ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgM antibodies present in the serum

The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood group system) in human blood transfusion. The associated anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, which are usually produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria and viruses. ABO blood types are also present in some animals, for example apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas. Image File history File links ABO_blood_type. ... Image File history File links ABO_blood_type. ... An antigen is any molecule that is recognized by antibodies. ... Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and are the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen to body tissues via the blood. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Look up Serum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells. ... Donating blood Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... Animals and bacteria have cell surface antigens referred to as a blood type. ... Families Hylobatidae Hominidae Apes are the members of the Hominoidea superfamily of primates, which includes humans. ... Type species Simia troglodytes Blumenbach, 1775 distribution of Species Pan troglodytes Pan paniscus Chimpanzee, often shortened to chimp, is the common name for the two extant species in the genus Pan. ... Binomial name Pan paniscus Schwarz, 1929 Bonobo distribution The Bonobo (Pan paniscus), until recently usually called the Pygmy Chimpanzee and less often the Dwarf or Gracile Chimpanzee, is one of the two species comprising the chimpanzee genus, Pan. ... Type species Troglodytes gorilla Savage, 1847 distribution of Gorilla Species Gorilla gorilla Gorilla beringei The gorilla, the largest of the living primates, is a ground-dwelling omnivore that inhabits the forests of Africa. ...

ABO antigens

Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains which determine the ABO blood group

The A antigen and the B antigen are derived from a common precursor known as the H antigen (or H substance). The H antigen is a glycosphingolipid (sphingolipid with carbohydrates linked to the ceramide moiety). Since it lacks N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) it is referred to as a globoside, not a ganglioside. In blood group O the H antigen remains unchanged and consists of a chain of galactose, N-Acetylglucosamine, galactose, and fucose attached to the ceramide. H antigens can be changed into A or B antigens by enzymes coded by the blood group A or B genes. Type A has an extra N-Acetylgalactosamine bonded to the galactose near the end, while type B has an extra galactose bonded to the galactose near the end. Image File history File links ABO_blood_group_diagram. ... Image File history File links ABO_blood_group_diagram. ... An antigen is a substance that stimulates an immune response, especially the production of antibodies. ... Glycosphingolipids are a subtype of glycolipids containing the amino alcohol sphingosine. ... General chemical structure of sphingolipids. ... Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... Ceramides are a family of lipid molecules. ... Look up moiety in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sialic acid Sialic acid is a derivative of a nine-carbon monosaccharide, named from the Greek σιαλοσ (sialos) saliva. It is the negative charge of this chemical that is responsible for the slippery feel of saliva and mucins coating the body’s organs. ... Galactose (also called brain sugar) is a type of sugar found in dairy products, in sugar beets and other gums and mucilages. ... N-Acetylglucosamine (N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine, or GlcNAc, or NAG) is a monosaccharide derivative of glucose. ... Fucose is a hexose sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... ...

Individuals with Type A blood can accept blood from donors of type A and type O blood. Individuals with type B blood can receive blood from donors of type B and type O blood. Individuals with type AB blood may receive blood from donors of type A, type B, type AB, or type O blood. Type AB blood is referred to as the universal recipient. Individuals of type O blood may receive blood from donors of type O blood. Type O blood is called the universal donor.

Antibodies are not formed against the H antigen, except by those with the Bombay phenotype. Individuals with the rare Bombay phenotype (hh) do not express substance H (the antigen that defines blood group O) on their red blood cells, and therefore do not agglutinate (bind with) A or B antigens of the ABO blood group system. ...

In ABH secretors, ABH antigens are secreted by most mucous-producing cells of the body interfacing with the environment, including lung, skin, liver, pancreas, stomach, intestines, ovaries and prostate. The word mucous is an adjective which means pertaining to mucus or having the qualities of mucus. ...

History of discoveries

The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been discovered by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner, who found three different blood types in 1901;^[1] he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work. Due to inadequate communication at the time it was subsequently found that Czech serologist Jan Janský had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups,^[2] but Landsteiner's independent discovery had been accepted by virtually the whole scientific world while Janský remained in relative obscurity. Janský's classification is however still used in Russia and states of former USSR (see below). In America Moss published his own (very similar) work in 1910.^[3] Landsteiner described A, B, and O; Decastrello and Sturli discovered the fourth type, AB, in 1907.^[4] Karl Landsteiner Karl Landsteiner (June 14, 1868 – June 26, 1943), was an Austrian biologist and physician. ... List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ... Jan Janský (April 3, 1873, Prague – September 8, 1921, ÄŒernoÅ¡ice near Prague) was a Czech serologist, neurologist and psychiatrist. ...

Ludwik Hirszfeld and E. von Dungern discovered the heritability of ABO blood groups in 1910-11. Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884-1954) was a Polish microbiologist. ...

