World Bank. ...

While negotiations have essentially taken place between the G8 member states, some of which are reluctant to endorse debt cancellation and aid increases, African governments, advocacy organizations and their allies have criticised the Blair-Brown plan as inadequate and argued that the continuation of structural adjustment policies outweighs the benefits of debt cancellation, while also pointing out that only a small proportion of the Third World debt will be affected by the proposal. In midJuly, objections by Belgium raised the possibility of the debt relief bill not being approved by the International Monetary Fund, a development that was harshly criticized by many activists. Structural adjustment is a term used by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for the changes it recommends for developing countries. ... Third World debt is external debt incurred by Third World countries. ... The logo of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the international organization entrusted with overseeing the global financial system by monitoring exchange rates and balance of payments, as well as offering technical and financial assistance when asked. ...

Agreement was not reached on Brown's proposed International Finance Facility, partly because the United States said that its budget procedures meant it was unable to make the necessary long-term funding commitments. The International Finance Facility (IFF) is a proposal by HM Treasury and Department for International Development of the United Kingdom. ...

Global warming

Development of a joint declaration on efforts to tackle global warming has been much less successful, principally because of the long-standing U. S. opposition to emission targets as a solution to global warming. The other seven G8 nations – France, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, Canada and the United Kingdom – have ratified the Kyoto Protocol and have committed to reducing their carbon dioxide emissions by 2010. Hopes had been raised that the unprecedented joint declaration by the G8 countries' academies of sciences on the need for urgent action on global warming would help moderate the US negotiating position. Global mean surface temperatures 1856 to 2005 Mean surface temperature anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980 Global warming is a term used to describe the trend of increases in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans... Kyoto Protocol Opened for signature December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan Entered into force February 16, 2005. ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...

On July 6th, U. S. President Bush recognised "that the surface of the Earth is warmer and that an increase in greenhouse gases is contributing to the problem". However, he said the Kyoto treaty was not the answer. Environment campaigners called the result of the summit "a very disappointing finale". "The G8 have delivered nothing new here and the text conveys no sense of the scale or urgency of the challenge. The action plan, without any targets or timetables, will deliver very little to reduce emissions, or to roll out renewables to the scale required", said a spokesperson for Friends of the Earth.[1] George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States and a former governor of Texas. ... Friends of the Earth is an international network of environmental organizations in 70 countries. ...

The U. S. also pulled out of financial pledges to fund a network of regional climate centers throughout Africa which were designed to monitor the unfolding impact of global warming. Other schemes opposed by the U. S. include the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) set up to help developing states develop economically while controlling greenhouse gas emissions. [2] The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the only Flexibility Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol that involves developing countries. ...

To address claims that flying so many people around the world to talk about global warming actually contributes substantially to it, the entire G8 Presidency was designed to be carbon neutral, with calculated resulting carbon emissions being offset by purchasing Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs) from a Clean Development Mechanism project. The Kuyasa low-income housing energy upgrade project located in Cape Town, South Africa, was chosen. The first CDM project to be registered in Africa, it involves the installation of solar water heaters, ceiling insulation and low-energy light-bulbs in hundreds of low-income homes in Khayelitsha township.[3] A carbon audit regime is an effective means of accounting for greenhouse gas control efforts. ... Normally small flourescent lights, that have been designed in such a manner so that they plug/screw straight into a normal incandescent bulb socket, and can directly replace them. ...

Results of the summit

While many activists expressed disappointment that the agreements reached at the summit fell far short of their expectations, others noted that the 2005 summit was perhaps the most productive in the 30 year history of the G8. Some agreements were:

• US$50 billion pledged (some of it previously announced) in aid to developing countries by 2010, of which US$25 billion will go to Africa, on top of the ministerial-level agreement to forgive debt to Highly Indebted Poor Countries
• Universal access to anti-HIV drugs in Africa by 2010
• Commitment to train 20,000 peacekeeping troops for Africa in exchange for African commitments to good governance and democracy
• G8 members from the European Union commit to a collective foreign aid target of 0.56% of GDP by 2010, and 0.7% by 2015
• Stated commitment to reduce subsidies and tariffs that inhibit trade
• US$3 billion to the Palestinian Authority to build infrastructure

