| 3D computer graphics |
 | | Basics | | 3D modeling / 3D scanning
3D rendering / 3D printing
3D computer graphics software
3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that utilize a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 2972 KB) copied from English Wikipedia, there uploaded by en:User:Gilles Tran, en:User:Janke and en:User:Veledan. ...
This article is about computer modeling within an artistic medium. ...
A 3D scanner is a device that analyzes a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and possibly its appearance (i. ...
Three-dimensional printing is a method of converting a virtual 3D model into a physical object. ...
3D computer graphics software refers to programs used to create 3D computer-generated imagery. ...
| | Primary Uses | | 3D models / Computer-aided design
Graphic design / Computer games
Visual effects / Visualization
Virtual engineering / Virtual reality
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
CADD and CAD redirect here. ...
The story of graphic design spans the history of humankind from the caves of Lascaux to the dazzling neons of Ginza. ...
“Computer Games†redirects here. ...
Visual Effects (or VFX for short) is the term given to a sub-category of special effects in which images or film frames are created and manipulated for film and video. ...
It has been suggested that Interactive visualization be merged into this article or section. ...
Virtual engineering is defined as integrating geometric models and related engineering tools such as analysis and simulation, optimization and decision making tools, etc. ...
This article is about the simulation technology. ...
| | Related concepts | | CGI / Animation / 3D display
Wireframe model / Texture mapping
Computer animation / Motion capture
Skeletal animation / Crowd simulation
Global illumination / Volume rendering Computer-generated imagery (commonly abbreviated as CGI) is the application of the field of computer graphics (or more specifically, 3D computer graphics) to special effects in films, television programs, commercials, simulators and simulation generally, and printed media. ...
The bouncing ball animation (below) consists of these 6 frames. ...
A 3D display prototype by Philips A 3D display is any display device capable of conveying three-dimensional images to the viewer. ...
A wire frame model is a visual presentation of an electronic representation of a three dimensional or physical object used in 3D computer graphics. ...
Spherical texture mapping Texture mapping is a method, pioneered by Edwin Catmull, of adding detail, surface texture, or colour to a computer-generated graphic or 3D model. ...
Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers. ...
Motion capture, or mocap, is a technique of digitally recording the movements of real things — usually humans — it originally developed as an analysis tool in biomechanics research, but has grown increasingly important as a source of motion data for computer animation. ...
A technique in computer animation, particularly the animation of vertebrates, where a character is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called the skin) and a hierarchical set of bones used for animation only (called the skeleton). ...
Crowd simulation is the process of simulating the movement of a large number of objects or characters, now often appearing in 3D computer graphics for film. ...
Global illumination algorithms used in 3D computer graphics are commonly used to add realistic lighting to 3D scenes. ...
A volume rendered cadaver head using view-aligned texture mapping and diffuse reflection Volume rendering is a technique used to display a 2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled data set. ...
This box: view • talk • edit | 3D rendering is the 3D computer graphics process of automatically converting 3D wire frame models into 2D images with 3D photorealistic effects on a computer. 3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that utilize a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. ...
A wire frame model is a visual presentation of an electronic representation of a three dimensional or physical object used in 3D computer graphics. ...
Photorealism is the genre of painting resembling a photograph, most recently seen in the splinter hyperrealism art movement. ...
Rendering methods Main Article: Rendering This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Rendering is the final process of creating the actual 2D image or animation from the prepared scene. This can be compared to taking a photo or filming the scene after the setup is finished in real life. Several different, and often specialized, rendering methods have been developed. These range from the distinctly non-realistic wireframe rendering through polygon-based rendering, to more advanced techniques such as: scanline rendering, ray tracing, or radiosity. Rendering may take from seconds to days for a single image/frame. In general, different methods are better suited for either photo-realistic rendering, or real-time rendering. A wire frame model is a visual presentation of an electronic representation of a three dimensional or physical object used in 3D computer graphics. ...
Scanline rendering is an algorithm for visible surface determination, in 3D computer graphics, that works on a row-by-row basis rather than a polygon-by-polygon or pixel-by-pixel basis. ...
A ray traced scene. ...
Radiosity is a global illumination algorithm used in 3D computer graphics rendering. ...
Real-time
An example of a ray-traced image that typically takes seconds or minutes to render. The photo-realism is apparent. Rendering for interactive media, such as games and simulations, is calculated and displayed in real time, at rates of approximately 20 to 120 frames per second. In real-time rendering, the goal is to show as much information as possible as the eye can process in a 30th of a second (or one frame, in the case of 30 frame-per-second animation). The goal here is primarily speed and not photo-realism. In fact, here exploitations are made in the way the eye 'perceives' the world, and as a result the final image presented is not necessarily that of the real-world, but one close enough for the human eye to tolerate. Rendering software may simulate such visual effects as lens flares, depth of field or motion blur. These are attempts to simulate visual phenomena resulting from the optical characteristics of cameras and of the human eye. These effects can lend an element of realism to a scene, even if the effect is merely a simulated artifact of a camera. This is the basic method employed in games, interactive worlds, VRML. The rapid increase in computer processing power has allowed a progressively higher degree of realism even for real-time rendering, including techniques such as HDR rendering. Real-time rendering is often polygonal and aided by the computer's GPU. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Photograph of NASA lunar lander containing lens flare. ...
