3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the name given to a project within the Third Generation Partnership Project to improve the UMTS mobile phone standard to cope with future requirements. Goals include improving efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum opportunities, and better integration with other open standards. The LTE project is not a standard, but it will result in the new evolved release 8 of the UMTS standard, including mostly or wholly extensions and modifications of the UMTS system. Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology. ... Push-to-Talk (PTT), also known as Press-to-Transmit, is a method of conversing on half-duplex communication lines, including two-way radio, using a momentary button to switch from voice reception mode to transmit mode. ... The Mobile Telephone System (MTS) was one of the earliest mobile telephone standards. ... The Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) is a pre-cellular VHF/UHF radio system that links to the PSTN. IMTS was the radiotelephone equivalent of land dial phone service. ... The Advanced Mobile Telephone System was a 0G method of radio communication, mainly used in Japanese portable radio systems. ... OLT (Norwegian for Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni, Public Land Mobile Telephony), was the first land mobile telephone network in Norway. ... MTD (Swedish abbreviation for Mobilelefonisystem D, or Mobile telephony system D) was a manual mobile phone system for the 450 MHz frequency band. ... Autotel (also called PALM, or Public Automated Land Mobile) is a radiotelephone service which was the missing link between earlier MTS/IMTS and later cellular telephone services. ... ARP (Autoradiopuhelin, Car Radio Phone in English) was the first commercially operated public mobile phone network in Finland. ... 1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone technology, cellphones. ... For other meanings of the abbreviation, see: NMT. NMT (Nordisk MobilTelefoni or Nordiska MobilTelefoni-gruppen, Nordic Mobile Telephone in English) is a mobile phone system that was specified by the Nordic telecommunications administrations (PTTs) starting in 1970, and opened for service in 1981 as a response to the increasing congestion... Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) is the analog mobile phone system standard developed by Bell Labs, and officially introduced in the Americas in 1983[1][2] It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the 1980s and into the 2000s, and is still... hicap is a mobile techonology which has a consumer interface with a wide variety of industry references. ... Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) uses unused bandwidth normally used by AMPS mobile phones between 800 and 900 MHz to transfer data. ... Cingular Interactive Truck at Ground Zero on 9/11/2001 Mobitex Network Design Mobitex is an OSI based open standard, national public access wireless data network first introduced in 1991 by carriers RAM Mobile Data and in Canada 1990 by Rogers Cantel. ... DataTac is a wireless data network technology originally developed by Motorola and deployed in the United States as the ARDIS network. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. ... Iden is also a village in East sussex, England iDEN Base Radio at a Cell Site Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN) is a mobile telecommunications technology, it is known to eat little children, developed by Motorola, which provides its users the benefits of a trunked radio and a cellular telephone. ... IS-54 and IS-136 are second-generation (2G) mobile phone systems, known as Digital AMPS (D-AMPS). ... Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), is the first CDMA-based digital cellular standard pioneered by Qualcomm. ... Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) is a 2G mobile phone standard developed and used exclusively in Japan. ... Circuit Switched Data, often known as CSD, is the original form of data transmission developed for the GSM mobile phone system. ... The Personal Handy-phone System (PHS), also marketed as the Personal Access System (PAS), is a mobile network system operating in the 1880-1930 MHz frequency band. ... General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of GSM and IS-136 mobile phones. ... High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), is a development of Circuit Switched Data, the original data transmission mechanism of the GSM mobile phone system. ... Wideband Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network, or WiDEN, is a software upgrade developed by Motorola for its iDEN enhanced specialized mobile radio (or ESMR) wireless telephony protocol. ... CDMA2000 is a family of third-generation (3G) mobile telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data, and signalling data (such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile phones and cell sites. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) or Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), is a digital mobile phone technology that allows it to increase data transmission rate and improve data transmission reliability. ... W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is a type of 3G cellular network. ... Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile phone technologies. ... FOMA, officially short for Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access, is the brand name for the 3G services being offered by Japanese mobile phone operator NTT DoCoMo. ... UMTS-TDD is a mobile data network standard built upon the UMTS 3G cellular mobile phone standard, using a TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, or other 3GPP-approved, air interface that uses Time Division Duplexing to duplex spectrum between the up-link and down-link. ... Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only, abbreviated as EV-DO or EVDO and often EV, is one telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access. ... TD-SCDMA (Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access) is a 3G mobile telecommunications standard, being pursued in the Peoples Republic of China by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT), Datang and Siemens AG, in an attempt to develop home-grown technology and not be dependent on Western... The Generic Access Network (GAN) was formerly known as Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA), until it was adopted by the 3GPP in April 2005. ... High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing UMTS protocols. ... High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (Sometimes known as High-Speed Downlink Protocol Access) is a 3G mobile telephony protocol in the HSPA family, which provides a roadmap for UMTS-based networks to increase their data transfer speeds and capacity. ... High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a 3G mobile telephony protocol in the HSPA family with up-link speeds up to 5. ... HSPA+ (or HSPA Evolution) is a 3G mobile telephony protocol defined in 3GPP release 7 (expected in 2007). ... High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA) is a proposed part of 3GPPs Long Term Evolution (LTE) upgrade path for UMTS systems. ... This article is about the mobile phone standard. ... Ultra Mobile Broadband is the brand name to describe the advanced technologies and services that will be supported by the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision C (Rev. ... WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum, formed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802. ... WiBro (Wireless Broadband, Korean: 와이브로) is a wireless broadband Internet technology being developed by the Korean telecoms industry. ... Cellular frequencies - the general term which unites radio frequencies utilized by cellular networks to provide service to their subscribers. ... The Specialized Mobile Radio system (SMR) is a conventional two-way radio system, or trunked radio system, operated by a service in the 800 or 900 Mhz bands. ... Cellular frequencies - the general term which unites radio frequencies utilized by cellular networks to provide service to their subscribers. ... Personal Communications Service or PCS is the name for the 1900-MHz radio band used for digital mobile phone services in Canada and the United States. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile phone technologies. ... Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile phone technologies. ...

