The A151 road is relatively minor part of the British road system in Lincolnshire, England. This article attempts to deal with several aspects of it, sequentially as they present themselves during a journey along it.

The British Road Numbering System

In Britain, roads of greater and medium importance are numbered according to a system in which the smaller number of digits indicates a more major route. The motorways are prefixed by M and the principal other roads by the letter A. The roads A1 to A6 radiate from London with A1 as the axial route of the country, running between London and Edinburgh. Roads with numbers beginning with 1 lie to the east of the A1, clockwise when viewed on a map. The details are explained under Great Britain road numbering scheme. A motorway (Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth nations) is both a type of road and a classification. ... Sign at Junction 1 of the A1(M) at South Mimms in Hertfordshire The A1, at 409 miles (658 km) long, is the longest numbered British road. ... The A6 is a major road in England. ... Greater London and the Regions of England. ... Edinburgh viewed from Arthurs Seat. ...

The A151: Summary

In the early nineteenth century, the A151 would have been called a cross-road⁽¹⁾since it runs across the pattern of these radial routes. The whole length of the road lies in the county of Lincolnshire. As it was originally designated, it ran from the A15 at Bourne Market Place, to Fleet Hargate, three kilometres east of Holbeach. Grid reference: TF393250 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF393250_region:GB_scale:25000), on the A17. Its western section, between Colsterworth and Bourne, was part of the B676 road⁽²⁾. Road building and re-thinking of the road system have meant that nowadays, its western end is on the A1 at Colsterworth, in the administrative district of South Kesteven⁽³⁾, and its eastern end on the A17 near Holbeach, in the district of South Holland⁽⁴⁾. On the way, it passes to the north of Grimsthorpe Castle and at TF076200, just to the south of Bourne Wood. Then at TF095201, it bisects Bourne. It enters The Fens on the eastern edge of that small town. At TF154207, it passes through the hamlet of Twenty, in Bourne North Fen. At Guthram Gowt, it leaves Kesteven by crossing the South Forty-foot drain into Holland. The principal town of South Holland is Spalding (TF245227), which is also the main town on the A151 route. Across the River Welland, lie Moulton, then Holbeach, near which the A151 ends at the A17. That road leads on to King's Lynn and East Anglia. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the East Midlands of England, traditionally the second largest after Yorkshire. ... This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth is a hamlet in the parish of Colsterworth, in the English county of Lincolnshire, best known as the birthplace of the scientist, philosopher, alchemist, and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton. ... South Kesteven is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England, forming part of the traditional Kesteven division of the county . ... Holbeach is a fenland market town with approximately 5,000 residents in the South Holland district of southern Lincolnshire. ... South Holland is a local government district of Lincolnshire. ... Grimsthorpe Castle is a Tudor country house in Lincolnshire, 4 miles northwest of Bourne on the A151. ... Bourne is a town in Lincolnshire, on the A15 between Market Deeping and Sleaford. ... The Fens may also refer to the Back Bay Fens, park in Boston, Massachusetts. ... Twenty is a small, somewhat remote hamlet with an unusual name, four miles east of the market town of Bourne, (between Bourne and Spalding) in Lincolnshire, England, at National Grid reference TF153207, 52. ... Kesteven is a traditional subdivision of Lincolnshire, England. ... Holland is a region in south-east Lincolnshire, England. ... Spalding Jersey is a famous manufacturer of sports balls. ... The River Welland is a river in the east of England, 56 km (35 m) long, and it has been a main waterway across the part of The Fens called South Holland for thousands of years. ... Kings Lynn is a medium-sized town in Norfolk, England on the River Great Ouse. ... Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. ...

Description

The Western End.

