9 mm Luger Parabellum
Ball and hollowpoint 9 mm Luger rounds
Country of origin	Germany
Cartridge type	Pistol
Production history
Designer	Georg Luger
Introduction date	Late 1890s
Specifications
Parent case	7.65 mm Luger Parabellum
Case type	Rimless, straight
Bullet diameter	9.02 mm (.355 in)
Neck diameter	9.65 mm (.380 in)
Base diameter	9.93 mm (.391 in)
Rim diameter	9.96 mm (.392 in)
Case length	19.15 mm (.754 in)
Overall length	29.69 mm (1.169 in)
Primer type	Small pistol
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type	Velocity/energy
115 gr FMJ	1,180 ft/s, 356 ft·lbf
124 gr FMJ	1,150 ft/s, 364 ft·lbf
147 gr FMJ	1,000 ft/s, 326 ft·lbf
Source: Federal Cartridge Co. ballistics page

The 9 mm Parabellum pistol cartridge (9 x 19 mm Luger, 9 x 19 mm NATO) was introduced in the late 1890's by the German weapons manufacturer Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM) for their Pistole Parabellum. It was a higher-power version of the earlier 7.65 mm Luger Parabellum, itself developed from an earlier 7.65 mm Borchardt cartridge. It is commonly known by the surname of the DWM engineer and firearms designer, Georg Luger, who was one of the primary people to work on the round and the pistol. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Georg Luger, 1906 Georg Johann Luger (born March 6, 1849 in Steinach am Brenner, Austria - died December 22, 1923) was an Austrian designer of the famous Luger pistol. ... A M4 Carbine just after firing, with an ejected case in mid-air The article titled casing is a disambiguation page. ... The 7. ... .357 Magnum cartridges, containing bullets A bullet is a solid projectile propelled by a firearm and is normally made from metal (usually lead). ... The percussion cap or primer was the crucial invention needed to make fire-arms that could fire in any weather. ... A grain is a unit of mass equal to 0. ... An example of FMJ bullets in their usual shapes: pointy (spitzer) for the rifle and round for the pistol. ... Feet per second is a unit of speed; it expressses the number of feet traveled in one second. ... The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lbf) is an English unit of work or energy. ... A grain is a unit of mass equal to 0. ... Feet per second is a unit of speed; it expressses the number of feet traveled in one second. ... The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lbf) is an English unit of work or energy. ... A grain is a unit of mass equal to 0. ... Feet per second is a unit of speed; it expressses the number of feet traveled in one second. ... The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lbf) is an English unit of work or energy. ... A Browning 9 millimeter Hi-Power Ordnance pistol of the French Navy, 19th century, using a Percussion cap mechanism Derringers were small and easily hidden. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Deutsche Waffen und Munitions Fabriken (German Weapons and Munitions Works), known as DWM, was an arms company in Imperial Germany created when Ludwig Loewe & Company merged with several other companies. ... M1900 American Eagle Commercial The Parabellum-Pistole (Pistol Parabellum), popularly known as the Luger pistol is semi-automatic self-loading pistol introduced by Deutsche Waffen und Munitions Fabriken starting in the 1890s. ... The 7. ... Hugo Borchardt (June 6, 1844-May 8, 1924) was a firearms inventor and engineer, born in Magdeburg, Germany. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Georg Luger, 1906 Georg Johann Luger (born March 6, 1849 in Steinach am Brenner, Austria - died December 22, 1923) was an Austrian designer of the famous Luger pistol. ...

It has become the most widespread pistol cartridge in the world. It also is widely used in a variety of pistol-caliber carbines by civilians, and has been the dominant submachine gun cartridge since World War II. A carbine is a firearm similar to, but generally shorter and less powerful than, a rifle or musket of a given period. ...

The name Parabellum is derived from the Latin: Si vis pacem, para bellum ("If you seek peace, prepare for war"), which was DWM's motto. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Si vis pacem para bellum is a Latin quote meaning, If you want peace, prepare for war! which was spoken by a Roman military strategist around the year 390. ...

