The 6 February 1934 crisis refers to an anti-parliamentarist demonstration organised in Paris by far-right leagues (antiparliamentarian militias), which finished by a riot on Place de la Concorde, which is located on the Right Bank of the Seine, in front of the Palais Bourbon, seat of the National Assembly (on the left bank). It was one of the major political crisis during the Third Republic (1871-1940), and entered the popular consciousness of the socialist movement as an attempt to organize a fascist coup d'état. Thus, several anti-fascism leagues were created afterward, in an attempt to block the rise of fascism in France. After World War II (1939-45), several historians, among whom Serge Bernstein, showed that in fact if some leagues had been pushing for a coup d'état, François de La Rocque, the leader of the important Croix-de-Feu league, had progressively turned toward respect of the constitutional legality. However, if the lack of coordination among the leagues oppose the idea of a fascist conspiracy, it was a very real attempt to overthrow the Cartel des gauches ("Left-wing Coalition") government elected during the 1932 elections. Thus, the Radical-Socialist (a moderate left-wing party) president of the Council Edouard Daladier, who had replaced Camille Chautemps's (radical-socialist) government on 27 January 1934 because of accusations of corruption (the Stavisky Affair, etc.), had to resign on 7 February. Daladier, who had been a popular figure, was replaced by conservative Gaston Doumergue as head of the government: it was the first time during the Third Republic that a government fell because of pressures from the street. February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in U.S. English), is distinguished by the executive branch of government... A man carries a sign at the September 24, 2005 anti-war protest, a demonstration in Washington, D.C. American Civil Rights March on Washington, leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial, August 28, 1963. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur Tossed by the waves, she does not founder Coordinates : , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) Administration Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Département Paris (75) Région ÃŽle-de-France Mayor Bertrand Delanoë (PS) City (commune) Characteristics Land Area 86. ... Riots occur when crowds of people have gathered and are committing crimes or acts of violence usually due to a perceived grievance or out of dissent. ... The Place de la Concorde seen from the Pont de la Concorde; in front, the Obelisk, behind, the Rue Royale and the Church of the Madeleine; on the left, the Hôtel de Crillon. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Seine (pronounced in French) is a major river of north-western France, and one of its commercial waterways. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The Palais Bourbon, a palace located in Paris, France, is the seat of the French National Assembly, the lower legislative chamber of the French government. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Fascism is a radical totalitarian political philosophy that combines elements of corporatism, authoritarianism, extreme nationalism, militarism, anti-anarchism, anti-communism and anti-liberalism. ... A coup détat (pronounced ), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government through unconstitutional means by a part of the state establishment that mostly replaces just the top power figures. ... Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideology, organization, or government, on all levels. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the use of images on this page may require cleanup, involving adjustment of image placement, formatting, size, or other adjustments. ... Croix de Feu was a French nationalist group of the Interwar period. ... After the French governments embarrassing failure to collect German reparations even after invading the Ruhr, the Bloc National was replaced by the Cartel des Gauches, a moderate socialistic coalition elected on May 11, 1924. ... The Radical-Socialist Party (Parti Républicain, Radical et Radical-Socialiste, more commonly called Parti Radical-Socialiste - Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party), was a major French political party of the early to mid 20th century, originally considered radical due to its anti-clericalism, a main trait of republicans during... This page is a list of French prime ministers. ... French politician Édouard Daladier Édouard Daladier (June 18, 1884 - October 10, 1970) was a French politician, and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War. ... Camille Chautemps, French politician Camille Chautemps (February 1, 1885 at Paris - July 1, 1963 at Washington, US) French Radical Politician of the Third Republic, three times Prime Minister. ... January 27 is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Stavisky Affair was a series of demonstrations and riots in Paris, which occurred on February 6, 1934 against the Socialist government in France at the time. ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Gaston Doumergue, French statesman Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (August 11, 1863 at Aigues-Vives, France-June 18, 1937 at Aigues-Vives, France) was a French politician of the Third Republic. ...

The 1930s crisis and the Stavisky affair

France was affected in 1931, a bit later than other countries, by the 1929 Great Depression, which had been triggered by the 1929 Wall Street crash ("Black Thursday"). The economic and social crisis affected in particular the medium classes, traditional support of the Republic (in particular of the Radical-Socialist Party. Parliamentary instability followed, with five governments between May 1932 and January 1934, which fueled the anti-parliamentarist movement. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Radical Party (Parti Radical or Républicains Radicaux et Radicaux-Socialistes, Radical Republicans and Radical Socialists), was a major French political party of the early to mid 20th century, originally considered radical due to its anti-clericalism. ...