Having for some time, extended its influence by diplomacy and trade⁽⁵⁾, The Roman Empire began to take control in Britain from the year (A.D.)43 C.E. An important part of the means of control was the building of soundly-built roads, running directly between key places⁽⁶⁾. This led the engineers to overcome all but the greatest obstacles rather than going round them. One result of this was that they built roads on soils which others would have avoided. When the Roman authorities had withdrawn from Britain and their roads wore out, people began to wander from the Roman road lines where they could find a more secure footing by taking another line⁽⁷⁾. Roman Empire between AD 60 and 400 with major cities. ... Anno Domini (Latin: In the year of the Lord), or more completely Anno Domini Nostri Jesu Christi (in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ), commonly abbreviated AD or A.D., is the designation used to number years in the dominant Christian Era in the world today. ... The Common Era (CE), also known as current era, is the period beginning with the year 1 onwards. ... A Roman road in Pompeii The Romans, as a military, commercial and political expedient, became adept at constructing roads; many long sections of them are ruler-straight, but it should not be thought that all of them were. ...

The Roman equivalent of the A1 was built to a very high standard, during the early years of Roman rule in Britain. The English successors of the Romans in Britain, called this road Ermine Street from their word for "soldier", compare the German personal name, Herman⁽⁸⁾. The twenty kilometre length of Ermine Street, at roughly the centre of which, the line of the A151 lies, passed over chalky till (boulder clay) which is very sticky when wet. As the Ermine Street carriageway broke up, people sought easier going by moving down towards the small River Witham whose valley had been eroded through the till, into the Jurassic limestone below it. The English are a people originating in the lowlands of Great Britain descending from Angles, and Saxons (combined to form the Anglo-Saxons [English]. The name is used for those who have descent from these native tribes from over 1,600 years ago. ... Ermine Street was the Saxon name of a road in England that ran from London to Lincoln and York. ... The River Witham is a river in the east of England. ... The Jurassic period is a major unit of the geologic timescale that extends from about 195 million years BP at the end of the Triassic to 135 million years BP at the beginning of the Cretaceous. ... Media:Example. ...

Thus, in 1756 when the Colsterworth to Bourne road was turnpiked⁽⁹⁾, the toll road which was to become the A151 began at the crossroads in Colsterworth, further west than it now does, though the first toll gate noted by the 1824 Ordnance Survey map was about three kilometres from there. When the Colsterworth bypass was built, its southern half was placed virtually on the Ermine Street line so that now, while the A151 still begins at the A1, it is not at the old Great North Road but at Ermine Street, on the chalky till soil that we start our journey. Bourne Road, Colsterworth, the section removed from the A151, remains part of the B676, the road which leads westwards, towards Melton Mowbray⁽¹⁰⁾. 1756 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A toll road, turnpike or tollpike is a road on which a toll authority collects a fee for use. ... Melton Mowbray or Melton is a town in the borough of Melton north-east Leicestershire, England. ...

Once the clutter associated with a trunk road junction is left behind, the road passes through agricultural land and woods. To the north are fairly level fields and to the south, Twyford Wood, which cloaks the remains of North Witham airfield⁽¹¹⁾.

Corby Glen

At the end of the wood, we leave Colsterworth parish. Three kilometres from the start, at the hamlet of Birkholme, the road finds a shallow valley formed by erosion which has cut through the till and exposed the underlying Jurassic limestone soils. Here, the 1824 map shows our first toll gate, Corby Toll Bar⁽¹²⁾. The road follows this valley, under the railway main line, past the second toll gate site at the junction with the Boothby Pagnel road (B1176), then down to the River Glen at Corby Glen, where it turns a little southwards to avoid more glacial till and keep to the upper Lincolnshire limestone ⁽¹³⁾. The land between Colsterworth and the western edge of Bourne is a plateau, gently sloping down to the east and much dissected by erosion during periods when it was near but not under ice caps. The River Glen which we crossed at Corby Glen is also called the West Glen and is in one of the two main dissecting valleys⁽¹⁴⁾. East of Corby Glen, we are on a strip of un-dissected plateau. The surface dips very gently towards the east but the geological strata dip more steeply so that a kilometre out of Corby Glen, the road passes onto the strata above the limestone, known as the Upper Estuarine Series, the Blisworth limestone, Blisworth clay, Cornbrash and Kellaways clay, in that order. The River Glen is an improved river in The Fens of Cambridgeshire, navigable for 12 miles from its junction with Bourne Eau at Tongue End, via Pinchbeck and Surfleet to the tidal entrance sluice to the River Welland, navigable only when the tidal level is the same as the river... Interstate road cut through limestone and shale strata in eastern Tennessee In geology and related fields, a stratum (plural: strata) is a layer of rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguishes it from contiguous layers. ...

