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Encyclopedia > AACS encryption key controversy

The AACS encryption key controversy arose in April 2007 when the Motion Picture Association of America and the Advanced Access Content System Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA) began issuing Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) violation notices [1] to websites publishing a 16-byte number, represented in hexadecimal as 09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0 [2][3] (commonly referred to as 09 F9 for short[4][5]), which is one of the cryptographic keys for HD DVDs and Blu-ray Discs. The controversy escalated in early May 2007, when technology news site Digg.com received a notice and then removed numerous articles on the matter and banned users reposting the information.[6] The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), originally called the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association of America, is a non-profit trade association based in the United States which was formed to advance the interests of movie studios. ... The Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management, intended to restrict access to and copying of the next generation of optical discs and DVDs. ... The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a United States copyright law which implements two 1996 WIPO treaties. ... The Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act (OCILLA), a portion of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act known as DMCA 512 or the DMCA takedown provisions, is a 1998 United States federal law that provided a safe harbor to online service providers (OSPs, including internet service providers) that promptly take down... In computer science a byte is a unit of measurement of information storage, most often consisting of eight bits. ... In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal, base-16, or simply hex, is a numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16, usually written using the symbols 0–9 and A–F, or a–f. ... The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρυπτός kryptós hidden, and the verb γράφω gráfo write) is the study of message secrecy. ... A key is a piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm. ... HD-DVD disc HD DVD (for High Density Digital Versatile Disc) is a digital optical media format which is being developed as one standard for high-definition DVD. HD DVD is similar to the competing Blu-ray Disc, which also uses the same CD sized (120 mm diameter) optical data... A Blu-ray Disc (also called BD) is a high-density optical disc format for the storage of digital media, including high-definition video. ... Digg is a community-based popularity website with an emphasis on technology and science articles, recently expanding to a broader range of categories such as politics and entertainment. ... The term banhammer, sometimes called the ban stick, is a metaphorical item used to punish malicious members of a group, usually through virtual means. ...

Contents

Background

Hexadecimal is a base-16 numeral system used in the fields of computer programming and mathematics. The "09 F9" key is an ordinary number most widely known by its hexadecimal representation; in decimal notation, it is written 13,256,278,887,989,457,651,018,865,901,401,704,640. In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal, base-16, or simply hex, is a numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16, usually written using the symbols 0–9 and A–F, or a–f. ... A numeral is a symbol or group of symbols, or a word in a natural language that represents a number. ... Computer programming (often shortened to programming or coding) is the process of writing, testing, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... The decimal (base ten or occasionally denary) numeral system has ten as its base. ...


Because the encryption key may be used as part of circumvention technology forbidden by the DMCA, its possession and distribution has been viewed by the AACS, as well as some law professors, as illegal.[1][7] Since it is a 128-bit numerical value, it was dubbed an "illegal number" (compare with illegal prime).[8][9][10] Opponents to the expansion of copyright criticize the idea of making a particular number illegal, which they feel should not and cannot be controlled by a single person or group.[11] Anti-Circumvention law has made the circumvention of some technological barriers to copying intellectual property illegal. ... The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a United States copyright law which implements two 1996 WIPO treaties. ... The Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management, intended to restrict access to and copying of the next generation of optical discs and DVDs. ... This article is about the unit of information. ... This article discusses the use of the word Number in Mathematics. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... An illegal prime is a prime number which contains information forbidden by law to possess or distribute. ... Articles with similar titles include copywrite. ...


Commercial HD DVDs and Blu-ray Discs integrate copy protection technology specified by the AACS LA. There are several interlocking encryption mechanisms, such that cracking one part of the system does not necessarily crack other parts. Thus, the famous "09 F9" key is only one of many parts that would be needed to play a disc on an unlicensed player.