Targets and Goals

While the project is ongoing and general in scope, it has set itself some specific goals, much of which is oriented around upgrading UMTS to a so-called fourth generation mobile communications technology, essentially a wireless broadband Internet system with voice and other services built on top. Targets include: This article is about the mobile phone standard. ...

• Download rates of 100 Mbit/s, and upload rates of 50 Mbit/s for every 20 MHz of spectrum
• At least 200 active users in every 5 MHz cell. (ie 200 active phone calls)
• Sub-5ms latency for small IP packets
• Increased spectrum flexibility, with spectrum slices as small as 1.25 MHz (and as large as 20 MHz) supported (W-CDMA requires 5 MHz slices, leading to some problems with roll-outs of the technology in countries where 5 MHz is a commonly allocated amount of spectrum, and is frequently already in use with legacy standards such as 2G GSM and cdmaOne.) Limiting sizes to 5 MHz also limited the amount of bandwidth per handset
• Optimal cell size of 5 km, 30 km sizes with reasonable performance, and up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance
• Co-existence with legacy standards (users can transparently start a call or transfer of data in an area using an LTE standard, and, should coverage be unavailable, continue the operation without any action on their part using GSM/GPRS or W-CDMA-based UMTS)

A large amount of the work is aimed at simplifying the architecture of the system, as it transitions from the existing UMTS circuit + packet switching combined network, to an all-IP system. W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is a type of 3G cellular network. ... Not to be confused with Get Some Mates The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. ... Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), is the first CDMA-based digital cellular standard pioneered by Qualcomm. ... General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. ...

Timetable

The LTE group is expected to come up with concrete recommendations by September 2007. The SAE (Systems Architecture Evolution) work item will be completed shortly afterwards.

An "All IP Network" (AIPN)

A characteristic of so-called "4G" networks including Evolved UMTS is that they are fundamentally based upon TCP/IP, the core protocol of the Internet, with higher level services such as voice, video, and messaging, built on top of this. In 2004, the 3GPP proposed this as the future of UMTS and began feasibility studies into the so-called All IP Network (AIPN.) These proposals, which included recommendations in 2005 for 3GPP Release 7^[1] (though some aspects were in releases as early as 4^[2]), form the basis of the effort to build the higher level protocols of evolved UMTS. The LTE part of this effort is called the 3GPP Systems Architecture Evolution. The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ...