In optics, particularly film and photography, the depth of field (DOF) is the distance in front of and beyond the subject that appears to be in focus. ...
This amusement ride moved during the exposure. ...
VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language, pronounced vermal or by its initials, originally known as the Virtual Reality Markup Language) is a standard file format for representing 3-dimensional (3D) interactive vector graphics, designed particularly with the World Wide Web in mind. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
“GPU†redirects here. ...
Non real-time
 Computer-generated image created by Gilles Tran using POV-Ray 3.6. The glasses, ashtray, and pitcher were modeled with Rhino and the dice with Cinema 4D. Animations for non-interactive media, such as feature films and video, are rendered much more slowly. Non-real time rendering enables the leveraging of limited processing power in order to obtain higher image quality. Rendering times for individual frames may vary from a few seconds to several days for complex scenes. Rendered frames are stored on a hard disk then can be transferred to other media such as motion picture film or optical disk. These frames are then displayed sequentially at high frame rates, typically 24, 25, or 30 frames per second, to achieve the illusion of movement. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 2972 KB) copied from English Wikipedia, there uploaded by en:User:Gilles Tran, en:User:Janke and en:User:Veledan. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 2972 KB) copied from English Wikipedia, there uploaded by en:User:Gilles Tran, en:User:Janke and en:User:Veledan. ...
When the goal is photo-realism, techniques are employed such as ray tracing or radiosity. This is the basic method employed in digital media and artistic works. Techniques have been developed for the purpose of simulating other naturally-occurring effects, such as the interaction of light with various forms of matter. Examples of such techniques include particle systems (which can simulate rain, smoke, or fire), volumetric sampling (to simulate fog, dust and other spatial atmospheric effects), caustics (to simulate light focusing by uneven light-refracting surfaces, such as the light ripples seen on the bottom of a swimming pool), and subsurface scattering (to simulate light reflecting inside the volumes of solid objects such as human skin). A ray traced scene. ...
Radiosity is a global illumination algorithm used in 3D computer graphics rendering. ...
For more background on this topic, see game physics. ...
Volumetric lighting is a technique used in 3D computer graphics to add lighting to a rendered scene. ...
A caustic, in optics, is a bundle of light rays. ...
Three dimensional object with subsurface scattering Subsurface scattering (or SSS) is a mechanism of light transport in which light penetrates the surface of a translucent object, is scattered by interacting with the material, and exits the surface at a different point. ...
The rendering process is computationally expensive, given the complex variety of physical processes being simulated. Computer processing power has increased rapidly over the years, allowing for a progressively higher degree of realistic rendering. Film studios that produce computer-generated animations typically make use of a render farm to generate images in a timely manner. However, falling hardware costs mean that it is entirely possible to create small amounts of 3D animation on a home computer system. The output of the renderer is often used as only one small part of a completed motion-picture scene. Many layers of material may be rendered separately and integrated into the final shot using compositing software. A render farm (also termed a render wall)[1] is a computer cluster to render computer generated imagery (CGI), typically for film and television visual effects. ...
In visual effects post-production, compositing refers to creating new images or moving images by combining images from different sources – such as real-world digital video, film, synthetic 3-D imagery, 2-D animations, painted backdrops, digital still photographs, and text. ...
Reflection and shading models Models of reflection/scattering and shading are used to describe the appearance of a surface. Although these issues may seem like a problems all on their own, they are studied almost exclusively within the context of rendering. Modern 3D computer graphics rely heavily on a simplified reflection model called Phong reflection model (not to be confused with Phong shading). In refraction of light, an important concept is the refractive index. In most 3D programming implementations, the term for this value is "index of refraction," usually abbreviated "IOR." Shading can be broken down into two orthogonal issues, which are often studied independently: In 3D computer graphics, the Phong reflection model is an illumination and shading model for assigning shades to points on a modeled surface. ...
It has been suggested that Phong reflection model be merged into this article or section. ...
The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves) is reduced inside the medium. ...
- Reflection/Scattering - How light interacts with the surface at a given point
- Shading - How material properties vary across the surface
Reflection Reflection or scattering is the relationship between incoming and outgoing illumination at a given point. Descriptions of scattering are usually given in terms of a bidirectional scattering distribution function or BSDF. Popular reflection rendering techniques in 3D computer graphics include: This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
The Utah teapot The Utah teapot or Newell teapot is a 3D model which has become a standard reference object (and something of an in-joke) in the computer graphics community. ...