The AACS system can be used to revoke a key of a specific playback device, after it is known to have been compromised, and this has been invoked for the WinDVD software media player.[12] The compromised players can still be used to view old discs, but not newer releases without encryption keys for the compromised players. If other players are then cracked, further revocation would lead to legitimate users of compromised players being forced to upgrade or replace their player software or firmware in order to view new discs. Each playback device comes with a whole tree of secret device keys and processing keys. The processing key in this tree that is actually required to playback the AACS encrypted discs is selected based on the device key and the information on the disc to be played. As such, a processing key such as the "09 F9" key is not revoked, but newly produced discs cause the playback devices to select a different valid processing key to decrypt the discs.[13] The WinDVD interface WinDVD is a commercial DVD player for Microsoft Windows, created by InterVideo. ... In computing, firmware is software that is embedded in a hardware device. ... In computer science, a binary tree is a tree data structure in which each node has at most two children. ...


Timeline of AACS cracking

2006

On 26 December 2006, a person using the alias muslix64 published a utility named BackupHDDVD and its source code on the DVD decryption forum at the website Doom9.org.[14] BackupHDDVD can be used to decrypt AACS protected content once one knows the encryption key.[15] Muslix64 claimed to have found title and volume keys in main memory while playing HD DVD discs using a software player, and that finding them is not difficult.[16] December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, 361st in leap years. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... 09-f9-11-02-9d-74-e3-5b-d8-41-56-c5-63-56-88-c0 BackupHDDVD is a small open-source utility available in both command line and GUI-based versions which aids in the decryption of AACS copy-protected commercial HD DVD discs. ... Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Doom9 is a website featuring information on digital audio and video manipulation, mostly video, and digital copyrights. ...


2007

On 2 January 2007, muslix64 published a new version of the program, with volume key support.[17] On 12 January 2007, other forum members detailed how to find other title and volume keys, stating they had also found the keys of several movies in RAM while running WinDVD. January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... January 12 is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... Random access memory (usually known by its acronym, RAM) is a type of data storage used in computers. ... The WinDVD interface WinDVD is a commercial DVD player for Microsoft Windows, created by InterVideo. ...


On or about 13 January, a title key was posted on pastebin.com in form of a riddle, which was solved by entering terms into the Google search engine. By converting these results to hexadecimal, a correct key could be formed.[18] Later that day, the first cracked HD DVD, Serenity, was uploaded on a private torrent tracker.[19] The AACS LA confirmed on January 26 that the title keys on certain HD DVDs had been published without authorization.[20] January 13 is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Google, Inc. ... Serenity is a 2005 science fiction space western/epic film written and directed by Joss Whedon. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...


Doom9.org forum user arnezami found and published the "09 F9" AACS processing key on February 11:[21] February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

“ Nothing was hacked, cracked or even reverse engineered btw: I only had to watch the "show" in my own memory. No debugger was used, no binaries changed. ”

This key is not specific to any playback device or DVD title. Doom9.org forum user jx6bpm claimed on March 4 to have revealed CyberLink's PowerDVD's key, and that it was the key in use by AnyDVD.[22] March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (64th in leap years). ... Founded in 1995, CyberLink Corp is a world leader and pioneer in bringing advanced digital video and audio software to the market. ... PowerDVD is a media player software product available from CyberLink. ... AnyDVD is a Windows driver that decrypts and removes protection from DVDs on-the-fly. ...


The AACS LA announced on April 16 that it had revoked the decryption keys associated with certain software high-definition DVD players, which will not be able to decrypt AACS encrypted disks mastered after 23 April, without an update of the software.[23][24] April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (114th in leap years). ...


On May 17, one week before any disks with the updated processing key even hit the shops, it was reported that the hackers claim to have already compromised the new keys using a release preview disc of The Matrix-trilogy .[25] May 17 is the 137th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (138th in leap years). ... The Matrix series is a media franchise consisting primarily of three films: The Matrix, The Matrix Reloaded, and The Matrix Revolutions. ...