At a glance, the UMTS back-end becomes accessible via a variety of means, such as GSM's/UMTS's own radio network (GERAN, UTRAN, and E-UTRAN), Wifi, and even "competing" systems such as CDMA2000 and WiMAX. Users of non-UMTS radio networks would be provided with an entry-point into the IP network, with different levels of security depending on the trustworthiness of the network being used to make the connection. Users of GSM/UMTS networks would use an integrated system where all authentication at every level of the system is covered by a single system, while users accessing the UMTS network via WiMAX and other similar technologies would handle the WiMAX connection one way (for example, authenticating themselves via a MAC or ESN address) and the UMTS link-up another way. The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject to understand later content. ... UTRAN, short for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network, is a collective term for the Node-Bs and Radio Network Controllers which make up the UMTS radio access network. ... Wi-Fi (or Wi-fi, WiFi, Wifi, wifi), short for Wireless Fidelity, is a set of standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN) currently based on the IEEE 802. ... CDMA2000 is a family of third-generation (3G) mobile telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data, and signalling data (such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile phones and cell sites. ... WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum, formed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802. ... Not to be confused with Get Some Mates The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. ... In computer networking a Media Access Control address (MAC address) or hardware address or adapter address is a quasi-unique identifier attached to most network adapters (NICs). ... Electronic Serial Numbers (ESNs) were created by the FCC to uniquely identify mobile devices from the days of AMPS in the United States in the mid-1980s on. ...

E-UTRA Air Interface

Release 8's air interface is being referred to as E-UTRA (Evolved UTRA, the E- prefix being common to the evolved equivalents of older UMTS components.) This interface would be used by UMTS operators deploying their own wireless networks, however it's important to note that Release 8 is intended for use over any IP network, including WiMAX and WiFi, and even wired networks.^[3] The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ...

At present, the proposed E-UTRA system is assumed to use OFDMA for the downlink (tower to handset) and Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) for the uplink. MIMO with up to four antennas per station is also agreed upon in principle. The channel coding scheme for transport blocks is turbo coding and a contention-free quadratic permutation polynomial (QPP) turbo code internal interleaver. ^[4] Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular OFDM digital modulation scheme. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... See also systems analysis. ...

The use of OFDM, a system where the available spectrum is divided into thousands of very thin carriers, each on a different frequency, each carrying a part of the signal, enables E-UTRA to be much more flexible in its use of spectrum than the older CDMA based systems that dominated 3G. CDMA networks require large blocks of spectrum to be allocated to each carrier, to maintain high chip rates, and thus maximize efficiency. Building radios capable of coping with different chip rates (and spectrum bandwidths) is more complex than creating radios that only send and receive one size of carrier, so generally CDMA based systems standardize both. Too low a spectrum slice, and the efficiency and maximum bandwidth per handset suffers. Too high a spectrum slice, and there are deployment issues for operators short on spectrum. This became a major issue with the US roll-out of UMTS over W-CDMA, where W-CDMA's 5 MHz requirement often left no room in some markets for operators to co-deploy it with existing GSM standards. Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a form of multiplexing and a method of multiple access that divides up a radio channel not by time (as in time division multiple access), nor by frequency (as in frequency-division multiple access), but instead by using different pseudo-random code sequences for... W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is a type of 3G cellular network. ...

OFDM has a System spectral efficiency comparable to CDMA, and when combined with modulation formats such as 64QAM, and techniques as MIMO, E-UTRA should be considerably more efficient than W-CDMA with HSDPA and HSUPA. Spectral efficiency or spectrum efficiency refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific digital communication system. ... Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a modulation scheme which conveys data by changing (modulating) the amplitude of two carrier waves. ... See also systems analysis. ...

Downlink

The subcarrier spacing in the OFDM downlink is 15 kHz and there is a maximum of 2048 subcarriers available. It is mandatory for the mobiles to have the capability to receive all 2048 subcarriers but a base station need only support transmitting 72 subcarriers. The transmission is divided in time into time slots of duration 0.5 ms and subframes of duration 1.0 ms. A radio frame is 10 ms long. Orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM, also called orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is a technique for the modulation of digital information onto an analog carrier electromagnetic (e. ...