Edenham

At Irnham crossroads ⁽¹⁵⁾, the A151 leaves Corby Glen parish for that of Edenham and is back down on the cornbrash. To the north, unseen in its little valley beyond the woods is Irnham, once the home of Sir Geoffrey Luttrell, who commissioned the Luttrell Psalter⁽¹⁶⁾, a book which tells us so much of English everyday life in the fourteenth century⁽¹⁷⁾. An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript, often of a religious nature, in which the text is supplemented by the addition of colourful ornamentation, such as decorated initials, borders and the like. ... (13th century - 14th century - 15th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to 1400. ...

The road dips into the valley of the stream which flows on to form the lake in Grimsthorpe Park. Just skirting the glacial till, it rises to the crest at the other side, on the Kellaways clay and sand and turns sharply left onto the till. It used to go straight on and pass the north front of Grimsthorpe Castle. When the soil in the field beyond the bend is bare, its course can still be seen. The castle's owner did a deal with the turnpike trustees. He brought land on the other side of the road into his park and built them a new, though longer road around it. Once the semi-circular diversion is completed, the road turns sharp left again, through Grimsthorpe where it is on Jurassic clay. The 1824 Ordnance Survey map shows both the old and the new roads. Grimsthorpe Castle is a Tudor country house in Lincolnshire, 4 miles northwest of Bourne on the A151. ... Image produced from the Ordnance Survey Get-a-map service. ...

At Grimsthorpe village, the A151 is in the second of the main valleys dissecting the plateau, that of the East Glen river. From its association with Edenham, this river is often called the Eden. The West and East Glens join near Wilsthorpe, at Grid reference: TF0913 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF0913_region:GB_scale:25000). Through Grimsthorpe and Edenham, there are numerous bends and winds across the small exposures Jurassic soils, glacial gravel and alluvium, until the road climbs out of the valley over the till-capped ridge which separates Edenham parish from Bourne. On the glacial clay soil of the till, it passes between woods, including Bourne Wood⁽¹⁹⁾. This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ...

Bourne

As the road arrives back on the Jurassic clay, it meets the A6121, a road designation which ends here, having begun at Morcott, (Grid reference SK926004) in Rutland, on the other side of the A1, hence its beginning with the digit 6. In 1824, there was a toll gate here⁽²⁰⁾. The course of the A151 is directly down the slope into Bourne. It is clear archaeologically that the road used to run parallel with this and about 200 metres to the south. Historically, there appears to be no commonly available record as to when the move was made. It was certainly in two stages. The move of the upper part was probably made in the eighteenth century; the lower, in about 1140, when Bourne castle was built across it. Its present course is dictated by the former presence of Bourne Castle at the town end and by a desire to keep to the crest of a slight ridge in the hillside⁽²¹⁾. This article is about the county in England. ...

It is towards the top of this section that it is possible to detect a change in slope betraying the former presence of a shore of the Devensian periglacial lake, which was impounded by the ice into the Fenland basin. It was more evident but the declivity of the road has been smoothed out a little⁽²²⁾. The Devensian glaciation is a name for an ice age period which occurred between 120,000 and 10,000 years ago. ... Periglacial refers to places in the edges of glacial areas, normally those related to past ice ages rather than those in the modern era. ...