DMCA notices and Digg

Screenshot of the Digg front page during the user revolt; every story is related to the HD DVD key.

As early as 17 April 2007, AACS LA had issued DMCA violation notices, sent by Charles S. Sims of Proskauer Rose,[26] in an apparent attempt to suppress the encryption key.[27] Following this, dozens of notices were sent to various websites hosted in the United States.[28] Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 317 × 598 pixelsFull resolution (1218 × 2299 pixel, file size: 229 KB, MIME type: image/png) This is a screenshot of a copyrighted web page, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by owner of the website. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 317 × 598 pixelsFull resolution (1218 × 2299 pixel, file size: 229 KB, MIME type: image/png) This is a screenshot of a copyrighted web page, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by owner of the website. ... April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a controversial United States copyright law which criminalizes production and dissemination of technology that can circumvent measures taken to protect copyright, not merely infringement of copyright itself, and heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the Internet. ... Founded in 1875, Proskauer Rose is one of the nations largest law firms, providing a wide variety of legal services to clients throughout the United States and around the world from offices in New York, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., Boston, Boca Raton, Newark, New Orleans and Paris. ...


(Note that this was not a DMCA section 512 OCILLA notice, as used when alleging copyright infringement, but a DMCA section 1201 notice, naming the key as being a circumvention device.) The Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act (OCILLA), a portion of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act known as DMCA 512 or the DMCA takedown provisions, is a 1998 United States federal law that provided a safe harbor to online service providers (OSPs, including internet service providers) that promptly take down... Articles with similar titles include copywrite. ... Anti-Circumvention law has made the circumvention of some technological barriers to copying intellectual property illegal. ...


On 1 May 2007, in response to a DMCA violation notice, technology news site Digg began removing posts containing or alluding to the key and, in some cases, closing accounts which created those posts. The Digg community reacted by creating a flood of posts containing the key, many using creative ways of semi-directly or indirectly inserting the number, such as in song or images (either representing the digits pictorially or directly representing bytes from the key as colors) or on merchandise.[29] At one point, Digg.com's "entire homepage was covered with links to the HD-DVD code or anti-Digg references."[30] Eventually the Digg administrators reversed their position on such submissions, stating: May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... Digg is a community-based popularity website with an emphasis on technology and science articles, recently expanding to a broader range of categories such as politics and entertainment. ...

“ But now, after seeing hundreds of stories and reading thousands of comments, you’ve made it clear. You’d rather see Digg go down fighting than bow down to a bigger company. We hear you, and effective immediately we won’t delete stories or comments containing the code and will deal with whatever the consequences might be.[31][32][33] ”

Legal opinions

Lawyers and other representatives of the entertainment industry, including Michael Avery, an attorney for Toshiba Corporation, expressed surprise at Digg's decision, but suggested that a suit aimed at Digg might merely spread the information more widely. Toshiba Corporations headquarters (Center) in Hamamatsucho, Tokyo Toshiba Corporation sales by division for year ending March, 31 2005 Toshiba Corporation ) (TYO: 6502 ) is a multinational high technology electrical and electronics manufacturing firm, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. ...

“ If you try to stick up for what you have a legal right to do, and you're somewhat worse off because of it, that's an interesting concept.[34] ”

The American Bar Association's eReport published a discussion of the controversy,[35] in which Eric Goldman at Santa Clara University's High Tech Law Institute noted that the illegality of putting the code up is questionable (that Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act may protect the provider when the material itself is not intellectual property), although continuing to allow posting of the key may be "risky", and entertainment lawyer Carole Handler noted that even if the material is illegal, laws such as the DMCA may prove ineffective in a practical sense. American Bar Associations Washington, DC office The American Bar Association (ABA) is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. ... The Santa Clara Mission is a notable on-campus landmark. ... Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (a common name for Title V of the Telecommunications Act of 1996) is a landmark piece of Internet legislation in the United States. ...


