3AK is a former Melbourne talk-back radio and music station, which, in 2003, leased its licence to sports network SEN 1116. A number of unusual events and precedents throughout the station's history make its story of unusual interest. This article is about the Australian city; the name may also refer to City of Melbourne or Melbourne city centre. ... Talk radio is radio format which features discussion of topical issues. ... SEN 1116 (callsign 3AK), the acronym standing for Sports Entertainment Network, is a commercial AM radio station based in Melbourne, Australia, operating on 1116 kHz. ...

History

Early Years

3AK commenced broadcasting¹ on November 29, 1931, the fourth commercial radio station in Melbourne after 3UZ, 3DB and 3KZ. is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The City of Melbournes coat of arms The central business district of Melbourne, viewed from the north Alternate meanings: Melbourne (disambiguation) Melbourne is the capital and largest city of the state of Victoria, and the second largest city in Australia, with a population of 52,117 in the Central... 3UZ trading as Radio Sport 927 situated in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, is Melbournes oldest commercial radio station. ... The term 3DB may refer to In signal processing applications, the cutoff frequency in filters, above or below which the output signal is attenuated by more than 3dB A commercial radio station called Mix 101. ... Welcome at dead of night. ...

The station's call-sign came from the name of its operating company, the Akron Broadcasting Co. Pty Ltd (a subsidiary of the Akron Tyre Co²).

At the time of its formation there were three types of broadcasters in Australia, A Class stations (most of which later evolved into the Australian Broadcasting Corporation); B Class stations, which are now known as commercial stations; amateurs. There were also government plans for a set of C class stations which were intended to be used by businesses to exclusively advertise their products (however it was decided not to procede with this type of license before 3AK was actually granted its licence). Many radio historians believe that Akron and the Postmaster General's Department had originally discussed the issuance of such a license, and that the B Class license issued to Akron, with a number of restrictions, was issued in its place. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation or ABC is Australias national non-profit public broadcaster. ... Commercial Radio Hong Kong is one of the two commercial radio broadcasting company in Hong Kong (the other being Metro Radio). ... The Postmaster-Generals Department was created at Federation in 1901 to control all postal (and later, telecommunication) services within Australia. ...

From the outset, 3AK was only permitted to broadcast for limited hours when other Melbourne stations were off the air. 3AK originally broadcast from 11.30 pm to 2.00 am daily; 5.00 to 7.00 am Monday-Saturday; 1.00 to 2.00 pm Saturday; 12.30 to 2.30 pm Sunday⁴. The three hours of weekend afternoon broadcasting were shared with amateurs on the MW band. 3AK also had limited power, which although frequently altered was usually about 20% of that given to other B Class stations in Melbourne. 3AK's wavelength of 1500 KC could also be seen as a third limiting factor - it was at very end of most contemporary radio dials; there were still some radio sets that were unable to receive it.

Most of 3AK's early broadcasts consisted of live concerts from its studio in Bourke Street. These were provided free of charge by a number of progressive Melbourne music teachers who believed that radio would help promote both them and their students. These concerts were occasionally interspersed with broadcasts of recordings (both 78 rpm/80 rpmdiscs and piano rolls). Manufacturers put records inside protective and decorative cardboard jackets and an inner paper sleeve to protect the grooves from dust and scratches. ... Example of a piano roll being punched. ...

Melbourne Broadcasters Pty. Ltd.

