3D computer graphics

Basics

3D modeling / 3D scanning 3D rendering / 3D printing 3D computer graphics software This article is about process of creating 3D computer graphics. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 2972 KB) copied from English Wikipedia, there uploaded by en:User:Gilles Tran, en:User:Janke and en:User:Veledan. ... This article is about computer modeling within an artistic medium. ... 3D rendering is the 3D computer graphics process of automatically converting 3D wire frame models into 2D images with 3D photorealistic effects on a computer. ... Three-dimensional printing is a method of converting a virtual 3D model into a physical object. ... 3D computer graphics software refers to programs used to create 3D computer-generated imagery. ...

Primary Uses

3D models / Computer-aided design Graphic design / Video games Visual effects / Visualization Virtual engineering / Virtual reality This article does not cite its references or sources. ... CADD and CAD redirect here. ... Graphics are often utilitarian and anonymous,[1] as these pictographs from the US National Park Service illustrate. ... Namcos Pac-Man is one of the most popular video games ever made. ... Visual effects (or VFX for short) is the term given in which images or film frames are created and manipulated for film and video. ... It has been suggested that Interactive visualization be merged into this article or section. ... Virtual engineering is defined as integrating geometric models and related engineering tools such as analysis and simulation, optimization and decision making tools, etc. ... This article is about the simulation technology. ...

Related concepts

CGI / Animation / 3D display Wireframe model / Texture mapping Computer animation / Motion capture Skeletal animation / Crowd simulation Global illumination / Volume rendering Computer-generated imagery (commonly abbreviated as CGI) is the application of the field of computer graphics (or more specifically, 3D computer graphics) to special effects in films, television programs, commercials, simulators and simulation generally, and printed media. ... The bouncing ball animation (below) consists of these 6 frames. ... A 3D display prototype by Philips A 3D display is any display device capable of conveying three-dimensional images to the viewer. ... A wire frame model is a visual presentation of an electronic representation of a three dimensional or physical object used in 3D computer graphics. ... Spherical texture mapping Texture mapping is a method, pioneered by Edwin Catmull, of adding detail, surface texture, or colour to a computer-generated graphic or 3D model. ... See also: Computer-generated imagery Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers. ... Motion capture, or mocap, is a technique of digitally recording the movements of real things — usually humans — it originally developed as an analysis tool in biomechanics research, but has grown increasingly important as a source of motion data for computer animation. ... A technique in computer animation, particularly the animation of vertebrates, where a character is represented in two parts: a surface representation used to draw the character (called the skin) and a hierarchical set of bones used for animation only (called the skeleton). ... Crowd simulation is the process of simulating the movement of a large number of objects or characters, now often appearing in 3D computer graphics for film. ... Global illumination algorithms used in 3D computer graphics are commonly used to add realistic lighting to 3D scenes. ... A volume rendered cadaver head using view-aligned texture mapping and diffuse reflection Volume rendering is a technique used to display a 2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled data set. ... This box: view • talk • edit

A 3D scanner is a device that analyzes a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and possibly its appearance (i.e. color). The collected data can then be used to construct digital, three dimensional models useful for a wide variety of applications. These devices are used extensively by the entertainment industry in the production of movies and video games. Other common applications of this technology include industrial design, reverse engineering and prototyping, computer vision and documentation of cultural artifacts. Many different technologies can be used to build these 3D scanning devices; each technology comes with its own limitations, advantages and costs. It should be remembered that many limitations in the kind of objects that can be digitized are still present: for example optical technologies encounter many difficulties with shiny, mirroring or transparent objects. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of taking something (a device, an electrical component, a software program, etc. ...

There are however methods for scanning shiny objects, such as covering them with a thin layer of white powder that will help more light photons to reflect back to the scanner. Laser scanners can send trillions of light photons toward an object and only receive a small percentage of those photons back via the optics that they use. The reflectivity of an object is based upon the object's color or terrestrial albedo. A white surface will reflect lots of light and a black surface will reflect only a small amount of light. Transparent objects such as glass will only refract the light and give false three dimensional information.