No agreement was reached to address global warming, largely due to U.S. opposition. The U.S. did agree to a joint communique stating that global warming exists and that human intervention may at least partially be at fault. While the U.S. had previously made such statements, this was the first time it had agreed to a multilateral announcement on the issue. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with foreign aid. ... A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ... 2010 (MMX) will be a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Human immunodeficiency virus (commonly known as HIV, and formerly known as HTLV-III and lymphadenopathy-associated virus) is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. ... 2010 (MMX) will be a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Norwegian Blue Helmet during the Siege of Sarajevo, 1992 - 1993, photo by Mikhail Evstafiev. ... The terms governance and good governance are being increasingly used in development literature. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... A tariff is a tax on imported goods. ... The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ...

Breaking with historical practice, the British government had allowed non-governmental organizations to play a key role in deliberations, perhaps prompted by the public pressure of the Make Poverty History movement and Live 8. The summit continued the trend of including the developing world in talks. The leaders of seven African nations attended, as well as the five leading developing countries: China, India, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa. // The UK campaign A white band bilingual in Welsh and English. ... Official Live 8 DVD. Released 7th/8th November 2005 Live 8 was a series of benefit concerts that took place in July 2005, in the G8 nations and South Africa. ...

Activism

Protesters clash with the police in Edinburgh at the start of the summit

A painting by protesters, denouncing the alleged exploitation of the Third World by Western governments and multinational corporations.

The area surrounding Holyrood Palace and the Scottish Parliament was cordoned off by double fences.

As with all recent G8 summits, the meeting is the focus of many advocacy campaigns, including the Make Poverty History campaign in the United Kingdom, and the anti-globalization (a term not usually used by its supporters) movement. More than 200,000 people marched in support of Make Poverty History in Edinburgh on 2 July, the largest demonstration in Scottish history. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3456x2088, 4310 KB) Police and protesters clash in Edinburgh at the start of the 2005 G8 protests. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3456x2088, 4310 KB) Police and protesters clash in Edinburgh at the start of the 2005 G8 protests. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2592x1944, 2048 KB) Painting for the protests in Edinburgh during the 31st G8 summit. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2592x1944, 2048 KB) Painting for the protests in Edinburgh during the 31st G8 summit. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2592x1944, 2038 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: 31st G8 summit ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2592x1944, 2038 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: 31st G8 summit ... A 19th century view of Holyrood Palace from Calton Hill. ... For the national legislative body up to 1707, see Parliament of Scotland. ... // The UK campaign A white band bilingual in Welsh and English. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Edinburgh (pronounced ), Dùn Èideann () in Scottish Gaelic, is the second-largest city in Scotland and its capital city. ... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. ...

In addition to the Make Poverty History coalition's efforts, singer/activist Bob Geldof organised concerts in each of the G8 member states on 2 July, as well as a concert in Edinburgh on 6 July. Unlike Live Aid 20 years prior, whose primary aim was to raise money, Live 8 aimed to increase awareness among the citizens of the G8 countries, and thus force their leaders into increasing their focus on world poverty. The London concert featured acts ranging from Sting and The Who to Annie Lennox, and most notably the reformation of the classic Pink Floyd line-up. Bob Geldof Robert Frederick Xenon Bob Geldof, KBE (born October 5, 1951) is an Irish singer, songwriter, actor and political activist. ... July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... U2 at Live Aid (Wembley Stadium, London). ... Official Live 8 DVD. Released 7th/8th November 2005 Live 8 was a series of benefit concerts that took place in July 2005, in the G8 nations and South Africa. ... This article is about the British city. ... Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner, CBE (born 2 October 1951), usually known by his stage name Sting, is an English musician from Newcastle upon Tyne. ... The Who is a British rock band that first came to prominence in the 1960s who have sold an estimated 150 million records[citation needed]. The band grew in stature to become one of the most highly-regarded and popular rock artists of all time [1][2][3], and except... Annie Lennox with David A. Stewart, with whom she formed Eurythmics, in a promotional shot for their 1999 album, Peace. ... Pink Floyd (formed in 1965 in Cambridge, England) is an English rock band noted for progressive compositions, philosophical lyrics, sonic experimentation, innovative cover art and elaborate live shows. ...