On 2nd May 1934, the station was purchased by George F. Palmer⁵ who changed the name of the company to Melbourne Broadcasters Pty. Ltd.⁶, a name that persisted throughout many major changes of management and was still being used as late as the 1980s. Palmer changed the style of the station by introducing a format that mainly consisted of dance music⁷, then very popular. May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 1980s refers to the years from 1980 to 1989. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

In 1937 3AK was allowed to extend its hours of broadcast to 11.30 pm-7.00 am, however the station still closed at 3.00 am on Sundays⁸. It still broadcast for three hours on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, even though amateurs were no longer permitted to do so after 1939. 3AK's hours of broadcast remained unaltered until 1954. Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1937 also saw the commencement of 2BS Bathurst on the 1st January⁹. Because of 3AK's low power, 2BS was given the same wavelength (1500 kHz) and, within a few years, both stations suffered from interference during the few hours when they were simultaneously on the air. 2BS 1503AM Bathurst (known on air as 1503 2BS Gold) is a local radio station located in Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia. ... Bathurst can refer to several cities in English-speaking countries: Bathurst, New Brunswick (Canada) Bathurst, New South Wales (Australia) Bathurst, South Africa, near Grahamstown on the eastern cape. ... (Redirected from 1st January) January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... A kilohertz (kHz) is a unit of frequency equal to 1,000 hertz (1,000 cycles per second). ...

One of 3AK's major personalities in the late 1930s/early 1940s was Alfred (Alf) Andrew. Andrew had been a pioneer broadcaster at 3LO in the 1920s before going to 3UZ and then 2UW¹⁰. The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The 3LO radio station began transmission in October 1924 as Melbournes second radio station, behind 3AR. The callsign LO was taken from a London radio station, 2LO. In 1932, 3LO and 3AR were among the first twelve radio stations to come under the ABC. Then in 1942, 3LO and... The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... 3UZ trading as Radio Sport 927 situated in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, is Melbournes oldest commercial radio station. ... Mix 106. ...

During the 1930s, '40s, and '50s, the station's slogan was 3AK - The Voice of the Night. The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ...

In the 1930s, the Postmaster General gave one station in the Canberra, Sydney, Brisbane and Adelaide markets a licence to broadcast 24 hours a day¹¹. Because 3AK broadcast at night, Melbourne did not get any such 24 hour licences until as late as 1st February 1954 when 3UZ, 3DB and 3XY all began continuous broadcasting¹². This was concurrent with 3AK changing its hours of broadcast ¹³ (see below). Within six months 3XY had become Melbourne's only 24 hour station. For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ... This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... For other uses, see Brisbane (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Adelaide (disambiguation). ... 3UZ trading as Radio Sport 927 situated in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, is Melbournes oldest commercial radio station. ... The term 3DB may refer to In signal processing applications, the cutoff frequency in filters, above or below which the output signal is attenuated by more than 3dB A commercial radio station called Mix 101. ... 3EE began in 1992 although it was originally the legendary radio station 3XY which began transmission in 1935. ...

In the 1930s, '40s, and '50s 3AK provided an alternative to country radio for those wishing to begin a career in radio, many going on to become well-known, such as Stan Rofe, Mike Williamson, Hal Todd, John Worthy and John Hart. Stan The Man Rofe (30 May 1930 – 16 May 2003) was Melbournes first and most influential rocknroll disc jockey. ... Mike Williamson OAM (born 19??) is a former Australian television broadcaster. ...

At the time very few stations had newsrooms and most relied on newspapers for their news. 3AK had a novel system of getting its news - the station had a rope dangling from their studio into the adjoining lane-way and the first newspaper firm to tie their morning edition onto the rope had it read on air.¹⁴

By the late 1940s, 3AK had been purchased by Mack's Furnishing Company. At this stage, both the Directors and the station's manager, Ray Benn¹⁵, held conservative Christian beliefs that were reflected in 3AK's program schedule. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

1950s

For many years, 3AK management had been lobbying the Postmaster General's Department and, then, the Australian Broadcasting Control Board for an increase to its permitted broadcasting hours. Eventually, 3AK was allowed to broadcast during those daylight hours when it was thought that it would not interfere with transmissions from 2BS. From 1st February 1954, 3AK was permitted to broadcast from 6.00 am-7.00 pm daily¹⁶. However, 2BS still experienced difficulties during the Summer and, so, for 4-5 months per year, 3AK was forced not to open until 7.00 am and to close as early as 5.00 pm. Until the introduction of television into Australia in 1956, the peak hours for any radio station were 7.00 pm-10.00 pm - 3AK was never able to take advantage of this peak listening period. A Postmaster General is the national politician in charge of the postal system of a country. ... The Australian Broadcasting Control Board was an Australian government agency whose main roles were to regulate broadcasting, radiocommunications and telecommunications. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