Impact

In a response to the events occurring on Digg and the call to "Spread this number", the key was rapidly posted to thousands of pages, blogs and wikis across the Internet.[36][37] The reaction has been likened to the Streisand effect: when attempts to censor the key were made both by the Digg website through article removal and through the internet as a whole through the use of DMCA notices, people reacted with civil disobedience and posted the encryption key en masse.[38] Intellectual property lawyer Douglas J. Sorocco noted, "People are getting creative. It shows the futility of trying to stop this. Once the information is out there, cease-and-desist letters are going to infuriate this community more."[35] Digg is a community-based popularity website with an emphasis on technology and science articles, recently expanding to a broader range of categories such as politics and entertainment. ... Look up Wiki in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Streisand effect is a category of Internet phenomena in which an attempt to censor or remove (in particular, by the means of cease-and-desist letters) a certain piece of information (for example, a photograph, file, or even a whole website) instead backfires, causing the information in question to... The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a controversial United States copyright law which criminalizes production and dissemination of technology that can circumvent measures taken to protect copyright, not merely infringement of copyright itself, and heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the Internet. ... Anti-war activist Midge Potts is arrested for civil disobedience on the steps of the Supreme Court of the United States on February 9, 2005. ... For the 2006 film, see Intellectual Property (film). ...

Internet users began circulating versions of this image, calling it a Free Speech Flag, in blog posts on dozens of websites and as user avatars on forums such as Digg. The RGB encoding of each of the five colors provides three bytes of the key, with the sixteenth byte "C0" appended in the lower right corner. [39]

Outside of the blogosphere and the mass media, the key has appeared in or on t-shirts[7], poetry, songs and music videos[7], a movie[7], illustrations and other graphic artworks[40], tattoos and body art[41], and comic strips.[42] Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... An avatar (abbreviations include AV, ava, avv, avy , avvie and avvy) is an Internet users representation of himself or herself, whether in the form of a three-dimensional model used in computer games,[1] a two-dimensional icon used on Internet forums and other communities,[2][3] or a... A representation of additive color mixing—In CRT based (analog electronics) television three color electron guns are used to stimulate such an arrangement of phosphorescent coatings of the glass, the resultant reemission of photons providing the image seen by the eye. ... In computer science a byte is a unit of measurement of information storage, most often consisting of eight bits. ... Blogosphere is the collective term encompassing all blogs as a community or social network. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...


As of Tuesday afternoon, May 1, 2007, a Google search for the key returned 9,410 results,[43] while the same search the next morning returned nearly 300,000 results.[3] On Friday, the BBC reported that a search on Google shows almost 700,000 pages have published the key.[44] This was despite AACS LA having sent a DMCA notice to Google on April 17 demanding that Google stop returning searches for the key at all.[45][46][47] May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... Google, Inc. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GB£4 billion (US$7. ... April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). ...


Widespread news coverage[48] included speculation on the development of user-driven websites,[49] the legal liability of running a user-driven website,[50] the perception of acceptance of DRM[51] and the harm an industry can cause itself with harshly-perceived legal action.[52] Digital Rights Management (generally abbreviated to DRM) is an umbrella term that refers to any of several technologies used by publishers or copyright owners to control access to and usage of digital data or hardware, and to restrictions associated with a specific instance of a digital work or device. ...


In an opposing move, Carter Wood of the National Association of Manufacturers said they had removed the "Digg It"-link from their weblog.[53] The National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), one of industrys most powerful lobbies, was founded in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1895. ...

“ Until the Digg community shows as much fervor in attacking intellectual piracy as attacking the companies that are legitimately defending their property, well, we do not want to be promoting the site by using the "Digg It" feature. ”

Media coverage initially avoided quoting the key itself. However, several US-based news sources have run stories containing the key, quoting its use on Digg,[47][54][55][56][57][58] though none are known to have received DMCA notices as a result. Current TV broadcast the key during a Google Current story on the Digg incident at 3:00pm on May 3, displaying it in full on screen for several seconds and placing the story on the station website.[59] Current TV is an independent media company, led by former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, businessman Joel Hyatt, and a team of industry professionals and young people. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ...