Functionality

The purpose of a 3D scanner is usually to create a point cloud of geometric samples on the surface of the subject. These points can then be used to extrapolate the shape of the subject (a process called reconstruction). If color information is collected at each point, then the colors on the surface of the subject can also be determined. In computer science, a point cloud is a set of three-dimensional points. ...

3D scanners are very analogous to cameras. Like cameras, they have a cone-like field of view, and like cameras, they can only collect information about surfaces that are not obscured. While a camera collects color information about surfaces within its field of view, 3D scanners collect distance information about surfaces within its field of view. The “picture” produced by a 3D scanner describes the distance to a surface at each point in the picture. If a spherical coordinate system is defined in which the scanner is the origin and the vector out from the front of the scanner is φ=0 and θ=0, then each point in the picture is associated with a φ and θ. Together with distance, which corresponds to the r component, these spherical coordinates fully describe the three dimensional position of each point in the picture, in a local coordinate system relative to the scanner. The field of view is the part of the observable world that is seen at any given moment. ... A point plotted using the spherical coordinate system In mathematics, the spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for representing geometric figures in three dimensions using three coordinates: the radial distance of a point from a fixed origin, the zenith angle from the positive z-axis, and the azimuth angle...

For most situations, a single scan will not produce a complete model of the subject. Multiple scans, even hundreds, from many different directions are usually required to obtain information about all sides of the subject. These scans have to be brought in a common reference system, a process that is usually called alignment or registration, and then merged to create a complete model. This whole process, going from the single range map to the whole model, is usually known as the 3D scanning pipeline.^[1] In mathematics as applied to geometry, physics or engineering, a coordinate system is a system for assigning a tuple of numbers to each point in an n-dimensional space. ... In computer vision, sets of data acquired by sampling the same scene or object at different times, or from different perspectives, will be in different coordinate systems. ...

Technology

The two types of 3D scanners are contact and non-contact. Non-contact 3D scanners can be further divided into two main categories, active scanners and passive scanners. There are a variety of technologies that fall under each of these categories.

Contact

Contact 3D scanners probe the subject through physical touch. A CMM (coordinate measuring machine) is an example of a contact 3D scanner. It is used mostly in manufacturing and can be very precise. The disadvantage of CMMs though, is that it requires contact with the object being scanned. Thus, the act of scanning the object might modify or damage it. This fact is very significant when scanning delicate or valuable objects such as historical artifacts. The other disadvantage of CMMs is that they are relatively slow compared to the other scanning methods. Physically moving the arm that the probe is mounted on can be very slow and the fastest CMMs can only operate on a few hundred hertz. In contrast, an optical system like a laser scanner can operate from 10 to 500 kHz. A Coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) is a device for dimensional measuring. ...

Other examples are the hand driven touch probes used to digitize clay models in computer animation industry.

Non-Contact Active

Active scanners emit some kind of radiation or light and detect its reflection in order to probe an object or environment. Possible types of emissions used include light, ultrasound or x-ray.

Time-of-flight

This lidar scanner may be used to scan buildings, rock formations, etc., to produce a 3D model. The lidar can aim its laser beam in a wide range: its head rotates horizontally, a mirror flips vertically. The laser beam is used to measure the distance to the first object on its path.