When 3AK became a 'daylight' station, its very first breakfast team was Lennie Holmes and Shin Berinson. Holmes went on to become a well-known radio and television comedian. (His daughter, Jane Holmes, later became a prominent radio personality.) After changing his first name to Jim, Berinson became one of the most sought-after and well-paid voice-over men. Another important announcer during this era was Graham Madison.

1960s

In the early 1960s Australian Consolidated Press, owned by the Packer family, took over both television station GTV-9 and 3AK. 3AK moved from small studios above a bank in Grey Street, St. Kilda, into GTV-9's premises at Bendigo Street, Richmond, broadcasting a revised format as from Easter Monday, 3rd April 1961. GTV's major television personalities were forced to broadcast from 3AK. Therefore, overnight, 3AK changed from a station with a young and virtually unknown announcing staff, to one featuring some of Australia's best-known television personalities, including Philip Brady, Geoff Corke, Tommy Hanlon Jr., Geoff Hiscock, Graham Kennedy, Jack Little, Bert Newton, Eric Pearce, Brian Taylor, Hal Todd, Eric Welch, Arthur Young, and Frank Zepter¹⁷. The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... Australian Consolidated Press (ACP), a member of Publishing and Broadcasting Ltd. ... GTV-9 is the Melbourne, Australia station in the Nine television network and was one of the first two commercial TV stations in Melbourne. ... St Kilda is a inner city suburb of the Victorian capital of Melbourne, Australia. ... Richmond is an inner city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Philip Brady is an Australian media personality. ... Tommy Hanlon Jr, born in Parkersburg, West Virginia in 1923 to vaudeville performers, was a USA-born Australian media personality, notable for his early television appearances as host of It Could Be You. ... Graham Cyril Kennedy, AO (15 February 1934 – 25 May 2005) was an Australian radio, television and film performer, often called The King of Australian television. ... Albert Watson Bert Newton, AM, MBE, (born 23 July 1938), is an Australian television, radio, film, stage performer and author. ... A young Eric Pearce Sir Eric Pearce, OBE (born March 5, 1905 in England, died April 12, 1997 in Melbourne) was a broadcaster and television pioneer in Australia. ... Brian Taylor (born April 10, 1962), is a former Australian rules footballer and now AFL commentator. ...

Former 3AK manager, Bill Bowie, resigned and formed his own radio/television school. Former 3AK announcers (Ron Alderton, Terry Calder, Peter Cavanagh, John Print) were redeployed with the GTV organisation; only former Chief Announcer, Ron Alderton, retaining any on-air work at 3AK, albeit only at weekends.

During the mid-1960s, 3AK's program format shifted to Top 40 music with the slogan "the Good Guys". The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... Top 40 is a radio format based on frequent repetition of songs from a constantly-updated list of the forty best-selling singles. ...

ACP was always keen to solve the problem of transmission hours caused by 2BS and 3AK sharing the same wavelength. Technology in the form of a directional antenna (at 2BS) seemed to be the answer, but this small country station was deaf to ACP's continuous requests, leading to ACP's purchase of 2BS, allowing them to install such an antenna. By October 1968 permission which enabled 3AK to commence 24 hour transmission had been granted. ACP is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, as described below: Acepromazine, a sedative used commonly in veterinary medicine Acyl Carrier Protein, a fundamental protein in fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis Admin Control Panel, a panel on forums and websites for editing setup (i. ... For other uses, see October (disambiguation). ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

