 Ball and hollowpoint 9 mm Luger rounds The 9 mm Parabellum pistol cartridge (9 x 19 mm Luger, 9 x 19 mm NATO) was introduced in the late 1890's by the German weapons manufacturer Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM) for their Pistole Parabellum. It was a higher-power version of the earlier 7.65 mm Luger Parabellum, itself developed from an earlier 7.65 mm Borchardt cartridge. It is commonly known by the DWM engineer and firearms designer, Georg Luger, who was one of the primary people to work on the round and the pistol. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
A Browning 9 millimeter Hi-Power Ordnance pistol of the French Navy, 19th century, using a Percussion cap mechanism Derringers were small and easily hidden. ...
It has been suggested that Firearm brass and Casing (ammunition) be merged into this article or section. ...
Deutsche Waffen und Munitions Fabriken (German Weapons and Munitions Works), known as DWM, was an arms company in Imperial Germany created when Ludwig Loewe & Company merged with several other companies. ...
M1900 American Eagle Commercial The Parabellum-Pistole (Pistol Parabellum), popularly known as the Luger pistol is semi-automatic self-loading pistol introduced by Deutsche Waffen und Munitions Fabriken starting in the 1890s. ...
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Hugo Borchardt (June 6, 1844-May 8, 1924) was a firearms inventor and engineer, born in Magdeburg, Germany. ...
An assortment of modern handheld firearms using fixed ammunition, including military assault rifles, a sporting shotgun (fourth from bottom), and a tactical shotgun (third from bottom). ...
Georg Luger, 1906 Georg Johann Luger (born March 6, 1849 in Steinach am Brenner, Austria - died December 22, 1923) was an Austrian designer of the famous Luger pistol. ...
It has become the most widespread pistol cartridge in the world. It also is widely used in a variety of pistol-caliber carbines by civilians, and has been the dominant submachine gun cartridge since World War II. A carbine is a firearm similar to, but generally shorter and less powerful than, a rifle or musket of a given period. ...
The name Parabellum is derived from the Latin: Si vis pacem, para bellum ("If you seek peace, prepare for war"), which was DWM's motto. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...
Si vis pacem para bellum is a Latin quote meaning, If you want peace, prepare for war! which was spoken by a Roman military strategist around the year 390. ...
Development
Based upon his earlier 7.65 mm Parabellum pistol cartridge, Georg Luger designed the 9 mm Luger cartridge at the German company Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken, and presented a 9 mm version of his Luger pistol to the British Small Arms Committee in 1902 via Vickers. Three 9 mm Pistole Parabellum prototype pistols were delivered to the U.S. Army for testing at Springfield Arsenal in mid-1903. The German military showed interest in a 9 mm version of the Parabellum on March 1904. M1900 American Eagle Commercial The Parabellum-Pistole (Pistol Parabellum), popularly known as the Luger pistol is semi-automatic self-loading pistol introduced by Deutsche Waffen und Munitions Fabriken starting in the 1890s. ...
Vickers Armstrong (Aircraft) company logo Vickers, founded as the Vickers Company in 1828, was a British manufacturer, primarily of military equipment, traditionally based in Barrow-in-Furness. ...
Prototypes or prototypical instances combine the most representative attributes of a category. ...
The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States armed forces and has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ...
From 1794 to 1968 the Springfield Armory was a center for the manufacture of U.S. military small arms and the site of many important technological advances. ...
The initial cartridge was created by removing the bottleneck of the 7.65 mm Luger cartridge resulting in a tapered rimless cartridge. The bullet shape was further modified in the 1910s for a better auto-loading. .357 Magnum cartridges, containing bullets A bullet is a solid projectile propelled by a firearm and is normally made from metal (usually lead). ...
Post-World War I 9 mm pistols were adopted by a number of countries, and post-WWI acceptance of this caliber spread even more rapidly. Combatants Allied Powers: France Italy Russia Serbia United Kingdom United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul von Hindenburg Reinhard...
To conserve lead, during World War II in Germany, the lead core was replaced by an iron core encased with lead. A black bullet jacket identified this bullet and it was designated as the 08 mE (mit Eisenkern or "with iron core"). Another war-time variation, designated as the 08SE bullet and identified by its dark gray jacket, was created by compressing iron powder at high temperature into a solid material (Sintereisen or "sintered iron"). Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead...
Sintering is a method for making objects from powder, increasing the adhesion between particles as they are heated. ...
A special load (identified either by an “X” on the headstamp or by a green lacquered steel case) with a 9.7 g (150-gr) FMJ bullet with a subsonic muzzle velocity for use with silencers was produced by the Germans during WWII. Other countries also developed heavy bullet, subsonic loads for use with silenced guns. BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ...
A grain is a unit of mass equal to 0. ...
The 9 mm Parabellum cartridge has been manufactured by, or for, more than 70 different countries and, today, has become the world’s standard pistol cartridge, being the standard pistol caliber for NATO and the militaries of most countries of the world.