The later also took advantage of a succession of political and financial scandals, such as the Marthe Hanau Affair (he had used his political supports to attract, with his newspaper La Gazette du Franc, savings of little bourgeoisie); the Oustric Affair (the criminal bankruptcy of banker Albert Oustric provoked the fall of André Tardieu's government in 1930, because of the involvement of his minister of Justice in it); and, finally, the immediate cause of the 6 February 1934 demonstrations, the Stavisky Affair. A political scandal is a scandal in which politicians engage in various illegal or unethical practices. ... Marthe Hanau (1890-1935) was a Frenchwoman who defrauded French financial markets in the 1930s. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... French politician André Tardieu André Tardieu (September 22, 1876 at Paris, France - September 15, 1945 at Menton) was three-time Prime Minister of France (November 3, 1929 - February 17, 1930; March 2 - December 4, 1930; February 20 - May 10, 1932) and a dominant figure of French political life from 1929... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Stavisky Affair was a series of demonstrations and riots in Paris, which occurred on February 6, 1934 against the Socialist government in France at the time. ...

This new scandal, which involved Bayonne's Crédit municipal bank, exploded in December 1933. The embezzler Alexandre Stavisky, known as le beau Sasha ("the beautiful Sasha") was linked to several radical deputies, including a minister of Camille Chautemps's government. The press later revealed that Stavisky had benefited of a 19-months remit of his trial, because the public prosecutor was president of the Council Camille Chautemps' brother-in-law. On January 8, 1934, Alexandre Stavisky was found dead. According to the police version, he had committed suicide, a thesis which provoqued general disbelief. According to the right-wing, Camille Chautemps had him assassinated in order to impede him from revealing any secrets. The press then started a political campaign against alleged governmental corruption, while the far-right demonstrated. At the end of the month, after the revelation of yet another scandal, Chautemps resigned. Edouard Daladier, another member of the radical party, succeeded to him on 27 January 1934. Bayonne. ... Serge Alexandre Stavisky (November 20, 1886 - January 8, 1934) was a French financier and embezzler whose actions created a political scandal that became known as the Stavisky Affair. ... Camille Chautemps, French politician Camille Chautemps (February 1, 1885 at Paris - July 1, 1963 at Washington, US) French Radical Politician of the Third Republic, three times Prime Minister. ... January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... French politician Édouard Daladier Édouard Daladier (June 18, 1884 - October 10, 1970) was a French politician, and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War. ... January 27 is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Since 9 January, thirteen demonstrations had already taken place in Paris. While the right-wing was trying to instrumentalize the affair to substitute to the left-wing majority elected during the 1932 elections, the far-right took advantage of its traditional themes: antisemitism, xenophobia (Stavisky was a naturalized Ukrainian Jew), hostility toward the freemasonry (Camille Chautemps was a mason dignitary), and antiparliamentarism. As historian Serge Bernstein underlined, the Stavisky Affair wasn't exceptional, neither by its seriousness nor by the personalities put in cause, but by the right-wing's will to use the opportunity to make a left-wing government resign. In this aim, it could take advantage of the fact that the radical-socialists didn't have the absolute majority at the National Assembly and were thus weak governments. January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Look up xenophobia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Naturalization is the act whereby a person voluntarily and actively acquires a nationality which is not his or her nationality at birth. ... The Masonic Square and Compasses. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ...

However, it was the dismissal of the police prefect Jean Chiappe which ultimately provoqued the massive demonstrations of 6 February. Jean Chiappe, which was openly right-wing, was very soft toward far-right activism, which essentially took place in the streets (demonstrations, riots, attacks against the few left-wing students in the Quartier Latin by the monarchist Camelots du Roy, the youth organization of the Action Française, etc.). According to the left-wing, Chiappe's displacement was due to his involvement in the Stavisky Affair, while the right-wing denounced the result of negotiations with the radicals: the departure of Chiappe would have been exchanged against support for Daladier's new government. February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change. ... The Quartier Latin (Latin Quarter) is an area in the 5th arrondissement and parts of the 6th arrondissement of Paris, France, on the left bank (south side) of the Seine, around the Sorbonne University. ... The Action Française is a French Monarchist movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois and whose principal ideologist was Charles Maurras. ...