Much more modern, is the bypass road which joins from the south at the entrance to the town and just below the level of the surface of the former lake. This has yet to open. At present, in the town, the A151 passes immediately outside the castle site, along the latter's northern edge. However the plots along this side of the road were first laid out for houses in around 1280, so that the castle is no longer casually apparent⁽²³⁾. Events Eric II crowned king of Norway Births Deaths August 22 - Pope Nicholas III November 15 - German philosopher Categories: 1280 ...

At Bourne Market Place, the A151 crosses the A15. This road used to be part of the Lincoln Heath to Peterborough turnpike road, whose act of parliament is dated 1756. It was this trust which, in 1820, demolished the old town hall which used to stand in the street here. 1756 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

At the junction, the road to the north led directly form the main gate of the castle. The market place was positioned immediately across a moat and a pomœrium, outside the gate but those are no longer visible from the road. However, our road continues not straight ahead but on a 45° angle toward the south. This bend arose because it passed around the perimeter of the pomœrium until it met the road leading eastwards from the gate. As the A151 reaches this, it turns back through 45° and continues eastwards along that approach road, across the line of the Roman version of the A15 and past the Abbey Lawn. This is now a picturesque cricket ground but was, an eighteenth century sheep lawn⁽²⁴⁾. Soon, the road leaves the twelfth century, Norman road, heading towards the pre-Norman town. On arrival, it turns eastwards again, at the same time as crossing the now-buried course of the Car Dyke and onto the fen-edge gravel. This is material which drifted down the slope which we have followed, while it was under the water of the Devensian periglacial lake. For more coverage of cricket, go to the Cricket Portal. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ...

The Car Dyke is generally taken as the boundary of The Fens, though here, it heralds the more commercial part of the town. At once, the road passes the former works of BRM, the Formula One motor racing Constructors' Champion in 1962. The firm is gone but it has left an engineering tradition in the town. Shortly, the road turns north-eastwards, following the bank of the Roman artificial river across the fen, the Old Ea. At the edge of the town, it turns away from the now hidden river bed, almost eastwards across the black, humic soil of Bourne North Fen⁽²⁵⁾. Here, we enter upon the black, humic soil of The Fens. Formula One, abbreviated to F1 and also known as Grand Prix racing, is a form of formula racing and the highest class of single-seat open-wheel auto racing. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

At Grid reference: TF118207 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF118207_region:GB_scale:25000), it turns due eastwards at Friar Bar, where at one stage was a toll bar. The Ordnance Survey does not note it but on the Exeter Estate book⁽²⁶⁾, it is called Friers Bar. The road from Bourne to Spalding had been turnpiked in 1822⁽²⁷⁾, after the survey had begun. So it looks as though the Ordnance Survey had overlooked it. From here, the road runs 3½ kilometres, straight to Twenty. This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... 1822 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

The Car Dyke marked the western boundary of the royal forest decreed, by one of the Norman kings. It extended south and east, across the fens to the Welland. There seems to be no precise agreement as to when the land was disafforested. It was somewhere between 1190 and 1230⁽²⁸⁾. The obvious occasion was the signing of Magna Carta in 1215 or perhaps, on one of its re-issues. That document mentions King John's afforestations. A royal forest is an area of land where certain rights are reserved for a monarch or the aristocracy, usually set aside for hunting. ... This article talks about the Norman people. ... Events March 16 - Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders. ... Events Kingdom of Leon unites with the Kingdom of Castile. ... Magna Carta placed certain checks on the absolute power of the English Monarchs. ... Events June 15 - King John of England forced to put his seal to the Magna Carta, outlining the rights of landowning men (nobles and knights) and restricting the kings power. ... John (French: Jean) (December 24, 1166–October 18/19, 1216) reigned as King of England from April 6, 1199, until his death. ...

Roads on the black soils tend to crumble at the edges as the soft humus collapses and oxidises. This road is typical of fen roads, in needing frequent attention to deal with that. It is typical too, in that it rises and falls as it passes over the silt banks left amongst the peat by small to medium marine creeks from the Middle Bronze Age, 3 to 3½ thousand years ago. This was before the peat in the soil was laid down. The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ...

