In particle physics, the 331 model is an extension of the electroweakgauge symmetry from to with and the hypercharge Y = βT8 + IX and the electric charge Q = Y / 2 + T3 / 2 where T3 and T8 are the Gell-Mann matrices of SU(3)L and β and I are parameters of the model. The name 331 comes from the full gauge symmetry group . The 331 model offers an explanation of why there must exist three families of quarks and leptons, a fact which is put in "by hand" in the Standard Model. Thousands of particles explode from the collision point of two relativistic (100 GeV per ion) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. ... In physics, the electroweak theory presents a unified description of two of the four fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force. ... Gauge theories are a class of physical theories based on the idea that symmetry transformations can be performed locally as well as globally. ... The Gell-Mann matrices, named after Murray Gell-Mann, are the infinitesimal generators of su(3). ... The Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions For the Standard Model in Cryptography, see Standard Model (cryptography). ...
The minimal 331 model predicts singly- and doubly- charged spin-one bosons, bileptons, which could show up in electron-electron scattering when it is studied at TeV energy scales and may also be produced in multi TeV proton-proton scattering at the Large Hadron Collider as early as 2008. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a particle accelerator and collider located at CERN, near Geneva, Switzerland ( ). Currently under construction, the LHC is scheduled to begin operation (at reduced energies) in November 2007. ...
References
Frampton, P.H (1992). "CHIRAL DILEPTON MODEL AND THE FLAVOR QUESTION". Phys. Rev. Lett.69: 2889.
An SU(3) x U(1) model for electroweak interactions
to 
with 
and the hypercharge 
. The 331 model offers an explanation of why there must exist three families of quarks and leptons, a fact which is put in "by hand" in the 
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