The time-of-flight 3D laser scanner is an active scanner that uses laser light to probe the subject. At the heart of this type of scanner is a time-of-flight laser range finder. The laser range finder finds the distance of a surface by timing the round-trip time of a pulse of light. A laser is used to emit a pulse of light and the amount of time before the reflected light is seen by a detector is timed. Since the speed of light c is a known, the round-trip time determines the travel distance of the light, which is twice the distance between the scanner and the surface. If t is the round-trip time, then distance is equal to . Clearly the accuracy of a time-of-flight 3D laser scanner depends on how precisely we can measure the t time: 3.3 picoseconds (approx.) is the time taken for light to travel 1 millimetre. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1920 × 2560 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1920 × 2560 pixel, file size: 1. ... A FASOR used at the Starfire Optical Range for LIDAR and laser guide star experiments is tuned to the sodium D2a line and used to excite sodium atoms in the upper atmosphere. ... A laser range-finder, or LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging), is a device which uses a laser beam in order to determine the distance to an opaque object. ... The speed of light in a vacuum is an important physical constant denoted by the letter c for constant or the Latin word celeritas meaning swiftness.[1] It is the speed of all electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, in a vacuum. ... A picosecond is an SI unit of time equal to 10-12 of a second. ...

The laser range finder only detects the distance of one point in its direction of view. Thus, the scanner scans its entire field of view one point at a time by changing the range finder’s direction of view to scan different points. The view direction of the laser range finder can be changed by either rotating the range finder itself, or by using a system of rotating mirrors. The latter method is commonly used because mirrors are much lighter and can thus be rotated much faster and with greater accuracy. Typical time-of-flight 3D laser scanners can measure the distance of 10,000~100,000 points every second.

Triangulation

Principle of a laser triangulation sensor. Two object positions are shown.

The triangulation 3D laser scanner is also an active scanner that uses laser light to probe the environment. With respect to time-of-flight 3D laser scanner the triangulation laser shines a laser on the subject and exploit a camera to look for the location of the laser dot. Depending on how far away the laser strikes a surface, the laser dot appears at different places in the camera’s field of view. This technique is called triangulation because the laser dot, the camera and the laser emitter form a triangle. The length of one side of the triangle, the distance between the camera and the laser emitter is known. The angle of the laser emitter corner is also known. The angle of the camera corner can be determined by looking at the location of the laser dot in the camera’s field of view. These three pieces of information fully determine the shape and size of the triangle and gives the location of the laser dot corner of the triangle. In most cases a laser stripe, instead of a single laser dot, is swept across the object to speed up the acquisition process. The National Research Council of Canada was among the first institutes to develop the triangulation based laser scanning technology in 1978.^[2] Image File history File links Laserprofilometer_EN.svg‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): 3D scanner ... Image File history File links Laserprofilometer_EN.svg‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): 3D scanner ... The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) is Canadas leading organization for scientific research and development. ...

Notes on time-of-flight and triangulation scanners

Time-of-flight and triangulation range finders each have strengths and weaknesses that make them suitable for different situations. The advantage of time-of-flight range finders is that they are capable of operating over very long distances, on the order of kilometers. These scanners are thus suitable for scanning large structures like buildings or geographic features. The disadvantage of time-of-flight range finders is their accuracy. Due to the high speed of light, timing the round-trip time is difficult and the accuracy of the distance measurement is relatively low, on the order of millimeters. Triangulation range finders are exactly the opposite. They have a limited range of some meters, but their accuracy is relatively high. The accuracy of triangulation range finders is on the order of tens of micrometers.

With time of flight scanners accuracy can be lost when the laser hits the edge of an object because the information that is sent back to the scanner is from two different locations for one laser pulse. The co-ordinate relative to the scanners position for a point that has hit the edge of an object will be calculated based on an average and therefore will put the point in the wrong place. When using a high resolution scan on an object the chances of the beam hitting an edge are increased and the resulting data will show noise just behind the edges of the object. Scanners with a smaller beam width will help to solve this problem but will be limited by range as the beam width will increase over distance. Software can also help by determining that the first object to be hit by the laser beam should cancel out the second.

At a rate of 10,000 sample points per second, low resolution scans can take less than a second, but high resolution scans, requiring millions of samples, can take minutes for some time-of-flight scanners. The problem this creates is distortion from motion. Since each point is sampled at a different time, any motion in the subject or the scanner will distort the collected data. Thus, it is usually necessary to mount both the subject and the scanner on stable platforms and minimize vibration. Using these scanners to scan objects in motion is very difficult.