AACS LA reaction

On May 7, the AACS LA posted an item on its website regarding the controversy, stating that it had "requested the removal solely of illegal circumvention tools, including encryption keys, from a number of web sites", and that it had "not requested the removal or deletion of any...discussion or commentary" regarding the issue. The statement continued, "AACS LA is encouraged by the cooperation it has received thus far from the numerous web sites that have chosen to address their legal obligations in a responsible manner".[60] BBC News earlier quoted an AACS executive saying: Bloggers "crossed the line" and it was looking at "legal and technical tools" to confront those who published the key and that the events involving Digg were an "interesting new twist."[44] The current BBC News logo BBC News and Current Affairs is a major arm of the BBC responsible for the corporations newsgathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... The term Blogger may refer to: A blogger, someone who maintains a weblog. ...


References

  1. ^ a b AACS licensor complains of posted key. Chilling Effects. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
  2. ^ Rupert Goodwins (11 May 2007). An interesting sales tactic. ZDNet UK. Retrieved on 2007-05-18.
  3. ^ a b Nick Farrell (2 May 2007). 09 f9 [...] is the number they tried to ban. The Inquirer. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  4. ^ Fred von Lohmann (2 May 2007). 09 f9: A Legal Primer. EFF. Retrieved on 2007-05-18.
  5. ^ Frederick Lane (5 May 2007). 09 F9: An Unlikely Star Is Born Thanks to Digg.com. Sci-Tech Today. Retrieved on 2007-05-18.
  6. ^ David Utter (2 May 2007). Digg Embroiled In HD DVD Controversy. WebProNews. Retrieved on 2007-05-18.
  7. ^ a b c d Stone, Brad. "In Web Uproar, Antipiracy Code Spreads Wildly", The New York Times, 2007-05-02. Retrieved on 2007-05-03. 
  8. ^ http://www.bloggernews.net/16450
  9. ^ http://ecyrd.com/ButtUgly/wiki/Main_blogentry_010507_1
  10. ^ http://bearnz.wordpress.com/2007/05/04/an-illegal-number/
  11. ^ Edward Felten (May 3, 2007). Why the 09ers Are So Upset. Freedom to Tinker. Retrieved on 2007-01-08.
  12. ^ Ken Fisher (26 January 2007). AACS key revoked. Ars Technica. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  13. ^ Hal Finney (03 May 2007). Hal Finney on 'AACS and Processing Key'. Retrieved on 2007-05-18.
  14. ^ Muslix64 (26 December 2006). BackupHDDVD, a tool to decrypt AACS protected movies. Doom9's Forum. Retrieved on 2007-04-09.
  15. ^ Intel Corporation; International Business Machines Corporation, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Microsoft Corporation, Sony Corporation, Toshiba Corporation, The Walt Disney Company, Warner Bros. (2006-07-25). Advanced Access Content System (AACS) (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-04-09.
  16. ^ HD DVD Content Protection already hacked?. TechAmok (2006-12-28). Retrieved on 2007-01-02.
  17. ^ Muslix64 (2 January 2007). BackupHDDVD, a tool to decrypt AACS protected movies. Retrieved on 2007-04-09.
  18. ^ "kad77" (13 January 2007). Decryption Keys For HD-DVD Found, Confirmed. Slashdot. Retrieved on 2007-04-09.
  19. ^ Reimer, Jeremy. "First pirated HD DVD movie hits BitTorrent", Ars Technica, January 15, 2007. 
  20. ^ Hi-def DVD security is bypassed. BBC (26 January 2007). Retrieved on 2007-01-26.
  21. ^ arnezami (11 February 2007). Processing Key, Media Key and Volume ID found!!!. Doom9's Forums. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
  22. ^ jx6bpm (3 March 2007). PowerDVD private key. Doom9's Forums. Retrieved on 2007-04-09.
  23. ^ HD DVD, Blu-ray protection in question after attacks. Yahoo (16 April 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-01.
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  25. ^ Ryan Paul (2007-05-17). Latest AACS revision defeated a week before release. Arstechnica. Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