The night of 6 February 1934 night

Forces in presence

Far-right anti-parliamentary leagues had been the main activists during the January 1934 demonstrations. Although these leagues were not a new phenomenon (the old Ligue des Patriotes("Patriot League") had been founded by Paul Déroulède in 1882), they played an important role following World War I, in particular when the left-wing was in power, as it had been since the 1932 legislative elections. The Ligue des Patriotes was founded by the French nationalist poet Paul Déroulède in 1882. ... Paul Déroulède (September 2, 1846 - January 30, 1914) was a French author and politician. ... Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire French Empire Italy Russian Empire Kingdom of Serbia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria German Empire Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Ferdinand Foch Nikolay II Nikolay Yudenich Radomir Putnik Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Oskar...

• Action Française. Among the most important far-right leagues present on 6 February, the oldest one was the royalist Action Française . Founded in 1905 by Charles Maurras, it was composed of 60,000 members eager to overturn la gueuse, as they called the Republic, in order to restore the monarchy (which had been overturned during the 1848 Revolution, but that the "legitimist" movement adamantly opposed. It wasn't until after World War II and the defeat of the Vichy regime that the legitimist far-right movement, one of the three French far-right traditions analyzed by historian René Rémond, was finally defeated to become a really marginal family. The Action Française had as youth group the Camelots du Roy, thugs very active in the Quartier Latin against left-wing students (at that time, the right-wing and the far-right had the majority in the students' movement).

• The Jeunesses Patriotes ("Patriot Youth") had been founded by Pierre Taittinger, deputy of Paris, in 1924. With 90,000 members, including 1,500 "elites" members, it claimed the legacy of the Ligue des Patriotes. The Jeunesses Patriotes had close link with right-wing politicians, and boasted several municipal counsellors of the capital in their ranks.

• Solidarité Française ("French Solidarity"), founded in 1933 by wealthy perfumer François Coty, hadn't any precise political aims and lesser membership.

• Francisme and others. Marcel Bucard's Francisme had adopted all the elements of the fascist ideology, while the Fédération des contribuables ("Taxpayers federation") shared its political aims with the other leagues.

• The Croix-de-feu. The Croix-de-feu had been created in 1926 as a World War I veterans association. The most important league by its membership, it had extended its recruitement in 1931 to other categories of the population under colonel de la Rocque's leadership. As the other leagues, they also had "combat" and "autodefense" groups, called "dispos". Although many on the left-wing accused it of having become a fascist movement, especially after the crisis, historians state that François de la Rocque's reluctance to participate in a coup d'état, was key reason for the failure of the riots in overthrowing the Republic.

• Veterans' associations. The veterans' associations which had taken part in the January demonstrations also took to the streets on February 6. The most important, the Union nationale des combattants (UNC), directed by a Parisian municipal counsellor whose ideas were close to the right-wing, counted 900,000 members. And, thus showing the complexity of the situation and the general exasperation of the population, the Association républicaine des anciens combattants (ARAC), the unofficial French Communist Party (PCF) veterans' association, also called for its troups to demonstrate on 6 February, albeit with different revendications.