The definition of the BSDF (Bidirectional scattering distribution function) is not well standardized. ...
- Flat shading: A technique that shades each polygon of an object based on the polygon's "normal" and the position and intensity of a light source.
- Gouraud shading: Invented by H. Gouraud in 1971, a fast and resource-conscious vertex shading technique used to simulate smoothly shaded surfaces.
- Texture mapping: A technique for simulating a large amount of surface detail by mapping images (textures) onto polygons.
- Phong shading: Invented by Bui Tuong Phong, used to simulate specular highlights and smooth shaded surfaces.
- Bump mapping: Invented by Jim Blinn, a normal-perturbation technique used to simulate wrinkled surfaces.
- Cel shading: A technique used to imitate the look of hand-drawn animation.
Flat shading is lighting technique used in 3D computer graphics. ...
Gouraud shaded sphere - note the inaccuracies towards the edges of the polygons. ...
Spherical texture mapping Texture mapping is a method, pioneered by Edwin Catmull, of adding detail, surface texture, or colour to a computer-generated graphic or 3D model. ...
It has been suggested that Phong reflection model be merged into this article or section. ...
A sphere without bump mapping. ...
Jim Blinn James Blinn is a computer graphics researcher and also pioneer on this field. ...
Object with a basic cel-shader (also known as a toon shader) and border detection. ...
Shading Shading addresses how different types of scattering are distributed across the surface (i.e., which scattering function applies where). Descriptions of this kind are typically expressed with a program called a shader. (Note that there is some confusion since the word "shader" is sometimes used for programs that describe local geometric variation.) A simple example of shading is texture mapping, which uses an image to specify the diffuse color at each point on a surface, giving it more apparent detail. Shaders are a set of different technologies. ...
Spherical texture mapping Texture mapping is a method, pioneered by Edwin Catmull, of adding detail, surface texture, or colour to a computer-generated graphic or 3D model. ...
Suppose the smiley face in the top left corner is an RGB bitmap image. ...
Transport Transport describes how illumination in a scene gets from one place to another. Visibility is a major component of light transport. Visibility is a mathematical abstraction of the real-life notion of visibility and a specialization of the rendering equation. ...
Projection The shaded three-dimensional objects must be flattened so that the display device - namely a monitor - can display it in only two dimensions, this process is called 3D projection. This is done using projection and, for most applications, perspective projection. The basic idea behind perspective projection is that objects that are further away are made smaller in relation to those that are closer to the eye. Programs produce perspective by multiplying a dilation constant raised to the power of the negative of the distance from the observer. A dilation constant of one means that there is no perspective. High dilation constants can cause a "fish-eye" effect in which image distrortion begins to occur. Orthographic projection is used mainly in CAD or CAM applications where scientific modeling requires precise measurements and preservation of the third dimension. Image File history File links Perspective_Projection_Principle. ...
Image File history File links Perspective_Projection_Principle. ...
A 3D projection is a mathematical transformation used to project three dimensional points onto a two dimensional plane[1]. Often this is done to simulate the relationship of a camera to a subject, as 3D projection is often the first step in the process of representing three dimensional shapes two...
Perspective projection is a type of drawing that graphically approximates on a planar (two-dimensional) surface (e. ...
Example of orthographic drawing from a US Patent (1913), showing two views of the same object. ...
CAD is a TLA that may stand for: Cadiz Railroad (AAR reporting mark CAD) Canadian dollar – ISO 4217-code Capital Adequacy Directive Card Acceptance Device Children of the Anachronistic Dynasty Computer-aided design Computer-aided detection (medical) Computer-aided diagnosis (medical) Computer-assisted dispatch Computer-assisted drafting Coronary artery disease...
monkey ...
See also Ambient occlusion is a shading method used in 3D computer graphics which can help add realism by taking into account attenuation of light caused by obstructive geometry. ...
Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see. ...
Geometry Pipelines, also called Geometry Engines(GE) are the first stage in a classical Graphics Pipeline, such as the Reality Engine. ...
Geometry Processing is a fast-growing area of research that uses concepts from applied mathematics, computer science, and engineering to design efficient algorithms for the acquisition, reconstruction, analysis, manipulation, simulation and transmission of complex 3D models. ...
“Graphic†redirects here. ...
“GPU†redirects here. ...
A graphical output device is a computer output device that produces visual material. ...
UPIICSA IPN - Binary image Image processing is any form of information processing for which the input is an image, such as photographs or frames of video; the output is not necessarily an image, but can be for instance a set of features of the image. ...
The painters algorithm is one of the simplest solutions to the visibility problem in 3D computer graphics. ...
Reflection in computer graphics is used to emulate mirrors and shiny surfaces. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
SIGGRAPH 2005 official logo SIGGRAPH (short for Special Interest Group in Graphics) is the name of the annual conference on computer graphics convened by the ACM SIGGRAPH organization. ...
External links Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ...
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