  26. ^ Davies, Greg (3 May 2007). The Aftermath of the Digg Revolt: What now?. TheTrukstoP.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  27. ^ DMCA Takedown Notice (17 April 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  28. ^ AACS Takedowns Backfire (1 May 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  29. ^ Digg.com Attempts To Suppress HD-DVD Revolt. Slashdot (1 May 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  30. ^ Andy Greenberg (May 02, 2007), Digg's DRM Revolt, Forbes 
  31. ^ Kevin Rose (2007-05-01). Digg This: 09 F9 [...]. Digg the Blog. Digg Inc. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  32. ^ DVD DRM row sparks user rebellion. BBC (2 May 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  33. ^ Marcus Yam (May 2, 2007), AACS Key Censorship Leads to First Internet Riot 
  34. ^ Alex Pham; Joseph Menn (3 May 2007). User rebellion at Digg.com unearths a can of worms. Los Angeles Times (latimes.com). Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
  35. ^ a b Stephanie Francis Ward (2007-05-11). It’s No Secret: Code Stirs Up a Web Storm: Lawyers question whether Web site can be forced to remove posts. ABA eReport. Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
  36. ^ Spread this number (30 April 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  37. ^ Tim Starling (2 May 2007). HD DVD key and the spam blacklist. WikiEN-L mailing list. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
  38. ^ Mike Masnick. AACS Discovers The Streisand Effect: The More You Try To Suppress Something, The More Attention It Gets. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  39. ^ John Marcotte (1 May 2007). Free Speech Flag. Badmouth.net. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  40. ^ Photoshop Rebels Rip Great HD DVD Clampdown. Wired News (2007-05-03). Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  41. ^ AACS LA: Internet "revolt" be damned, this fight is not over. Ars Technica (2007-05-04). Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
  42. ^ Stevens, R. (2007-05-10). Kill Me Three Times, Shame On Rasputin. Diesel Sweeties. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
  43. ^ Thomas Claburn (2 May 2007). HD DVD Blu-Ray Decryption Key Widely Posted Online. Information Week. Dark Reading. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  44. ^ a b Darren Waters (4 May 2007). DRM group vows to fight bloggers. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
  45. ^ Mann, Justin. "AACS LA tells Google to stop indexing hack - or else", TechSpot, 2007-05-01. Retrieved on 2007-05-05. 
  46. ^ AACS licensor complains of posted key. Chilling Effects (2007-04-17). Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
  47. ^ a b Buchanan, Matt. "Breaking: Digg Riot in Full Effect Over Pulled HD-DVD Key Story", Gizmodo, 2007-05-02. Retrieved on 2007-05-04. 
  48. ^ Forbes, CNet, BBC, Financial Times, Associated Press
  49. ^ Verne Kopytoff. User revolt at Digg.com shows risks of Web 2.0. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  50. ^ Tom Spring. Mob's Win is Digg's Loss. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  51. ^ John Carroll. A Digg riot and AACS. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  52. ^ Dvorak, John C.. "Digg's DVD-decoder fiasco: Lawyers' efforts can be counterproductive", Dow Jones MarketWatch, 2007-05-03. Retrieved on 2007-05-10. 
  53. ^ Carter Wood (2007-05-03). Intellectual Property Dust-Up: Digg. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
  54. ^ Berger, Adam. "HD-DVD cracked, Digg users causes an uproar", Gadgetell, 2007-05-02. Retrieved on 2007-05-04. 
  55. ^ Beal, Andy. "Rose Hands Over Digg Control", WebProNews, 2007-05-02. Retrieved on 2007-05-04. 
  56. ^ Lane, Frederick. "Digg This: Web 2.0, Censorship 0", Newsfactor.com, 2007-05-02. Retrieved on 2007-05-04. 
  57. ^ Singel, Ryan. "HD DVD Battle Stakes Digg Against Futility of DRM", Wired News, 2007-05-03. Retrieved on 2007-05-03. 
  58. ^ Zuckerman, Ethan. "Does The Number have a lesson for human rights activists?", Worldchanging, 2007-05-03. Retrieved on 2007-05-05. 
  59. ^ Conor Knighton (2007-05-03 15:00). Can You Digg It?. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
  60. ^ Home : AACS - Advanced Access Content System<. AACS LA. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.