In the black fens, the buildings are virtually always to be found on these old creeks, known as roddons. The many small roddons in Bourne North Fen merge at Twenty. There, the road uses part of this larger roddon by turning along it towards Guthram. Nowadays, this place is called Guthram Gowt but until the steam drainage engine was erected there, in 184?, it was Guthram Cote.

In the late medieval period, people lived on the fen edge and the Townlands but the fens themselves were thinly populated. There were however, a few comparatively grand establishments called Halls, Neslam Hall at Grid reference: TF1732 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF1732_region:GB_scale:25000), for example. It was a grange of Sempringham Abbey on the site of the modern Mornington House round which the district boundary is still diverted as it was when the abbey, on the Kesteven fen edge, owned it. There were more but still rather few smaller dwellings called cotes. Moors Cote lay in Bourne North Fen, to the south-east of Twenty and Guthram Cote stood on the boundary between Kesteven and Holland⁽¹⁸⁾, on an island of Devensian deposits, the Abbey sand and gravel. The road book, Paterson's Roads, of 1826, lists a toll gate at Guthram Cote, a distance of 5 1/4 miles from Bourne. Just to the east of this was the bridge over what it calls the South Forty-foot Eau(15). This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ...

Pinchbeck

The Kesteven-Holland boundary is formed by the South Forty-foot drain, the main land drain of the Black Sluice Level. The present layout of the drainage dates from the Act of Parliament of 1765 but this part of the South Forty-foot is a re-use of one of the main drains of the Lindsey Level, a scheme which was declared complete in 1638. On the other side, in Pinchbeck North Fen, the road begins to wind, something quite unusual in these fens. It was laid out on the bank of a soak dike called the Weir Dike, which was cut in about 1600. In Pinchbeck North Fen, the dike is now largely defunct. The instructions stipulated that it should be at a distance of 100 feet (33M) from the bank of the River Glen. As the river bank meandered a little, so the road does(13). 1765 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ...

The river is the one the A151 crosses at Corby Glen and Edenham. Here the two parts are combined. Beyond the Glen, to the south, is an area of dense Romano-British occupation. On this side, a little is known but if there is more, it is covered with post-Roman marine silt(14). It looks as though this part of the river began as a single sea bank, keeping the tide out of Pinchbeck South Fen but allowing it into the lower part of that area behind the townland to the north of the road. In the late Roman or early post-Roman period, the Glen escaped from its artificial Roman course of which the Bourne Old Ea was part. (The road follows the bank of this while leaving Bourne) and found its way to these tidal flats. Later, at some early but unknown medieval date, the marsh was turned into a polder of sorts and the Glen was directed along the old sea bank which then became one of the river banks. Thus, the course of the road was determined ultimately, by that of the sea bank. The term Romano-British describes the Romanised culture of Britain under the rule of the Roman Empire, when Roman and Christian culture had extensively entered into the life of the native Brythonic, Pictish and perhaps Gaelic -speaking peoples of Britain. ...

The River Glen will have been in the phase when it flowed into the tidal marsh, with its mouth at Guthram, at around AD500CE, the time when the unknown writer who goes under the name of Nennius tells us that King Arthur fought his first battle against the English settlers at the mouth of the River Glein. See Historia Britonum numbered paragraph 3. See also Sites and places associated with Arthurian legend. For other uses, see number 500. ... Nennius, or Nemnivus, is the name of two shadowy personages traditionally associated with the history of Wales. ... King Arthur is an important figure in the mythology of Great Britain, where he appears as the ideal of kingship in both war and peace. ... The Historia Britonum, or The History of the Britons, is a historical work that was first written sometime shortly after AD 820, and exists in several recensions of varying difference. ... The following is a list and assessment of sites and places associated with King Arthur and the Arthurian legend in general. ...

