NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 4th wall

The fourth wall is the imaginary invisible wall at the front of the stage in a proscenium theatre, through which the audience sees the action in the world of the play. While the origin of the term cannot be confirmed, the concept is generally presumed to have begun in the twentieth century with the advent of theatrical realism. A proscenium theater is a theater space whose primary feature is a large archway (the proscenium arch) at or near the front of the stage, through which the audience views the play. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar (often from (1900 to 1999 in common usage). ... Realism in art and literature is the depiction of fact or reality, rather than imaginary subjects. ...

Origin and meaning

Although it originated in theatre, where conventional three walled stage sets provide a more literal "fourth wall", the term has been adopted by other media, such as cinema and literature, to more generally refer to the boundary between the fiction and the audience. Literature is literally acquaintance with letters as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning an individual written character (letter)). The term has generally come to identify a collection of texts, which in Western culture are mainly prose, both fiction and non-fiction...

The fourth wall is part of the suspension of disbelief between a fictional work and an audience. The audience will usually passively accept the presence of the fourth wall without giving it any direct thought, allowing them to enjoy the fiction as if they were observing real events. The presence of a fourth wall is one of the best established conventions of fiction and as such has led some artists to draw direct attention to it for dramatic effect. For instance, in A.R. Gurney's The Fourth Wall, a quartet of characters deal with housewife Peggy's obsession with a blank wall in her house, slowly being drawn into a series of theatre clichés as the furniture and action on the stage become more and more directed to the supposed fourth wall. Suspension of disbelief is a willingness of a reader or viewer to suspend his or her critical faculties to the extent of ignoring minor inconsistencies so as to enjoy a work of fiction. ... A.R. Gurney (1930- ) is an American playwright and novelist. ...

Breaking the fourth wall

The term "breaking the fourth wall" is used in film, theatre, television, and literary works; it refers to a character directly addressing an audience, or actively acknowledging (through breaking character or through dialogue) that the characters and action are not real. This has the effect of reminding an audience that what they are viewing is fiction and as such can have a jarring effect. Various artists have used this jarring effect to make a point, as it forces an audience to see the fiction in a new light and to watch it less passively. Bertolt Brecht was known for deliberately breaking the fourth wall to encourage his audience to think more critically about what they were watching, the so called alienation effect (or more correctly Verfremdungseffekt). Breaking character, or to break character, is a theatrical term used to describe when an actor, while actively performing in character, slips out of character and behaves as his or her actual self. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Bertolt Brecht (February 10, 1898 - August 14, 1956) was an influential German dramatist, stage director, and poet of the 20th century. ...

The sudden breaking of the fourth wall is often employed for humorous effect, as a sort of visual non-sequitur, as the unexpected breaking from normal conventions of narrative fiction surprises the audience and creates humour. Some regard breaking the fourth wall suddenly so jarring that it actually detracts from a story's humour. However, when employed consistently throughout a story for narrative effect, it is usually (and arguably, paradoxically) incorporated into the audience's normal suspension of disbelief. A non sequitur is a literary device; in comedy (as opposed to in formal logic) it is a comment which, due to its lack of meaning relative to the comment it follows, is absurd to the point of being humorous. ...

This exploitation of an audience's familiarity with the conventions of fiction is a key element in many works defined as post-modern, which deconstruct established rules of fiction. Fiction which breaks or directly refers to the fourth wall often utilizes other post-modern devices such as meta-reference or breaking character. Postmodernism (sometimes abbreviated pomo) is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding, modernism. ... Meta-reference, a meta-fiction technique, is a situation in a form of media whereby fictional characters display an awareness that they are in a film, television show or book. ... Breaking character, or to break character, is a theatrical term used to describe when an actor, while actively performing in character, slips out of character and behaves as his or her actual self. ...

A compromise to the concept often occurs in improvisational theater, in which the audience is asked to interact with the players to some extent, such as by voting on a resolution to a mystery. In that case, the audience members are treated as if they were witnesses to the action in the play, effectively becoming "actors" rather than being a true "fourth wall".

The fourth wall is sometimes included as part of the narrative, when a character discovers that they are part of a fiction and 'breaks the fourth wall' to make contact with their audience, as seen in films such as the Last Action Hero. In these situations however, the 'fourth wall' that the character breaks remains part of the overall narrative and the wall between the real audience and the fiction remains intact. These sorts of stories do not actually break the fourth wall in the strictest sense, but are more properly referred to as metafiction, or fiction that refers to the conventions of fiction. Last Action Hero is a 1993 action movie and comedy film directed by John McTiernan and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger as clichÃ©d movie action hero Jack Slater and Austin OBrien as teenage film buff Danny. ... Metafiction is a kind of fiction which self-consciously addresses the devices of fiction. ...

Breaking the fourth wall

See also