Serology

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies, which are not present in the newborn, appear in the first years of life. It is possible that food and environmental antigens (bacterial, viral or plant antigens) are similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens that antibodies created against the environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross react with ABO-incompatible red blood cells. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM, which are not able to pass through the placenta to the fetal blood circulation. Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Viral may mean: Viral phenomenon Viral (pr. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta - rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta - zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta - trimerophytes Pteridophyta - ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants... A glycoprotein is a macromolecule composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (an oligosaccharide). ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... The placenta is an ephemeral (temporary) organ present only in female placental vertebrates during gestation (pregnancy). ... Fetus at eight weeks A fetus (alternatively foetus or fœtus) is an embryo in later stages of development, from the third month of pregnancy until birth in humans. ...

The "Light in the Dark theory" however suggests that when budding viruses take with them host cell membranes (in particular from the lung and mucosal epithelium where they are highly expressed)they also take along ABO Blood antigens from those membranes, and may carry them into secondary recipients where these antigens can elicit a host immune response againts these non-self foreign blood antigens. These viral carried blood antigens may be responsible for priming newborns into producing neutralizing antibodies against foreign blood antigens. Support for this theory has come to light in recent experiments with HIV. HIV can be neutralized in "in-vitro" experiments using antibodies against blood group antigens specifically expressed on the HIV producing cell lines. (Arendrup M. et al. AIDS. 1991 Apr;5(4):441-4, Neil SJ. et al. Blood. 2005 Jun 15;105(12):4693-9.) The "Light in the Dark theory" suggests a new novel evolutionary hypothesis that there is true communal immunity, which has developed to reduce the inter-transmissibility of viruses within a population. It suggests that individuals in a population supply and make a diversity of unique antigenic moieties so as to keep the population as a whole more resistant to infection. A system set up ideally to work with variable recessive alleles.

ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn

Main article: ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn

ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type, which do not cross the placenta; however, sometimes IgG ABO antibodies are produced and a baby can develop ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. ABO blood group incompatibility and sensitisation is one cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn. ... Hemolytic disease of the newborn, (also known as HDN) is an alloimmune condition that develops in a fetus when IgG antibodies produced by the mother pass through the placenta and attack the fetuss red blood cells in the fetal circulation. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... ABO blood group incompatibility and sensitisation is one cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn. ...

Population data

The distribution of the blood groups A, B, O and AB varies across the world according to the population or race. There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations.

In the UK the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of placenames and to the successive invasions and migrations including Vikings, Danes, Saxons, Celts, and Normans who contributed the morphemes to the placenames and the genes to the population. ^[5] Toponymy is the taxonomic study of toponyms (place-names), their origins and their meanings. ... The name Viking is a loan from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse seafaring warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, Europe and the British Isles from the late 8th century to the 11th century, the period of European history referred to as the Viking Age. ... Map showing the Saxons homeland in traditional region bounded by the three rivers: Weser, Eider, and Elbe Src: Freemans Historical Geographys. The Saxons or Saxon people are (nowadays) part of the German people with its main areas of settlements in the German States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Saxony... A Celtic cross. ... Norman conquests in red. ... In Linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a given language. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ...

Distribution of blood types among various populations^[6]

South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Hong Kong (香港; Cantonese IPA: ; Jyutping: hoeng1 gong2; Yale: heūng góng; pinyin: Xiānggǎng; Wade-Giles: Hsiang-kang) is one of the two Special Administrative Regions of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Indigenous Australians are the first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ... Bengal, known as Bôngo (Bengali: বঙ্গ), Bangla (বাংলা), Bôngodesh (বঙ্গদেশ), or Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) in the Bengali language, is a region in the northeast of South Asia. ... The Sami people (also Sámi, Saami, Lapps and Laplanders) are the indigenous people of Sápmi, which encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. ...

Inheritance

A and B are codominant, giving the AB phenotype.

Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene with three alleles: i, I^A, and I^B. The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase - that is, an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens. The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome (9q34). Image File history File links Codominant. ... Image File history File links Codominant. ... Individuals in the mollusk species Donax variabilis show diverse coloration and patterning in their phenotypes. ... For other meanings of this term, see gene (disambiguation). ... In genetics, an allele (pronounced al-eel or al-e-ul) is any one of a number of viable DNA codings occupying a given locus (position) on a chromosome. ... Glycosyltransferases are a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst for the transfer of a monosaccharide from a glycosylamine derivative to an acceptor. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... Human red blood cells Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate bodys principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. ... Chromosome 9 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ...

I^A allele gives type A, I^B gives type B, and i gives type O. I^A and I^B are dominant over i, so ii people have type O, I^AI^A or I^Ai have A, and I^BI^B or I^Bi have type B. I^AI^B people have both phenotypes because A and B express a special dominance relationship: codominance, which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child. Thus, it is extremely unlikely for a type AB parent to have a type O child (it is not, however, direct proof of illegitimacy): the cis-AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens. The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A₁ or B red blood cells, which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group. ^[8] Individuals in the mollusk species Donax variabilis show diverse coloration and patterning in their phenotypes. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with incomplete dominance. ... // Illegitimacy is a term that was once in common use for the status of being born to parents who were not validly married to one another. ...