In the Townlands

Arthur Young's book on the Lincolnshire economy⁽⁵⁰⁾. was published in 1813, while the Fosdyke bridge was still under construction. He therefore, will have taken the future A151 between Spalding and Fleet Hargate on his journey from Boston to Wisbech. He wrote of it thus: In the Hundred of Skirbeck to Boston, and thence to Wisbeach, [turnpike roads] are generally made with silt, or old sea-sand, deposited under various parts of the country ages ago, and when moderately wet are very good; but dreadfully dusty and heavy in dry weather; and also on a thaw they are like mortar. Take the county in general, and they must be esteemed below par. What he is saying is that the turnpike roads in the Townlands were made of the same marine silt as the land in that part of the country is itself made. The heaviness in dry weather to which he refers, arose from the loose, deep, sandy surface through which wheels would have to be dragged.

Toll gates

The road from Colsterworth to Bourne was turnpiked in 1756. From Bourne to Spalding, it was turnpiked in 1822, declared to be a main road under the terms of the Highways Act of 1878 and put into the care of Holland County Council in 1889⁽³⁰⁾. From Spalding, through Holbeach to Long Sutton, beyond the end of the modern A151, it was turnpiked in 1764⁽¹⁷⁾. "Turnpiked" means that the Act of Parliament permitting the work and charges was passed in that year. The principal source of information about the positions of toll gates is the Ordnance Survey 1" map published in 1824. It places them as follows: 1822 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In Westminster System parliaments, an Act of Parliament is a part of the law passed by the Parliament. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... In Westminster System parliaments, an Act of Parliament is a part of the law passed by the Parliament. ...

• Corby Toll Bar. Grid reference: SK969234 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?SK969234_region:GB_scale:25000)
• T[urn] P[ike]. Grid reference: SK991247 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?SK991247_region:GB_scale:25000)
• T P. Grid reference: TF062210 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF062210_region:GB_scale:25000)
• T P. Grid reference: TF079198 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF079198_region:GB_scale:25000)
• Friers Bar. Grid reference: TF117206 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF117206_region:GB_scale:25000) (Exeter Estate book)
• T P. Grid reference: TF169223 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF169223_region:GB_scale:25000) (corroborated by Paterson's Roads)
• T P. Grid reference: TF198244 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF198244_region:GB_scale:25000) (corroborated by Paterson's Roads)
• T P. Grid reference: TF236223 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF236223_region:GB_scale:25000)
• Toll bar in 1834-36. Grid reference: TF2724 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF2724_region:GB_scale:25000) (Wright, Fig.3).
• Toll bar in 1834-36. Grid reference: TF3929 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF3929_region:GB_scale:25000) (Wright, Fig.3).
• Toll. Grid reference: TF466217 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF466217_region:GB_scale:25000). (On the future A17, beyond the end of the A151) The latest line of the A17 is on that of the railway, south of this.

The six digit National Grid References of the marked positions on the 1824 map are taken from an equivalent modern map. The four digit references are much less accurate, being taken from a modern Ordnance Survey map by inspection of Wright Fig.3. The Ordnance Survey does not note The Friars Bar toll gate but on the Exeter Estate book⁽³¹⁾ it is called Friers Bar. Paterson's Roads is a road book listing the features of roads and mileages from the ends of its itineraries, sequentially. This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ... This article is about the map grid references in the UK. For the Great Britain, different from using latitude or longitude. ...