1970s-1980s

In the early 1970s "The Good Guys" was replaced by "Where No Wrinklys Fly". During this period, there was a head-on battle for the lucrative Top 40 market between 3XY (managed by Rod Muir) and Rhett Walker's 3AK¹⁸. The fact that 3XY won the battle is reflected in 3AK's rapid change from Top 40 to Beautiful music, a predecessor to today's Easy listening music format. The last announcer to work under the Wrinkly format was Mike Nicholls. The last song played was Aussie Rock Band Spectrum's "I'll Be Gone" The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... Top 40 is a radio format based on frequent repetition of songs from a constantly-updated list of the forty best-selling singles. ... Beautiful music (sometimes abbreviated as BM / EZ) is a mostly-instrumental music format that was prominent in American radio from the 1960s through the 1980s. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The new format paid dividends for 3AK as it took them to the top of the ratings where they remained for over a decade.

An interesting feature of the early days of 3AK's Beautiful Music format was that it stopped advertising the names of its on-air personalities, claiming that the format was important but not the announcers. (Sister Beautiful Music station 2CH [Sydney] had a similar policy).¹⁹ 2ch home page. ...

By 1985, 3AK abandoned Beautiful Music for Adult contemporary music; ratings plummeted as rival station 3MP took the opportunity to relaunch itself as Easy Listening and the listeners simply switched from 3AK to 3MP. This article is about the year. ... Adult contemporary music, frequently abbreciated to just AC, is a type of radio format that plays mainstream and pop music, without hip-hop or rap since, as per the name, it is geared more towards adults than teens. ... 3MP began transmission July 21, 1976, as Melbournes seventh commercial radio station and the first new commercial station in over 40 years. ...

Six months later, 3AK and Sydney radio station 2UE embarked on a networked talk-back format called CBC where talk programs were broadcast across both stations. The experiment was short lived and a ratings disaster. The John Blackman breakfast program came from the 3AK studios but everything else was transmitted from Sydney. This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... 2UE is a commercial radio station in Sydney, Australia. ... Talk Back was the third album by the Toronto band The Spoons. ... John Blackman born 14 July 1947 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) is an Australian radio and television personality. ...

1988 - 1990 saw 3AK become a purely talk format station with such high profile names as Darren James (with Bruce Mansfield as Uncle Roy), Margaret Peacock, Don Chipp, ex 3XY and EON FM DJ Peter O'Callaghan, Keith McGowan and a former 3AK Programmer Bill Howie. Bruce Mansfield is a well-known Australian TV veteran. ... Don Chipp Donald Leslie Chipp (21 August 1925 – 28 August 2006) was an Australian politician, and founder of the Australian Democrats. ... 3EE began in 1992 although it was originally the legendary radio station 3XY which began transmission in 1935. ... EON FM Logo EON FM was the name of a radio station which broadcasted in Melbourne, Australia during the 1980s. ... Keith McGowan (born 1943) is an Australian radio presenter. ...

1990s

What then followed was a constantly changing program format as 3AK went to easy listening, talk-back, talk-back with easy listening. This period also saw the introduction of regular Saturday broadcasts of VFL (now AFL) with a football team headed by Peter (Smokey) Dawson. This article is about the national league in Australian rules football. ...

In 1990 the station was sold to businessman Peter Corso who sacked most of its workforce in preparation to relaunching 3AK as Australia's first commercial Italian-language radio station. There was a brief period of a few weeks between the 'new' and 'old' 3AKs, during which time continuous muzak-style music was transmitted, interspersed with announcements about the starting date for Italian broadcasts. Nevertheless, the station was not able to get out of its obligations to broadcast the football and, so, at 12 noon on Saturdays football was still broadcast. Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Muzak Holdings LLC is a company, founded in 1934, that is best known for distribution of music to retail stores and other companies. ...