Supported modulation formats on the downlink data channels are QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM. Quadrature phase-shift keying (quadriphase, quaternary phase-shift keying) is a form of modulation in which a carrier is sent in four phases, 45, 135, 225, and 315 degrees, and the change in phase from one symbol to the next encodes two bits per symbol. ... Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is the encoding of information into a carrier wave by variation of the amplitude of both the carrier wave and a quadrature carrier that is 90° out of phase with the main carrier in accordance with two input signals. ... Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is the encoding of information into a carrier wave by variation of the amplitude of both the carrier wave and a quadrature carrier that is 90° out of phase with the main carrier in accordance with two input signals. ...

For MIMO operation, a distinction is made between single user MIMO, for enhancing one users data throughput, and multi user MIMO for enhancing the cell throughput. See also systems analysis. ... See also systems analysis. ...

Uplink

Modulation formats for the uplink include QPSK and 16QAM.

Technology demos

LTE demonstrations and trials are planned for the year 2007 and onwards.

• First presentation of a LTE demonstrator with HDTV streaming (>30Mbit/s), Video supervision and Mobile IP based handover between the LTE radio demonstrator and the comercial available HSDPA radio system was shown during the ITU trade fair in Hongkong 2006 by Siemens Communication Department
• Researchers in Nokia Siemens Networksand in Heinrich Hertz Institute, have demonstrated LTE with 100 Mbit/s Uplink transfer speeds.^[5]

Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) is a telecommunications solutions supplier which was created as the result of a merger (by means of a 50-50 joint venture) between Siemens AGs COM division (minus its Enterprise business unit) and Nokias Network Business Group. ... Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (February 22, 1857 - January 1, 1894) was the German physicist and mechanician for whom the hertz, an SI unit, is named. ...

References

1. ^ 3GPP TR 22.978 All-IP network (AIPN) feasibility study
2. ^ 3GPP Work Item 31067
3. ^ 3GPP LTE - See System Architecture Evolution
4. ^ 3GPP LTE presentation Kyoto May 22rd 2007
5. ^ Researchers demo 100 Mbit/s MIMO with SDMA / virtual MIMO technology

• H. Ekström, A. Furuskär, J. Karlsson, M. Meyer, S. Parkvall, J. Torsner, and M. Wahlqvist, "Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term Evolution," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 3, March 2006, pp. 38–45
• 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP); Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25913.htm
• 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP); Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Physical Layer Aspects for Evolved UTRA, http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25814.htm
• E. Dahlman, H. Ekström, A. Furuskär, Y. Jading, J. Karlsson, M. Lundevall, and S. Parkvall, "The 3G Long-Term Evolution - Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation," IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC) 2006 Spring, Melbourne, Australia, May 2006

See also

• UMTS
• Ultra Mobile Broadband - the 4G evolution of TIA (AMPS) based CDMA networks (CDMA2000) to 4G
• HSOPA
• OFDMA
• Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
• 4G

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile phone technologies. ... Ultra Mobile Broadband is the brand name to describe the advanced technologies and services that will be supported by the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision C (Rev. ... High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA) is a proposed part of 3GPPs Long Term Evolution (LTE) upgrade path for UMTS systems. ... Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular OFDM digital modulation scheme. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... This article is about the mobile phone standard. ...

External links

• 3GPP LTE page
• 3GPP AIPN Workitem
• "The Long Term Evolution of 3G" on Ericsson Review, no. 2, 2005
• "3G Long-Term Evolution" by Dr. Erik Dahlman at Ericsson Research
• "Long-Term 3G Evolution - Radio Access" by Dr. Stefan Parkvall at Ericsson Research
• "3GPP Evolution: LTE and SAE" by Francois Courau at Alcatel (Chariman of 3GPP TSG RAN)
• "3GPP Long-Term Evolution / System Architecture Evolution: Overview" by Ulrich Barth at Alcatel
• "3GPP LTE & 3GPP2 LTE Standardization" by Dr. Lee, HyeonWoo at Samsung Electronics
• "Mobile Broadband: The Global Evolution of UMTS/HSPA - 3GPP Release 7 and Beyond" by 3G Americas