The Action Française is a French Monarchist movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois and whose principal ideologist was Charles Maurras. ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Charles Maurras (April 20, 1868 - November 16, 1952) was a French monarchist poet, critic and leader and principal thinker of the anti-Dreyfusard Action Française movement. ... // Observations of liberals As 1848 began, liberals in France awaited the death of King Louis Philippe, expecting a new revolution after his death. ... Legitimists are those Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Salic Law. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the use of images on this page may require cleanup, involving adjustment of image placement, formatting, size, or other adjustments. ... Vichy France (French: now called Régime de Vichy or Vichy; called itself at the time État Français, or French State) was the French state of 1940-1944 which was a puppet government under Nazi influence, as opposed to the Free French Forces, based first in London and later in Algiers. ... René Rémond (born in 1918) is a French historian and political economist. ... The Jeunesses Patriotes (Patriotic Youths) were a far right Fascist-inspired street brawlers group of France, recruited mostly from university students and financed by industrialists, founded by Pierre Taittinger in 1924. ... The Ligue des Patriotes was founded by the French nationalist poet Paul Déroulède in 1882. ... Solidarité Française (French) was a group of Rightist street toughs founded in 1923 by perfume manufacturer François Coty and commanded by Major Jean Renaud, they dressed in blue shirts, black berets, and jackboots, and shouted the slogan France for the French. They claimed a strength of 180,000... François Coty (May 3, 1874 – July 25, 1934) was a French perfume manufacturer and the founder of the right-wing paramilitary group Solidarité Française. ... The Mouvement Franciste (Francist Movement) was a French Fascist and Antisemitic group created by Marcel Bucard in September 1933; it edited the newspaper Le Francisme. ... Marcel Bucard (December 7, 1895, Saint-Clair-sur-Epte—March 13, 1946, Fort of Châtillon) was a French Fascist politician. ... Fascism is a radical totalitarian political philosophy that combines elements of corporatism, authoritarianism, extreme nationalism, militarism, anti-anarchism, anti-communism and anti-liberalism. ... Croix de Feu was a French nationalist group of the Interwar period. ... Hoe can you let me edit this For most of history, states did not have any fixed standing army. ... The French Communist Party (French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

The riots

On the night of 6 February, the leagues, which had gathered in different places in Paris, all converged on place de la Concorde, located in front of the National Assembly, but on the other side of the Seine river. The police and guards managed to defend the strategic bridge of the Concorde, despite being the target of all sorts of projectiles. Several rioters were armed, and the police forces fired on the crowd. Disturbances lasted until 2:30 AM. 16 people were killed and 2,000 injured, most of them members of the Action Française. February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The Place de la Concorde seen from the Pont de la Concorde; in front, the Obelisk, behind, the Rue Royale and the Church of the Madeleine; on the left, the Hôtel de Crillon. ... The Seine (pronounced in French) is a major river of north-western France, and one of its commercial waterways. ...

The far-right leagues had the most important role in the riots. Most of the UNC veterans avoided the place de la Concorde, creating some incidents near the Elysée palace, the president's residency. A few isolated members of the communist ARAC were also present; one public notice afterward proclaimed: "The Cartel [Cartel des gauches, the radical-socialist government] had the unarmed veterans who shouted "A bas les voleurs! Vive la France!" ("Down with the robbers, long live France!") killed". The entrance to the Élysée Palace. ... After the French governments embarrassing failure to collect German reparations even after invading the Ruhr, the Bloc National was replaced by the Cartel des Gauches, a moderate socialistic coalition elected on May 11, 1924. ...

While on the right side of the Seine (north, on the place de la Concorde), the policemen's charges contained the rioters with difficulty, the Croix-de-feu had chosen to demonstrate in the south. The Palais Bourbon, seat of the National Assembly, is much more difficult to defend on this side, but the Croix-de-feu limited themselves to surrounding the building without any major incident before dispersing. Because of this attitude, they earned the pejorative nickname of Froides Queues in the far-right press. Contrary to the other leagues which were intent on overthrowing the Republic, it thus seemed that Colonel de la Rocque finally decided to respect the constitutional legality. Croix de Feu was a French nationalist group of the Interwar period. ... The Palais Bourbon, front The Palais Bourbon, a palace located in Paris, France, is the seat of the French National Assembly, the lower legislative chamber of the French government. ...

In the National Assembly, the right-wing attempted to take advantage of the riots to push the Cartel des gauches government to resign. The left-wing, however, rallied around president of the Council Edouard Daladier. The session was ended after blows were exchanged between left and right-wing deputies. French politician Édouard Daladier Édouard Daladier (June 18, 1884 - October 10, 1970) was a French politician, and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War. ...

Consequences of the riots

Daladier's resignation and the formation of a National Union government

During the night, president of the Council Edouard Daladier took the first measures to obtain the restablishment of public order. He didn't excluded the possibility to declare the state of emergency, although he finally decided against it. However, the next day the justice and the police resisted to his directives. Moreover, most of his ministers and his party withdrew their support. Thus, Daladier finally chose to resign. This was the first time, during the Third Republic, that a government had to resign because of pression from the streets. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government, may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors, or may order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. ...