Only two other former 3AK employees, Technician Ralph Knight and Producer Warren Koglins were to be re-hired by the new owner. Interestingly, 3AK continued to broadcast from within the GTV9 complex for about 12 months, before moving to new studios at Craigieburn. There was talk of potential advertisers being warned off from 3AK.²⁰ This article is about Craigieburn in Melbourne, Australia. ...

At one stage, Corso contemplated moving away from the unsuccessful Italian format and was in talks with Bert Newton and his partner to sub-lease the station and provide an old-fashioned personality format. The Australian Broadcasting Tribunal knocked back the application, firstly on the grounds that it could not allow the leasing of stations, and secondly because of questions raised as to the suitability of Newton's partner ²¹. This policy is interesting in the light of 3AK/SEN's present situation.

The Italian format continued until 1994 when Corso sold the station to Southern Cross Broadcasting who took the station back to easy-listening music. Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... Southern Cross Broadcasting is a diversified Australian media company. ...

Corso was keen to sell 3AK because he had just obtained one of the first of the new narrowcast licences then being offered by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal. Therefore, 3AK's Italian programming was transferred to the new narrow-cast station, 3BM, which transmitted from 1116 KC (ironically a wavelength that was later to be used by 3AK itself). To send data to a specific list of recipients. ... The Australian Broadcasting Authority (commonly called the ABA in Australia) is an agency of the Australian federal government, responsible for regulating the television, radio, and Internet industries. ...

By 1996, Southern Cross had found itself owning 4 radio stations in Melbourne; 3AW, 3AK, 3EE, 3MP; whereas the legal limit is two stations in a single market. They sold 3AK to a Christian organisation, Fusion Media, who switched the format to a mixture of talk-back and magazine programs and easy listening music. The station was moved to studios in St. Kilda Road that had originally been built for 3EE; later moving again to Swan Street Richmond. Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... 3AW is a radio station in Melbourne, Australia on 693KHz AM. It began transmission in February 1932 as Melbournes fifth commercial radio station. ... 3EE began in 1992 although it was originally the legendary radio station 3XY which began transmission in 1935. ... 3MP began transmission July 21, 1976, as Melbournes seventh commercial radio station and the first new commercial station in over 40 years. ... Richmond is an inner city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ...

Final years

After more years of low ratings and financial troubles, 3AK was sold again, to a small media and data company Data and Commerce Limited (DCL). In 2001, DCL transferred 3AK from 1503 kHz to 1116 kHz and relaunched 3AK once again as a talk back station in direct competition to top rating stations 3AW and 774 ABC Melbourne. Data and Commerce Limited is now known as Pacific Star Network Limited and is trading on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) under the code PNW. PNW holds two broadcasting licences in Melbourne Australia - 3AK (1116 kHz) and 3MP (1377 kHz), both operating on transmitter power 5kW. The 3AK licence is... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... 3AW is a radio station in Melbourne, Australia on 693KHz AM. It began transmission in February 1932 as Melbournes fifth commercial radio station. ... The radio station 3LO began transmission in October 1924 as Melbournes second radio station, behind 3AR. The callsign LO was taken from Londons second radio station, 2LO, which stood for London Orchestra. ...

Controversial radio broadcaster Derryn Hinch took over 3AK's morning time-slot after twelve months as evening presenter at 3AW. The former Premier of Victoria Jeff Kennett was also a presenter. Derryn Nigel Hinch (born 9 February 1944) in New Plymouth, New Zealand (now an Australian citizen) is an Australian media personality best known for his work on Melbourne radio. ... 3AW is a radio station in Melbourne, Australia on 693KHz AM. It began transmission in February 1932 as Melbournes fifth commercial radio station. ... Jeffrey Gibb Kennett AC (born 25 July 1948), Australian politician, was the 43rd Premier of Victoria (6th October, 1992 to 20th October, 1999). ...