Footnotes

• Note (1): Mogg, E. Paterson's Roads 18th edn. London. (1826)
• Note (2): Ordnance Survey.
• Note (3): Grid reference: SK938238 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?SK938238_region:GB_scale:25000)
• Note (4): Grid reference: TF350258 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF350258_region:GB_scale:25000)
• Note (5): Salway, P. Roman Britain, Oxford University Press. (1981) ISBN 1-19-821717-X. Ch.3. and Frere, S. Britannia 3rd edn. Ch.3. (1967)
• Note (6): Frere. (1987) Ch.4.
• Note (7): Soils of England and Wales, Sheet 4. Soil Survey of England and Wales. (1983)
• Note (8): * Virtue's Simplified Dictionary, Encyclopedic Edition. (ca.1930). Its Latinized form, Arminius, is the name normally used outside German-speaking countries, for the victor over Varus at the Teutoburgerwald in AD9CE. Augé, C. Nouveau Petit Larousse Illustré, Paris, (1934).
• Note (9): Birkbeck, J.D. A History of Bourne (1976). pp.68-9, corroborated by Grigg, D. The Agricultural Revolution in South Lincolnshire, Cambridge University Press (1966). Fig.6.
• Note (10): Great Britain road numbering scheme
• Note (11): Ordnance Survey and Bomber County.
• Note (12): Ordnance Survey, David & Charles Edn.
• Note (13): Geological Survey, 1 inch, sheet 143 Drift Edn.
• Note (14): Ordnance Survey.
• Note (15): Grid reference: TF032241 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF032241_region:GB_scale:25000)
• Note (16): Camille, M. Mirror in Parchment (1998) ISBN 1 86189 023 0.
• Note (17): [1] (http://www.bl.uk/collections/treasures/luttrell/luttrell_narrowband.htm?middle). (If you are using broadband, navigate on, to the bigger version). If this link is unsatisfactory try[2] (http://www.bl.uk/collections/treasures/digitisation.html)
• Note (18): Grid reference: TF0913 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF0913_region:GB_scale:25000)
• Note (19): Soil Survey.
• Note (20): Ordnance Survey, David & Charles Edn.
• Note (21): This comes from careful observation of the archaeology over 25 years but it is not published.
• Note (22): Poznanski (1960). The altitude of the shore is given by that of the spillway on the Norfolk/Suffolk border (26 metres final height, plus depth of water/ice over the spillway). The beach and low cliff of the shore are clearly seen in several places at just above 30 metres. For example, Grid reference: TF079209 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF079209_region:GB_scale:25000), or Grid reference: TF090170 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF090170_region:GB_scale:25000).
• Note (23): Grid reference: TF087199 (http://www.rhaworth.myby.co.uk/oscoor_a.htm?TF087199_region:GB_scale:25000).
• Note (24): The gentry's equivalent of a deer park. In this case it was set up by George Pochin in 1764 or soon after. Birkbeck, J.D. A History of Bourne, (1976) p. 71.
• Note (25): Phillips, C.W. The Fenland in Roman Times. Royal Geographical Society, Research Series: No.5. (1970). map 3, sheet C.
• Note (26): The Estate Agent's book recording ownership of property in Bourne Parish and Morton. It is dated 1826/7 and is owned by Bourne Civic Society. Presumably, this name refers to a toll bar of some period up to the 1820s.
• Note (27): Grigg, D. The Agricultural Revolution in South Lincolnshire, Cambridge University Press (1966). Fig.6.
• Note (28): Birkbeck, p.17., says 1207, by Richard I. Varley, J. The Parts of Kesteven Studies in Law and Local Government, Kesteven County Council (1974), p.2., puts it at 1230. Wheeler, W.H. A History of the Fens of South Lincolnshire (1896) facsimile Edn. Paul Watkins, Stamford. (1990) ISBN 1 871615 19 4. p.245. credits Richard I who reigned from 1189 to 1199, but Wheeler places the event in the thirteenth century. The first version of Magna Carta was signed in 1215. Hindley, D. The Book of the Magna Carta Guild Publishing. (1990) p.91., places the Forest Charter in 1217.sup>,
• Note (30): Wheeler (1896) p.441.
• Note (31): A manuscript book detailing The Marquis of Exeter's property and other ownership, in the parishes of Bourne and Morton, Lincolnshire. Dated 1826/7 and now in the possession of Bourne Civic Society.
• Note (50): Young, A. General Vue of the Agruculture of the County of Lincolnshire 2nd edn. (1813) facsimile David & Charles 91970) 7153-4781-0. p.453.