Recently, there has been research on compensating for distortion from small amounts of vibration. Refer to Accurate 3D acquisition of freely moving objects, François Blais, et al.

When scanning in one position for any length of time slight movement can occur in the scanner position due to changes in temperature. If the scanner is set on a tripod and there is strong sunlight on one side of the scanner then that side of the tripod will expand and slowly distort the scan data from one side to another. Some laser scanners have level compensator built into them to counteract any movement of the scanner during the scan process.

Conoscopic Holography

In a Conoscopic system a laser beam is projected onto the surface and then the immediate reflection along the same ray-path are put through a conoscopic crystal and projected onto a CCD. The result is a diffraction pattern, that can be frequency analyzed to determine the distance to the measured surface. The main advantage with Conoscopic Holography is that only a single ray-path is needed for measuring, thus giving an opportunity to measure for instance the depth of a finely drilled hole.

Structured light

Structured light 3D scanners project a pattern of light on the subject and look at the deformation of the pattern on the subject. The pattern may be one dimensional or two dimensional. An example of a one dimensional pattern is a line. The line is projected onto the subject using either an LCD projector or a sweeping laser. A camera, offset slightly from the pattern projector, looks at the shape of the line and uses a technique similar to triangulation to calculate the distance of every point on the line. In the case of a single-line pattern, the line is swept across the field of view to gather distance information one strip at a time. An LCD projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface. ...

An example of a two dimensional pattern is a grid or a line stripe pattern. A camera is used to look at the deformation of the pattern and a fairly complex algorithm is used to calculate the distance at each point in the pattern. One reason for the complexity is ambiguity. Consider an array of parallel vertical laser stripes sweeping horizontally across a target. In the simplest case, one could analyze an image and assume that the left-to-right sequence of stripes reflects the sequence of the lasers in the array, so that the leftmost image stripe is the first laser, the next one is the second laser, and so on. In non-trivial targets having holes, occlusions, and rapid depth changes, however, this sequencing breaks down as stripes are often hidden and may even appear to change order, resulting in laser stripe ambiguity. This particular problem was recently solved by a breakthrough technology called Multistripe Laser Triangulation (MLT). Structured light scanning is still a very active area of research with many research papers published each year.

The advantage of structured light 3D scanners is speed. Instead of scanning one point at a time, structured light scanners scan multiple points or the entire field of view at once. This reduces or eliminates the problem of distortion from motion. Some existing systems are capable of scanning moving objects in real-time.

Recently, Song Zhang and Peisen Huang from Stony Brook University developed a real-time scanner a using digital fringe projection and phase-shifting technique (a various structured light method). The system is able to capture. reconstruct, and render the high-density details of the dynamically deformable objects (such as facial expressions) at 40 frames per second. ^[3] The State University of New York at Stony Brook (SUNYSB), also known as Stony Brook University (SBU) is a public research university located in Stony Brook, New York (on the north side of Long Island, about 55 miles east of Manhattan, New York). ...

Modulated light

Modulated light 3D scanners shine a continually changing light at the subject. Usually the light source simply cycles its amplitude in a sinusoidal pattern. A camera detects the reflected light and the amount the pattern is shifted by determines the distance the light traveled. In mathematics, the trigonometric functions are functions of an angle, important when studying triangles and modeling periodic phenomena. ...

Non-Contact Passive

Passive scanners do not emit any kind of radiation themselves, but instead rely on detecting reflected ambient radiation. Most scanners of this type detect visible light because it is a readily available ambient radiation. Other types of radiation, such as infrared could also be used. Passive methods can be very cheap, because in most cases they do not need particular hardware.

Stereoscopic

Stereoscopic systems usually employ two video cameras, slightly apart, looking at the same scene. By analyzing the slight differences between the images seen by each camera, it is possible to determine the distance at each point in the images. This method is based on human stereoscopic vision.[1] Binocular vision (also referred to as stereoscopic vision) is a type of visual system common in many kinds of animals where both the eyes produce only a single image in the brain. ...