Evolutionary biologists theorize that the I^A allele evolved earliest, followed by O (by the deletion of a single nucleotide, shifting the reading frame) and then I^B.^{[citation needed]} This chronology accounts for the percentage of people worldwide with each blood type. It is consistent with the accepted patterns of early population movements and varying prevalent blood types in different parts of the world: for instance, B is very common in populations of Asian descent, but rare in ones of Western European descent.) In biology, a reading frame is a contiguous and non-overlapping set of three-nucleotide codons in DNA or RNA. There are 3 possible reading frames in a strand. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Asian people. ... This article is about the continent. ...

Association with von Wilebrand factor

The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor (vWF) glycoprotein,^[9] which participates in hemostasis (control of bleeding). In fact, having type O blood predisposes to bleeding,^[10] as 30% of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group,^[11] and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF (and Factor VIII) than do non-O individuals.^[12][13] In addition, vWF is degraded more rapidly due the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF (an amino acid polymorphism in VWF):^[14] the gene for ADAMTS13 (vWF-cleaving protease) maps to the ninth chromosome (9q34), the same locus as ABO blood type. Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had ischaemic stroke (from blood clotting) for the first time.^[15] The results of this study found that the occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism, and the only significant genetic factor was the person's blood group. Von Willebrand factor is a blood glycoprotein of the coagulation system. ... A glycoprotein is a macromolecule composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (an oligosaccharide). ... Hemostasis refers to a process whereby bleeding is halted in most animals with a closed circulatory system. ... Factor VIII (FVIII) is an essential clotting factor. ... In general, polymorphism describes multiple possible states for a single property (it is said to be polymorphic). ... ADAMTS13 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with a ThromboSpondin type 1 motif, member 13) is a zinc-containing metalloprotease enzyme that cleaves von Willebrand factor (vWf), a large protein involved in blood clotting. ... Proteases (proteinases, peptidases, or proteolytic enzymes) are enzymes that break peptide bonds between amino acids of proteins. ... Chromosome 9 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. ... The word locus (plural loci) is Latin for place: In biology and evolutionary computation, a locus is the position of a gene (or other significant sequence) on a chromosome. ... A stroke, also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA),[1] is an acute neurological injury in which the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted. ...

Bombay phenotype

Main article: Hh antigen system

Individuals with the rare Bombay phenotype (hh) do not express substance H on their red blood cells, and therefore do not bind A or B antigens. Instead, they produce antibodies to substance H (which is present on all red cells except those of hh genotype) as well as to both A and B antigens, and are therefore compatible only with other hh donors. Individuals with the rare Bombay phenotype (hh) do not express substance H (the antigen that defines blood group O) on their red blood cells, and therefore do not agglutinate (bind with) A or B antigens of the ABO blood group system. ... Individuals with the rare Bombay phenotype (hh) do not express substance H (the antigen that defines blood group O) on their red blood cells, and therefore do not agglutinate (bind with) A or B antigens of the ABO blood group system. ... Hh antigen system - diagram showing the molecular structure of the ABO(H) antigen system Individuals with the rare Bombay phenotype (hh) do not express substance H (the antigen that defines blood group O) on their red blood cells, and therefore do not agglutinate (bind with) A or B antigens of... The genotype is the specific genetic makeup (the specific genome) of an individual, in the form of DNA. Together with the environmental variation that influences the individual, it codes for the phenotype of that individual. ...

Nomenclature in Europe former USSR

In parts of Europe the "O" in ABO blood type is substituted with "0" (zero), signifying the lack of A or B antigen. In the former USSR and Russia, blood types are referenced using numbers and Roman numerals instead of letters. This is Janský's original classification of blood types. It designates the blood types of humans as I, II, III, and IV, which are elsewhere designated, respectively, as O, A, B, and AB. ^[16] The designation A and B with reference to blood groups was proposed by Hirszfeld. Roman numerals are a numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. ... Jan Janský (April 3, 1873, Prague - September 8, 1921, Černošice near Prague) was Czech serologist, neurologist and psychiatrist. ...

Examples of ABO and Rhesus D slide testing method

Blood group O positive: neither anti-A nor anti-B have agglutinated, but anti-Rh has Image File history File linksMetadata RhO+.jpg‎ My blood test, for a college laboratory class. ...

Result: Blood group B negative: anti-A and anti-Rh have not agglutinated but anti-B has Image File history File linksMetadata RhB-.JPG‎ My lab partner blood test during a laboratory class. ...

In the slide testing method shown above, three drops of blood are placed on a glass slide with liquid reagents. Agglutination indicates the presence of blood group antigens in the blood. agglutination ...

References

-1... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... PubMed Central grew from the online Entrez PubMed biomedical literature search system. ...

Further reading

• Blood group serology--the first four decades (1900--1939). Medical History journal, 1979.

External links

• Blood Grouping techniques