Development

Based upon his earlier 7.65 mm Parabellum pistol cartridge, Georg Luger designed the 9 mm Luger cartridge at the German company Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken, and presented a 9 mm version of his Luger pistol to the British Small Arms Committee in 1902 via Vickers. Three 9 mm Pistole Parabellum prototype pistols were delivered to the U.S. Army for testing at Springfield Arsenal in mid-1903. The German military showed interest in a 9 mm version of the Parabellum on March 1904. M1900 American Eagle Commercial The Parabellum-Pistole (Pistol Parabellum), popularly known as the Luger pistol is semi-automatic self-loading pistol introduced by Deutsche Waffen und Munitions Fabriken starting in the 1890s. ... Vickers Armstrong (Aircraft) company logo Vickers, founded as the Vickers Company in 1828, was a British manufacturer, primarily of military equipment, traditionally based in Barrow-in-Furness. ... Prototypes or prototypical instances combine the most representative attributes of a category. ... It has been suggested that United States Army values be merged into this article or section. ... From 1794 to 1968 the Springfield Armory was a center for the manufacture of U.S. military small arms and the site of many important technological advances. ...

The initial cartridge was created by removing the bottleneck of the 7.65 mm Luger cartridge resulting in a tapered rimless cartridge. The bullet shape was further modified in the 1910s for a better auto-loading. .357 Magnum cartridges, containing bullets A bullet is a solid projectile propelled by a firearm and is normally made from metal (usually lead). ...

Post-World War I 9 mm pistols were adopted by a number of countries and acceptance of this caliber spread even more rapidly. Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Franz...

To conserve lead, during World War II in Germany, the lead core was replaced by an iron core encased with lead. A black bullet jacket identified this bullet and it was designated as the 08 mE (mit Eisenkern or "with iron core"). Another war-time variation, designated as the 08SE bullet and identified by its dark gray jacket, was created by compressing iron powder at high temperature into a solid material (Sintereisen or "sintered iron"). Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom France Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Charles de Gaulle Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian... Sintering is a method for making objects from powder, increasing the adhesion between particles as they are heated. ...

A special load (identified either by an “X” on the headstamp or by a green lacquered steel case) with a 9.7 g (150-gr) Full metal jacket bullet with a subsonic muzzle velocity for use with sound suppressors was produced by the Germans during WWII. Other countries also developed heavy bullet, subsonic loads for use with silenced guns. BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... A grain is a unit of mass equal to 0. ... An example of FMJ bullets in their usual shapes: pointy (spitzer) for the rifle and round for the pistol. ...

The 9 mm Parabellum cartridge has been manufactured by, or for, more than 70 different countries and, today, has become the world’s standard pistol cartridge, being the standard pistol caliber for NATO and the militaries of most countries of the world.

After WWII, the common weight of the 9 mm was changed to 8.0 g (124 gr) to increase the accuracy of the 9 mm Luger ammunition. Many police departments that use 9 mm rounds in their handguns switched to this weight after the investigation of the FBI shootout in Miami in 1986, because the lighter 7.4 g (114 gr) loading used by the officers was found to be less effective than a heavier load like 124 gr. Bullet weights up to 9.5 g (147 gr) are available. On April 11, 1986, a shootout occurred in Miami, Florida, between multiple FBI agents and two heavily armed suspects. ...

9mm cartridges are most commonly used in handguns and pistols due to their size. However, 9mm's were common in semi-automatic rifles produced in the 1950s through the 1980s. These are substantially weaker than other rifles, but still capable of producing severe harm like a handgun, and are generally used for hunting small animals such as squirrels, chipmunks, or rabbits.

Case material and design

lead, full metal jacket, hollow point

• Brass: Since 1902, the common construction material of 9 mm cases has been brass. For appearance, durability, or identification cases have been nickel or copper plated or painted.

• Aluminum: To conserve brass, aluminum cases have been produced since 1941 (Switzerland) and the development of that material in the use of the 9 mm has continued and is in use today.

• Steel: Various countries have experimented with the use of steel for the construction of 9 mm cases since WWI. It has met with very little success but is still being produced and is available today from Russia.

• Other materials: Plastics have been widely used in the production of 9 mm ammunition by a number of countries.

For PB or pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ... An example of FMJ bullets in their usual shapes: pointy (spitzer) for the rifle and round for the pistol. ... .357 Magnum rounds. ... Brass is the term used for alloys of copper and zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses each with unique properties[1]. Note that in comparison bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin. ... Aluminum is a soft and lightweight metal with a dull silvery appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air. ... For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ...