Thousands also mobilized through the G8 Alternatives and Dissent! networks to protest the G8 and discuss alternatives to the economic and political models they represent. These mobilizations have taken a more critical line towards both economic globalization (which they reject entirely) and the G8 itself, which they generally regard as illegitimate and undemocratic. G8 Alternatives was a coalition of activist groups set up to co-ordinate actions around the 31st G8 summit held at Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire, Scotland. ... Dissent! is the name taken for an international network of local groups, organising to oppose the G8 meeting which will take place in July 2005 in Scotland. ...

Protest took a variety of forms:

• Construction of a non-hierarchically organized, self-governing, eco-village near Stirling
• 2 July – Make Poverty History march with 175,000 to 250,000 people
• 3 July – Make Borders History tour of Glasgow, illustrating the presence of borders and immigration control measures inside of a metropolis.
• 3 July – Counter Summit organised by G8 Alternatives alongside a smaller event called G8 Corporate Dreams Global Nightmares
• 4 July – Carnival for Full Enjoyment, roving anticapitalist street parties, 1,500 to 3,000 people
• 4 July – Mass nonviolent blockade of Faslane, a Royal Navy submarine base, 2,000 to 10,000 people
• 5 July – Demonstrations against Shell, Dungavel immigrant and refugee detention center, and the limits of Gordon Brown's debt cancellation proposal
• 6 July – Blockades of roads and buses transporting ministers and support staff to Gleneagles.
• 6 July – March and rally to G8 meeting site, approximately 5000 people
• 6 July – Breach of the fence around Gleneagles Hotel by 200 people
• 6 July – Spontaneous march in Edinburgh by a few hundred protesters hoping to take coaches to the Gleneagles rally, after police falsely informed them that the march was cancelled
• 8 July – Street party in Glasgow in protest against climate change and the construction of the M74 motorway
• 8 July – various decentralised small actions against climate change as part of a global day of action
• 8 July – Small prisoner solidarity rally outside Sauchton Prison, Edinburgh by around 50 demonstrators

Broad St at the heart of Stirlings Old Town area called Top of the Town by locals on a rare snowy day Stirling Castle (Southwest aspect) The main courtyard inside Stirling Castle. ... // The UK campaign A white band bilingual in Welsh and English. ... For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ... Border stone at Passo San Giacomo between Val Formazza in Italy and Val Bedretto in Switzerland Borders define geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as governments, states or subnational administrative divisions. ... A metropolis (in Greek metera = mother and polis = city/town) is a major city (in most cases with a population of at least one million), which is a significant economical and cultural center for some country or larger region, and usually an important hub for international connections and communications. ... Anti-capitalism is any and all opposition to capitalism. ... In its conventional sense, a street party is just what it says: a party taking place on a road. ... A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies, troops, information or aid from reaching an opposing force. ... Faslane Naval Base, officially HMS Neptune, is a Royal Navy base situated on Gare Loch, which connects to the River Clyde in Scotland. ... The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the senior service of the British armed services being the oldest of its three branches. ... German UC-1 class World War I submarine A model of Gunter Priens Unterseeboot 47 (U-47), German WWII Type VII diesel-electric hunter-killer (SSK) submarine Typhoon class ballistic-missile carrying (SSBN) submarine, compared to a man USS Virginia, a Virginia-class nuclear attack (SSN) submarine A submarine... A military base is a facility, settlement, reservation, or installation that shelters military equipment and personnel. ... Royal Dutch Shell plc/Koninklijke Nederlandse Shell NV is a major Anglo-Dutch energy company, one of the four largest Super Majors (vertically integrated private-sector oil, natural gas, and petrol companies) in the world, along with BP, ExxonMobil, and Total. ... Dungavel Immigration Removal Centre is a controversial detention facility in Scotland. ... James Gordon Brown, Ph. ...

Security and police actions

On 19 June details of the security for the summit were leaked to the British newspaper The Independent on Sunday, because of concerns by an intelligence source that ministers were being "complacent". June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... The Independents old (pre-compact) masthead. ...