Silhouette

These types of 3D scanners use outlines created from a sequence of photographs around a three-dimensional object against a well contrasted background. These silhouettes are extruded and intersected to form the visual hull approximation of the object. With these kinds of techniques some kind of concavities of an object (like the interior of a bowl) are not detected. For other uses, see Silhouette (disambiguation). ... Sihouette Cones Visual Hull “Visual hull is a geometric entity created by shape-from-silhouette 3D reconstruction technique. ...

User Assisted (i.e. Image Based Modeling)

There are other methods that, based on the user assisted detection and identification of some features and shapes on a set of different pictures of an object are able to build an approximation of the object itself. This kind of techniques are useful to build fast approximation of simple shaped objects like buildings. Various commercial packages are available like iModeller, D-Sculptor or RealViz-ImageModeler.

This sort of 3D scanning is based on the principles of photogrammetry. It is also somewhat similar in methodology to panoramic photography, except that the photos are taken of one object on a three-dimensional space in order to replicate it instead of taking a series of photos from one point in a three-dimensional space in order to replicate the surrounding environment.

Reconstruction

The point clouds produced by 3D scanners are usually not used directly. Most applications do not use point clouds, but instead use polygonal 3D models. The process of converting a point cloud into a polygonal 3D model is called reconstruction. Reconstruction involves finding and connecting adjacent points in order to create a continuous surface. Many algorithms are available for this purpose (eg. photomodeler, imagemodel).

Applications

Material processing and production

Laser scanning describes a method where a surface is sampled or scanned using laser technology. Several areas of application exist that mainly differ in the power of the lasers that are used, and in the results of the scanning process. Lasers with low power are used when the scanned surface doesn't have to be influenced, e.g. when it has to be digitized. Confocal or 3D laser scanning are methods to get information about the scanned surface. For other uses, see Laser (disambiguation). ... Confocal means having the same foci. ... The space we live in is three-dimensional space. ...

Depending on the power of the laser, its influence on a working piece differs: lower power values are used for laser engraving, where material is partially removed by the laser. With higher powers the material becomes fluid and laser welding can be realized, or if the power is high enough to remove the material completely, then laser cutting can be performed. Laser engraving is the practice of using lasers to engrave or mark an object (it is also sometimes incorrectly described as etching, which involves the use of acid or a similar chemical). ... Laser beam welding is a technique in manufacturing whereby two or more pieces of material (usually metal) are joined by together through use of a laser beam. ... Laser cutting is a technology which uses a laser to cut materials, and is usually used in industrial manufacturing. ...

Also for rapid prototyping a laser scanning procedure is used when for example a prototype is generated by laser sintering. A rapid prototyping machine using Selective laser sintering. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The principle that is used for all these applications is the same: software that runs on a PC or an embedded system and that controls the complete process is connected with a scanner card. That card converts the received vector data to movement information which is sent to the scanhead. This scanhead consists of two mirrors that are able to deflect the laser beam in one level (X- and Y-coordinate). The third dimension is - if necessary - realized by a specific optic that is able to move the laser's focal point in the depth-direction (Z-axis). Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ... A stylised illustration of a modern personal computer A personal computer (PC) is a computer whose original sales price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals. ... A router, an example of an embedded system. ...

The third dimension is needed for some special applications like the rapid prototyping where an object is built up layer by layer or for in-glass-marking where the laser has to influence the material at specific positions within it. For these cases it is important that the laser has as small a focal point as possible.

For enhanced laser scanning applications and/or high material throughput during production, scanning systems with more than one scanhead are used. Here the software has to control what is done exactly within such a multihead application: it is possible that all available heads have to mark the same to finish processing faster or that the heads mark one single job in parallel where every scanhead performs a part of the job in case of large working areas.

