The use of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology and services creates the need for an adaptation layer in order to support information transfer protocols, which are not based on ATM. Examples of services that need adaptations are Gigabit Ethernet, IP, Frame Relay, SONET/SDH, UMT/Wireless, etc.
The following ATM Adaptation Layer protocols (AALs) have been defined by ITU-T. It is meant that these AALs will meet a variety of needs. The classification is based on whether a timing relationship must be maintained between source and destination, whether the application requires a constant bit rate, and whether the transfer is connection oriented or connectionless.
AAL Type 1 supports constant bit rate, CBR, connection oriented, synchronous traffic. Examples include T1 (DS1), E1, and x64 kbit/s emulation.
AAL Type 2 supports time-dependent Variable Bit Rate (VBR-RT) of connection-oriented, synchronous traffic. Examples include Voice over ATM. AAL2 is also widely used in wireless applications due to the capability of multiplexing voice packets from different users on a single ATM connection.
AAL Type 3/4 supports VBR, data traffic, connection-oriented, asynchronous traffic (e.g. X.25 data) or connectionless packet data (e.g. SMDS traffic) with an additional 4-byte header in the information payload of the cell. Examples include Frame Relay and X.25.
AAL Type 5 is similar to AAL 3/4 with a simplified information header scheme. This AAL assumes that the data is sequential from the end user and uses the Payload Type Indicator (PTI) bit to indicate the last cell in a transmission. Examples of services that use AAL 5 are classic IP over ATM, Ethernet Over ATM, SMDS, and LAN Emulation (LANE). AAL 5 is a widely used ATM adaptation layer protocol. This protocol was intended to provide a streamlined transport facility for higher-layer protocols that are connection oriented.
AAL 5 was introduced to:
reduce protocol processing overhead.
reduce transmission overhead.
ensure adaptability to existing transport protocols.
The AAL 5 was designed to accommodate the same variable bit rate, connection-oriented asynchronous traffic or connectionless packet data supported by AAL 3/4, but without the segment tracking and error correction requirements.
An AAL connection (AALC) one made made by the AAL between entities in the next-higher layer.
This AALC event seeks to connect the analysis of critical spacial arrangements within metropolitan areas, which maintain islands of privilege for a few, and deludes the majority that they can buffet themselves from perceived threats, and from real moral and social responsibility of the poor.
AALC seeks to empower Katrina survivor strategy, and marginalized communities drowning on dry land, and to make connections between the Black community, other ethnic groups and working class communities in today’s metropolitan/global economy.
AALC progress reports will be presented to Gamaliel structures such as the Council of Presidents, National Leadership Assembly, Gamaliel National Clergy Caucus, Civil Rights of Immigrants etc., during 2006-07.
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