The crisis was finally resolved with the formation of a new government under the direction of former president of the Republic (1924-31) Gaston Doumergue, a conservative which the leagues seemed to accept. Qualified as a "National Union government", it included most important figures of the parliamentary right-wing, among whom André Tardieu, Louis Barthou and Louis Marin, although several radical-socialists or Philippe Pétain, who was named minister of War, were also part of it. Pétain would then be the leader of the collaborationist Vichy regime during World War II. Gaston Doumergue, French statesman Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (August 11, 1863 at Aigues-Vives, France-June 18, 1937 at Aigues-Vives, France) was a French politician of the Third Republic. ... French politician André Tardieu André Tardieu (September 22, 1876 at Paris, France - September 15, 1945 at Menton) was three-time Prime Minister of France (November 3, 1929 - February 17, 1930; March 2 - December 4, 1930; February 20 - May 10, 1932) and a dominant figure of French political life from 1929... French politician Louis Barthou Jean Louis Barthou (August 25, 1862 – October 9, 1934) was a French politician of the Third Republic. ... Henri-Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain, was a French general, later Head of State of Vichy France, from 1940 to 1944. ... Collaborationism, as a pejorative term, can describe the treason of cooperating with enemy forces occupying ones country. ... Vichy France (French: now called Régime de Vichy or Vichy; called itself at the time État Français, or French State) was the French state of 1940-1944 which was a puppet government under Nazi influence, as opposed to the Free French Forces, based first in London and later in Algiers. ...

Toward the union of the left-wing

Following 6 February, the left-wing was convinced that a fascist conspiracy had taken place, and that it had been temporarily blocked. The importance of the antiparliamentarist activity of far-right leagues was undeniable. Some of them, such as the Francisque, had copied all of their characteristics from the Italian Fascio leagues which had marched on Rome in 1922, thus leading to the instauration of the fascist regime. If historian Serge Bernstein showed that colonel de la Rocque had probably be convinced of the necessity of respecting constitutional legality, this wasn't true of all members of his Croix-de-feu movement, which also shared, at least superficially, some characteristics of fascist leagues, in particular its militarism and fascination for parades. February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Fascio (plural: fasci) is an Italian word which in the 1890s came to refer to radical political groups. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Italian fascism (in Italian, fascismo) was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Croix de Feu was a French nationalist group of the Interwar period. ... Militarism or militarist ideology is the doctrinal view of a society as being best served (or more efficient) when it is governed or guided by concepts embodied in the culture, doctrine, system, or people of the military. ...

On 9 February 1934, a socialist and communist counter-demonstration took place while Daladier was being replaced by conservative Gaston Doumergue. Nine people were killed during incidents with the police forces. On 12 February the CGT trade union (socialist at the time) and the CGTU (communist) decided to call for a day of general strike, while the SFIO socialist party and the communist party decided to call for a separate demonstration. However, at the initiative of the popular base of these movements, the demonstrations finally united themselves in one. Thus, this day marked a first and shy connection between the socialists and the communists. It had in germ the antifascist union between both marxist parties, opposed since the 1920 Tours Congress split, which led to the 1936 Popular Front (composed by radicals and socialists and suppoprted without participation by the communist party). This antifascist union was in line with Staline's directives to the Comintern, who had asked to the European communist parties to ally with other left-wing parties, including social-democrats and socialists, in order to block a contagion of fascists and anti-communists regimes in Europe. February 9 is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT or General Confederation of Work) is one of the five major French confederations of trade unions. ... A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ... The Section Française de lInternationale Ouvrière (SFIO), founded in 1905, was the French section of the Second International. ... The French Communist Party (French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. ... Anti-Fascism is a belief and practice of opposing all forms of Fascism. ... The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing political parties (the Communists, the Socialists and the Radicals), which was in government in France from 1936 to 1938. ... The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... Anti-communism is opposition to communist ideology, organization, or government, on either a theoretical or practical level. ...