Construction Industry and Civil Engineering

• As-built drawings of Bridges, Industrial Plants, and Monuments
• Documentation of historical sites
• Site modeling and lay outing
• Quality control
• Quantity Surveys
• Freeway Redesign
• Establishing a bench mark of pre-existing shape/state in order to detect structural changes resulting from exposure to extreme loadings such as earthquake, vessel/truck impact or fire.
• Create GIS (Geographic information system) maps

Entertainment

3D scanners are used by the entertainment industry to create digital 3D models for both movies and video games. In cases where a real-world equivalent of a model exists, it is much faster to scan the real-world object than to manually create a model using 3D modeling software. Frequently, artists sculpt physical models of what they want and scan them into digital form rather than directly creating digital models on a computer. The entertainment industry consists of a large number of sub-industries devoted to entertainment. ...

Reverse engineering

Reverse engineering of a mechanical component requires a precise digital model of the objects to be reproduced. Rather than a set of points a precise digital model is typically represented by a set of surfaces such as a set of flat triangular surfaces, a set of flat or curved NURBS surfaces, or ideally for mechanical components a CAD solid which is composed of a CAD subset of NURBS surfaces. A 3D scanner can be used to digitize free-form or gradually changing shaped components as well as prismatic geometries whereas a coordinate measuring machine is usually used only to determine simple dimensions of a highly prismatic model. These data points are then processed to create a usable digital model. Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of taking something (a device, an electrical component, a software program, etc. ... NURBS, short for nonuniform rational B-spline, is a computer graphics technique for drawing curves. ... A Coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) is a device for dimensional measuring. ...

Cultural Heritage

There have been many research projects undertook the scanning of historical sites and artifacts.

Michelangelo

In 1999, two different research groups started scanning Michelangelo's statues. Stanford university with a group led by Marc Levoy^[4] used a custom laser triangulation scanner built by Cyberware to scan Michelangelo’s statues in Florence, notably the David, the Prigioni and the four statues in The Medici Chapel. The scans produced a data point density of one sample per 0.25mm, detailed enough to see Michelangelo’s chisel marks. These detailed scans produced a huge amount of data (up to 32 gigabytes) and processing the data from his scans took 5 months. Approximately in the same period a research group from IBM, led by H. Rushmeier and F. Bernardini scanned the Pietà of Florence acquiring both geometric and color details. Stanford redirects here. ... Marc Levoy is a computer graphics researcher and Professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. ... This article is about the sculpture by Michelangelo. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ...

Monticello

In 2002, David Luebke, et al. scanned Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello.^[5] A commercial time of flight laser scanner, the DeltaSphere 3000, was used. The scanner data was later combined with color data from digital photographs to create the Virtual Monticello, and the Jefferson’s Cabinet exhibits in the New Orleans Museum of Art in 2003. The Virtual Monticello exhibit simulated a window looking into Jefferson’s Library. The exhibit consisted of a rear projection display on a wall and a pair of stereo glasses for the viewer. The glasses, combined with polarized projectors, provided a 3D effect. Position tracking hardware on the glasses allowed the display to adapt as the viewer moves around, creating the illusion that the display is actually a hole in the wall looking into Jefferson’s Library. The Jefferson’s Cabinet exhibit was a barrier stereogram (essentially a non-active hologram that appears different from different angles) of Jefferson’s Cabinet

Cuneiform tablets

In 2003, Subodh Kumar, et al. undertook the 3D scanning of ancient cuneiform tablets.^[6] Again, a laser triangulation scanner was used. The tablets were scanned on a regular grid pattern at a resolution of 0.025 mm.

“Plastico di Roma antica”

In 2005, Gabriele Guidi, et al. scanned the “Plastico di Roma antica”,^[7] a model of Rome created in the last century. Neither the triangulation method, nor the time of flight method satisfied the requirements of this project because the item to be scanned was both large and contained small details. They found though, that a modulated light scanner was able to provide both the ability to scan an object the size of the model and the accuracy that was needed. The modulated light scanner was supplemented by a triangulation scanner which was used to scan some parts of the model.