Demise

Some careless programming decisions and lack of promotion led to 3AK failing to lift from the bottom of the ratings ladder. In late 2003, DCL announced it had leased the running of radio 3AK to a new organisation Sports Entertainment Network (SEN) who were to convert 3AK to a 24-hour sport radio station. In January 2004, 3AK became known on-air as SEN 1116. As of the April 2004 ratings, the new format had already managed to lift 3AK's profile as well as the number of listeners. Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... SEN 1116 (callsign 3AK), the acronym standing for Sports Entertainment Network, is a commercial AM radio station based in Melbourne, Australia, operating on 1116 kHz. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

SEN

Main article: SEN 1116.

While initially, ratings were steadily rising, the station's financial position took a turn for the worst in early 2005, with several employees, including Dermott Brereton, Mark Doran, and Robert Shaw not being paid. This eventually led to Brereton walking out on the station. This dour financial situation could not have come at a worse time, since SEN had recently begun broadcasting into Adelaide. Unfortunately, Adelaide broadcasts were short-lived because of the poor financial situation, and the station's heavy Melbourne focus. SEN 1116 (callsign 3AK), the acronym standing for Sports Entertainment Network, is a commercial AM radio station based in Melbourne, Australia, operating on 1116 kHz. ... Dermott Brereton (born August 19, 1964) is a former champion Australian rules football player in the Australian Football League. ... Mark Doran is an Australian journalist. ... Robert Shaw may mean: Robert Shaw (footballer) Robert Shaw (actor) This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ...

In 2006 it was announced that SEN had acquired rights to broadcast five Australian Football League matches per weekend. [1] This article is about the national league in Australian rules football. ...

See also

• SEN 1116
• List of Australian radio stations

SEN 1116 (callsign 3AK), the acronym standing for Sports Entertainment Network, is a commercial AM radio station based in Melbourne, Australia, operating on 1116 kHz. ... // List of Australian radio stations. ...

External links

• 3AK Hall of Fame
• 3AK - 2003 story in the Age

Bibliography

1. The Magic Spark. 50 Years of Radio in Australia. Walker, R.R. Hawthorn Press, Melbourne, 1973.
2. ibid
3. ibid
4. The Broadcast Year Book and Radio Listeners' Annual of Australia. 1934. Edit: Faulkner, C.C. "The Harbour" Newspaper and Publishing Co. Ltd, Sydney, 1934.
5. ibid
6. The Magic Spark. 50 Years of Radio in Australia.
7. various contemporary copies of Listener In, Radioprogram, Radio Times, Wireless Weekly and A.B.C. Weekly in the collection of Albert Isaacs (Melbourne).
8. The Broadcast Year Book and Radio Listeners' Annual of Australia. 1939 Edition. Edit: Faulkner, C.C. New Century Press Pty. Ltd, Sydney, 1938.
9. The Magic Spark. 50 Years of Radio in Australia.
10. The Broadcast Year Book and Radio Listeners' Annual of Australia. 1934. & The Broadcast Year Book and Radio Listeners' Annual of Australia. 1939 Edition.
11. Australian Broadcasting Control Board. Various Annual Reports. Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra. (In the collection of Albert Isaacs [Melbourne]).
12. Australian Broadcasting Control Board. Annual Report. Year Ending 30th June 1954. Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, 1954.
13. ibid.
14. Something in the Air. Jones, Colin. Kangaroo Press Ltd., Sydney, 1995. Based on an interview with Hal Todd.
15. 3AW is Melbourne. 75 Years of Radio Campion, Margaret, Melbourne, 2007. Published interview with John Worth.
16. Australian Broadcasting Control Board. Annual Report. Year Ending 30th June 1954.
17. The Age Radio & Television Supplement, 30th March 1961. The Age & Leader, Melbourne.
18. Something in the Air.
19. ibid
20. ibid
21. Something in the Air. Participation in the Benefits of a Licence, Radio 3AK (report - Australian Broadcasting Tribunal), April 1991.