The security operation, involving more than 10,000 police,many of whom were armed, a reported 2,000 US Marines, a Special Air Service (SAS) team and snipers,as well as the unprecedented intellegance gathering beforehand by the security service and American intellegence agencies is estimated to have cost around GB£100 million.[4] United States Marine Corps Emblem The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is the second smallest of the five branches of the United States armed forces, with 170,000 active and 40,000 reserve Marines as of 2002. ... It has been suggested that SAS Troops be merged into this article or section. ... The term sniper is attested from 1824 in the sense of sharpshooter. The verb to snipe originated in the 1770s among soldiers in British India in the sense of to shoot from a hidden place, in allusion to snipe hunting, a game bird known for being difficult to sneak up... UKP redirects here. ...

Police officers from all over Great Britain were called in to reinforce the local forces to maintain order in Edinburgh and other cities; even small protests were cordoned off by large numbers of police officers.

The protest legal support team estimates that at least 700 people were arrested and 350 charged. Targeted actions of London's forward intelligence teams (FIT) resulted in several of the arrests. Most people were released with strict bail conditions, having to leave the districts of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth and/or Stirling or even Scotland all together. Several people were rearrested for breaching their bail conditions. Section 60, a law allowing searches for weapons in designated areas, was continuously used to stop and search people. The word bail as a legal term means: Security, usually a sum of money, exchanged for the release of an arrested person as a guarantee of that persons appearance for trial. ... The Royal Burgh of Perth (Peairt in Scottish Gaelic) is a large burgh in central Scotland. ...

London bombings

Main article: 7 July 2005 London bombings

Because of the bombings, Blair decided to leave the G8 meeting temporarily to be present in London. He held a brief press conference, saying that the incidents were obviously terrorist attacks directed at the gathering of the G8. He also said that the meeting would continue in his absence, with Foreign Secretary Jack Straw filling in for him. Blair returned to Gleneagles by the evening of the 7th by helicopter, with heavy military escort. The 7 July 2005 London bombings were a series of co-ordinated suicide bombings that struck Londons public transport system during the morning rush hour. ... The Right Honourable John Whitaker Jack Straw (born August 3, 1946, Buckhurst Hill) is a British Labour Party politician. ...

External links

Wikinews has news related to:

Blair: G8 leaders announce $50 billion aid increase; talks on trade and climate change

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

31st G8 summit

Image File history File links Wikinews-logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...

General

• Poverty and Environment Times - current issues
• G8 Gleneagles 2005 official site
• Guardian Unlimited - Special Report: G8
• UK Indymedia Coverage reporting from the protests against the summit
• BBC News - Profile: G8
• University of Toronto - G8 Information Centre
• Dissent! A network of resistance against the G8 a network of groups connected to the anti-globalisation movement planning protests at the 2005 G8 Summit.
• G8 Alternatives a group of NGOs, political parties and others planning protests and a conference in opposition to the G8.
• In their own words compilation of responses by campaign groups to summit comunique
• An article on the summit from Liverpool's 'Nerve' magazine

Development

• G8 Finance Ministers’ Conclusions on Development
• Make Poverty History global poverty relief charity collective planning mass convergance of people in Edinburgh in time for the Gleneagles 2005 G8 Summit
• The One Campaign seeks to have G8 countries donate 1% of their budgets to poverty relief, AIDS causes, etc.
• 2005 Presidencies, Africa and Climate Change UK government
• G8 debt deal under threat at IMF, BBC, 15 June 2005
• Overseas Development Institute's G8 Portal
• War on Want, G8: Massive shortfall exposed in Gleneagles deal
• World Development Movement (2005), "Suspending disbelief: The promises and actions of the G8 from 1998 – 2005", June 2005
• Center for Global Development (CGD), (Independent Research and Practical Ideas for Global Prosperity), offers easy to understand analysis of what the G8 agreement on debt relief will mean for poor people in developing countries. See The Road to Gleneagles
• New Statesman, 4 July 2005, "We are deeply concerned. Again" - G8 development concerns since 1977
• The Guardian, 23 August 2005, "How the G8 lied to the world on aid"

Edinburgh (pronounced ), Dùn Èideann () in Scottish Gaelic, is the second-largest city in Scotland and its capital city. ... Glen Eagles is a glen or valley in the Ochil Hills. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the largest publicly-funded radio and television broadcasting corporation of the United Kingdom (see British television) and the world. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The New Statesman is a left-of-centre political weekly published in London. ... July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ...

Climate change

• Myles Allen, 1 July 2005, "The ghost of Gleneagles" - on the potential role of legal climate liability

See also

• Auchterarder
• Gleneagles Hotel