The right-wing's radicalization

Despite the fears of the left-wing, the 6 February crisis wasn't a fascist conspiracy. The far-right leagues weren't enough united and, for most of them, lacked any specific objectives. However, their violent methods, their paramilitary appearances, their cult of leadership, etc., explained why they have often been assimilated to fascism. Beyond these appearances, however, and their will to see the parliamentary regime replaced by an authoritarian regime, historians René Rémond and Serge Bernstein do not consider that they had a real fascist project. On the contrary, others historians, such as Michel Dobry or Zeev Sternhell, considered them as being fully fascists leagues. Brian Jenkins claimed it was pointless to look for a fascist essence in France and preferred to establish comparisons, which led according to him to a clear convergence between Italian fascism and the majority of the French leagues, in particular the Action Française (in other words, Jenkins think that fascism is an Italian historic phenomenon, but also maintains that a fascistoid movement existed in France, but that it shouldn't be called "fascism" as this name should be reserved to Mussolini's movement). February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The word leadership can refer to: the process of leading the concept of leading those entities that perform one or more acts of leading. ... Bold text:This article applies to political ideologies. ... René Rémond (born in 1918) is a French historian and political economist. ... Zeev Sternhell is the Léon Blum Professor of Political Science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. ... Brian David Jenkins (born 19 September 1942) is a politician in the United Kingdom. ... The Action Française is a French Monarchist movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois and whose principal ideologist was Charles Maurras. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ...

Following the crisis, the parliamentary right also began to get closer to the counterrevolutionary far-right. Several of its leaders would lose any trust in parliamentary institutions. This radicalization of the right-wing would accelerate after the election of the Popular Front in 1936 and the Spanish Civil War (1936-45). A counterrevolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part. ... The Popular Front was an alliance of left-wing political parties (the Communists, the Socialists and the Radicals), which was in government in France from 1936 to 1938. ... Combatants Spanish Republic CNT UGT POUM Soviet Union International Brigades Spanish State Falangists Carlists Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco The Spanish Civil War, which lasted from July 17, 1936 to April 1, 1939, was a conflict in which the...

In the perspective of the far-right, 6 February represented a failed opportunity to overthrow the Republic (la gueuze), which only presented itself again in 1940 following the étrange défaite (Marc Bloch), that is the 1940 defeat during the Battle of France against Germany. This deception prompted several far-right members to radicalize themselves, turning toward fascism or national-socialism. February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch (July 6, 1886 - June 16, 1944) was a French historian of medieval France in the period between the First and Second World Wars, and a founder of the Annales School. ... Combatants France United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand Poland Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Germany Italy Commanders Maurice Gamelin, Maxime Weygand (French) Lord Gort (British Expeditionary Force) H.G. Winkelman (Dutch) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group A) Fedor von Bock (Army Group B) Wilhelm von Leeb (Army Group C) H.R.H... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

References

• (French) Serge Berstein, Le 6 février 1934, Julliard, coll. « Archives », 1975 (ISBN 2-07-029319-X)
• (French) Michel Dobry, « Le 6 février 1934 et la découverte de “l'allergie” française au fascisme », Revue française de sociologie, n° XXX-3/4, juillet-décembre 1989 ; — (dir.), Le Mythe de l'allergie française au fascisme, éd. Éditions Albin Michel, 2003
• (English) Brian Jenkins, "Historiographical Essay The six fevrier 1934 and the ‘Survival ’ of the French Republic", French history, 2006
• (English) Robert Soucy, French Fascism: The Second Wave, 1933-1939. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995 ; Fascismes français ?. 1933-1939, éd. Autrement, 2004
• (French) Danielle Tartatowsky, Les Manifestations de rue en France. 1918-1968, Publications de la Sorbonne, 1998
• (French) Michel Winock, La Fièvre hexagonale : Les grandes crises politiques de 1871 à 1968, éd. du Seuil, coll. « Points »-histoire, 1999, ISBN 2-02-028516-9

Éditions Albin Michel is a French publisher. ...

See also

• France in Modern Times II (1920-today)
• French Third Republic (1871-1940)
• Battle of Cable Street
• Bonus March

The history of France in Modern Times II (1920-today) extends from the time after the Treaty of Versailles (1919) and the demission of the French wartime Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau on 1920 January 18 to the present. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... The Battle of Cable Street or Cable Street Riot took place on Sunday October 4, 1936 in Cable Street in the East End of London. ... Federal troops destroy the encampments The Bonus Army or Bonus March or Bonus Expeditionary Force was a collection of 15,000 World War I veterans, their families, and other affiliated groups, who demonstrated in Washington, DC during June, 1932 seeking immediate payment of a bonus that had been promised by...

External links

• (French) 6 fevrier 1934: Manifestation sanglante a Paris