Dental CAD/CAM

Many Chairside dental CAD/CAM systems and Dental Laboratory CAD/CAM systems use 3D Scanner technologies to capture the 3D surface of a dental preparation (either in vivo or in vitro), in order to produce a restoration digitally using CAD software and ultimately produce the final restoration using a CAM technology (such as a CNC milling machine, or 3D printer). The chairside systems are designed to facilitate the 3D scanning of a preparation in vivo and produce the restoration (such as a Crown, Onlay, Inlay or Veneer).

Orthotics CAD/CAM

Many orthotists also use 3D scanners in order to capture the 3D shape of a patient. It gradually supplants tedious plaster cast. CAD/CAM software are then used to design and manufacture the orthosis or prosthesis. As defined by the American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics, Inc. ... An orthosis is a device that is applied to a part of the body to correct deformity, improve function, or relieve symptoms of a disease. ... A United States Army soldier plays table football with two prosthetic arms Jon Comer, professional skateboarder with a prosthetic leg. ...

See also

• 3D computer graphics
• Computer vision
• Laser range finder

This article is about process of creating 3D computer graphics. ... Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see. ... A laser range-finder, or LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging), is a device which uses a laser beam in order to determine the distance to an opaque object. ...

References

• François Blais, Michel Picard, Guy Godin, "Accurate 3D acquisition of freely moving objects," Proceedings. 2nd International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission, 2004, pp.422-429.
• Qian Chen, Toshikazu Wada, "A light Modulation/Demodulation Method for Real-Time 3D Imaging," Fifth International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling, 2005, pp.15-21.
• Brian Curless, "From Range Scans to 3D Models," ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, Vol. 33, Issue 4, Nov 2000, pp.38-41.
• Joseph P. Lavelle, Stefan R. Schuet, Daniel J. Schuet, "High Speed 3D Scanner with Real-Time 3D Processing," 2004 IEEE International Workshop on Imaging Systems and Techniques, 2004, pp.13-17.
• Katsushi Lkeuchi, "Modeling from Reality," Third International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling, 2001, pp.117-124.

1. ^ Fausto Bernardini, Holly E. Rushmeier: The 3D Model Acquisition Pipeline. Comput. Graph. Forum 21(2): 149-172 (2002), (pdf).
2. ^ Roy Mayer, Scientific Canadian: Invention and Innovation From Canada's National Research Council, Vancouver: Raincoast Books, 1999.
3. ^ Song Zhang, Peisen Huang, "High-resolution, real-time 3-D shape measurement," Optical Engineering, 2006, pp.123601. (pdf)
4. ^ Marc Levoy, Jeremy Ginsberg, Jonathan Shade, Duane Fulk, Kari Pulli, Brian Curless, Szymon Rusinkiewicz, David Koller, Lucas Pereira, Matt Ginzton, Sean Anderson, James Davis, "The Digital Michelangelo Project: 3D Scanning of Large Statues," Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, 2000, pp.131-144. (pdf)
5. ^ David Luebke, Christopher Lutz, Rui Wang, and Cliff Woolley, “Scanning Monticello,” 2002, http://www.cs.virginia.edu/Monticello.
6. ^ Subodh Kumar, Dean Snyder, Donald Duncan, Jonathan Cohen, Jerry Cooper, "Digital Preservation of Ancient Cuneiform Tablets Using 3D-Scanning," Fourth International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling, 2003, pp.326-333.
7. ^ Gabriele Guidi, Laura Micoli, Michele Russo, Bernard Frischer, Monica De Simone, Alessandro Spinetti, Luca Carosso, "3D digitization of a large model of imperial Rome," Fifth International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling, 2005, pp.565-572.

External links

• Sortable comparison chart for a wide number of 3D scanners
• 3D Photography Course Notes
• MeshLab - Open Source program for cleaning up scanned meshes
• Scanalyze - Open Source program for aligning and merge range data
• DAVID-Laserscanner - Freeware programm for 3D laser scanning
• Manual 3D scanner 3D scan technology description