Performance

The 9 mm Luger cartridge combines a flat trajectory with moderate recoil. Its main advantages lie in its small size and low use of resources for manufacturing. Its main disadvantages are its tendency to overpenetrate and small wound cavity size when nonexpanding bullets are used. There are many anecdotal reports of soldiers being shot with 9 mm full metal jacket (nonexpanding) bullets in the extremities and not even realizing it, or at least not being slowed down. Like many battle reports these are difficult to prove or disprove. Mathematically the term trajectory refers to the ordered set of states which are assumed by a dynamical system over time (see e. ... An early naval cannon design, allowing the gun to roll backwards a small distance when firing The recoil when firing a gun is the backward momentum of a gun, which is equal to the forward momentum of the bullet or shell, due to conservation of momentum. ...

From left to right: .50 Action Express, .44 Magnum, .357 Magnum, .45 ACP, .40 S&W, 9 mm Luger Parabellum, .22 Long Rifle.

Because it is inexpensive, easy to manufacture and effective enough for most uses, it has become the most used pistol cartridge in the world. In the U.S. 9 mm remains a very popular civilian cartridge for self-defense and handgun target shooting, due to its low cost, modest recoil, and the huge number of handguns available in this chambering. Because of these features, the 9 mm has been widely used in commiting crimes and violent shootings. Image File history File links CartridgeComparison. ... Image File history File links CartridgeComparison. ... This article or section seems not to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia entry. ... .44 Magnum The . ... The . ... The . ... From left to right: .50 Action Express, .44 Magnum, .357 Magnum, .45 ACP, .40 S&W, 9 mm Luger Parabellum, .22 Long Rifle. ... .22 Long Rifle - Subsonic Hollowpoint (Left), Standard Velocity (Center), Hyper-Velocity Stinger Hollowpoint (Right). ...

For police use, it is mainly used with increased-pressure (+P) loads (higher velocity) with expanding (hollowpoint) bullets which are intended to increase damage in soft tissue. The 9 mm cartridge was extremely popular for police use in the 1980s and early 1990s but fell out of favor — a result of marginal results in some shootings — likely due to the relatively primitive bullets available at the time, and the introduction of the .40 S&W cartridge that was perceived to be better in all ways. There is a continuing controversy in the United States over the suitability of 9 mm as a police and self-defense cartridge, though European police forces favor it. .357 Magnum rounds. ... The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ... Germans dancing on the Berlin Wall in late 1989, the symbol of the cold war divide falls down as the world unites in the 1990s. ... From left to right: .50 Action Express, .44 Magnum, .357 Magnum, .45 ACP, .40 S&W, 9 mm Luger Parabellum, .22 Long Rifle. ...

List of notable weapons

• Luger Pistol
• Beretta 92
• Maschinenpistole 40 (MP40)
• Sten
• Glock 17

M1900 American Eagle Commercial The Parabellum-Pistole (Pistol Parabellum), popularly known as the Luger pistol is semi-automatic self-loading pistol introduced by Deutsche Waffen und Munitions Fabriken starting in the 1890s. ... The Beretta 92 (also Beretta 96 and Beretta 98) is a series of semi-automatic pistols designed and manufactured by Beretta of Italy. ... The MP40 (Maschinenpistole 40, literally, Machine pistol 40) was a submachine gun developed for and used extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II. The MP40 was a very well made weapon. ... This article is about the submachine gun. ... The Glock 17 was the first pistol designed and manufactured by the Austrian company Glock. ...

Synonyms

• 9 mm
• 9 mm Luger
• 9 mm NATO
• 9 x 19 mm
• 9 x 19 mm NATO
• 9 mm Parabellum
• 9 mm Para

Luger can refer to: The Luger pistol The 7. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... for the French rock group see Parabellum (band) The term parabellum comes from the Latin for prepare for war. The term is often heard in relation to ammunition – for example, nine millimeter parabellum. Parabellum ammunition is designed to be legal under international law; usually this means that rounds are full...

See also

• 9 mm caliber
• List of firearms
• List of handgun cartridges
• List of rifle cartridges