Chilling Effects is a collaboration between several law school clinics and the Electronic Frontier Foundation to protect lawful online activity from legal threats. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (132nd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... In 1989 Ziff Davis Inc. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (139th in leap years). ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... This article is about the British technology news website. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... EFF Logo The EFF uses the blue ribbon as symbolism for their Free Speech defense. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (139th in leap years). ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (126th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (139th in leap years). ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (139th in leap years). ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... Edward William Felten (born March 25, 1963) is a professor of computer science and public affairs at Princeton University. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... Ars Technica is a technology-related website catering to PC enthusiasts. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (139th in leap years). ... December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, 361st in leap years. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... Core 2 Duo is the best Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC; SEHK: 4335) is the worlds largest semiconductor company and the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in many personal computers. ... International Business Machines Corporation (IBM, or colloquially, Big Blue) (NYSE: IBM) (incorporated June 15, 1911, in operation since 1888) is headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. The company manufactures and sells computer hardware, software, and services. ... Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. ... Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT), (founded 1975), headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA, is the worlds largest software company (with over 50,000 employees in various countries, as of May 2004). ... Sony Corporation (Japanese katakana: &#12477;&#12491;&#12540;) (TYO: 6758), (NYSE: SNE) is a global consumer electronics corporation based in Tokyo, Japan. ... Toshiba Corporations headquarters in Hamamatsucho, Tokyo Toshiba Corporation sales by division for year ending March, 31 2005 Toshiba Corporation (東芝, Tōshiba) TYO: 6502 is a Japanese high technology electrical and electronics manufacturing firm, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. ... The Walt Disney Company (NYSE: DIS) is one of the largest media and entertainment corporations in the world. ... Warner Bros. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 28 is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 3 days remaining. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... January 13 is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GB£4 billion (US$7. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... Yahoo! - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (126th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 17 is the 137th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (138th in leap years). ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... Slashdot, often abbreviated as /., is a science, science fiction, and technology-related news website which features user-submitted and editor-evaluated current affairs news with a nerdy slant. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GB£4 billion (US$7. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the Western United States. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... American Bar Associations Washington, DC office The American Bar Association (ABA) is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (132nd in leap years). ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... Wired News, online at Wired. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... Ars Technica is a technology-related website catering to PC enthusiasts. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (131st in leap years). ... Diesel Sweeties is a webcomic and newspaper comic strip written by Richard Stevens III (R Stevens). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (131st in leap years). ... May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation, usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GB£4 billion (US$7. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (126th in leap years). ... Chilling Effects is a collaboration between several law school clinics and the Electronic Frontier Foundation to protect lawful online activity from legal threats. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (126th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... Dow Jones redirects here. ... MarketWatch is the operator of a leading business news and information Website that provides headline news, analysis and stock market data to some 6 million people. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (131st in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (126th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... Wired can refer to: Wired magazine, a monthly technology magazine. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). ... WorldChanging is an bright green environmentalism blog which covers environmental, humanitarian and design issues. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (126th in leap years). ... Conor Knighton, born February 1, 1981, is an American actor, host, and television producer. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (126th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the CE era. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (131st in leap years). ...

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