After WWII, the common weight of the 9 mm was changed to 8.0 g (124 gr) to increase the accuracy of the 9 mm Luger ammunition. Many police departments that use 9 mm rounds in their handguns switched to this weight after the investigation of the FBI shootout in Miami in 1986, because the lighter 7.4 g (114 gr) loading used by the officers was found to be less effective than a heavier load like 124 gr. Bullet weights up to 9.5 g (147 gr) are available. On April 11, 1986, a shootout occurred in Miami, Florida, between multiple FBI agents and two heavily armed suspects. ...
9mm are most commonly used in handguns and pistols due to their size. However, 9mm's were common in semi-automatic rifles produced in the 1950s-1980s. Ofcourse, these were substantially weaker rifles (but still capable of produce severe harm like a handgun), generally used for hunting small animals such as squirels, chipmunks, or rabbits.
Case material and design - Brass: Since 1902, the common construction material of 9 mm cases has been brass. For appearance, durability, or identification cases have been nickel or copper plated or painted.
- Aluminum: To conserve brass, aluminum cases have been produced since 1941 (Switzerland) and the development of that material in the use of the 9 mm has continued and is in use today.
- Steel: Various countries have experimented with the use of steel for the construction of 9 mm cases since WWI. It has met with very little success but is still being produced and is available today from Russia.
- Other materials: Plastics have been widely used in the production of 9 mm ammunition by a number of countries.
Brass is the term used for alloys of copper and zinc, the amount of zinc varying from 5 to 45 percent to create a range of brasses each with unique properties[1]. Note that in comparison bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin. ...
Aluminum is a soft and lightweight metal with a dull silvery appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air. ...
The old Steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is sometimes described as a sea of electrons. ...
Performance The 9 mm Luger cartridge combines a flat trajectory with moderate recoil. Its main advantages lie in its small size and low use of resources for manufacturing. Its main disadvantages are its tendency to overpenetrate and small wound cavity size when nonexpanding bullets are used. There are many anecdotal reports of soldiers being shot with 9 mm full metal jacket (nonexpanding) bullets in the extremities and not even realizing it, or at least not being slowed down. Like many battle reports these are difficult to prove or disprove. A trajectory is an imagined trace of positions followed by an object moving through space. ...
An early naval cannon design, allowing the gun to roll backwards a small distance when firing The recoil when firing a gun is the backward momentum of a gun, which is equal to the forward momentum of the bullet or shell, due to conservation of momentum. ...
Because it is inexpensive, easy to manufacture and effective enough for most uses, it has become the most used pistol cartridge in the world. In the U.S. 9 mm remains a very popular civilian cartridge for self-defense and handgun target shooting, due to its low cost, modest recoil, and the huge number of handguns available in this chambering. Because of these features, the 9 mm has been widely used in commiting crimes and violent shootings. Image File history File links CartridgeComparison. ...
Image File history File links CartridgeComparison. ...
This article or section seems not to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia entry. ...
.44 Magnum The . ...
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.22 Long Rifle - Subsonic Hollowpoint (left), Standard Velocity (Centre), Hyper-Velocity Stinger Hollowpoint (Right). ...
For police use, it is mainly used with higher speed overpressure (+P) expanding (hollowpoint) bullets which are intended to increase stopping power. The 9 mm cartridge was extremely popular for police use in the 1980s and early 1990s but fell out of favor — a result of marginal results in some shootings — likely due to the relatively primitive bullets available at the time, and the introduction of the .40 S&W cartridge that was perceived to be better in all ways. There is a never-ending controversy in the United States over the suitability of 9 mm as a police and self-defense cartridge. On the other hand, European police forces favor it, and in general feel that in the United States there is too much emphasis on large cartridges for police use. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
See also 1990s, the band The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive, sometimes informally including popular culture from the late 1980s and shortly after the year 2000. ...
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External ballistics - 7.5 g (115 gr) Full Metal Jacket: 390 m/s (1,280 ft/s) — 570 joules (421 ft·lbf) of energy
- 8.0 g (124 gr) Full Metal Jacket: 360 m/s (1,180 ft/s) — 518 joules (386 ft·lbf) of energy
Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ...
Feet per second is a unit of speed; it expressses the number of feet traveled in one second. ...
The joule (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy, which is defined as the potential to do work. ...
In physics, a foot-pound force (symbol ft·lbf) is most of the time incorrectly abbreviated to foot-pounds, is from the English Engineering System and U.S. customary unit of mechanical work, or energy, although in scientific fields one commonly uses the equivalent metric unit of the joule (J). ...
Synonyms Luger can refer to: The Luger pistol The 7. ...
NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ...
NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ...
for the French rock group see Parabellum (band) The term parabellum comes from the Latin for prepare for war. The term is often heard in relation to ammunition – for example, nine millimeter parabellum. Parabellum ammunition is designed to be legal under international law; usually this means that rounds are full...
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