AC-130 Spectre/Spooky
AC-130 deploying flares
Description
Role	Close air support, air interdiction and force protection
Crew	Five officers (pilot, co-pilot, navigator, fire control officer, electronic warfare officer) and eight enlisted (flight engineer, TV operator, infrared detection set operator, loadmaster, four aerial gunners)
First Flight	AC-130U: 20 December 1990
Entered Service	AC_130H, 1972; AC_130U, 1995
Manufacturer	Lockheed/Boeing
Dimensions
Length	97 ft, 9 in	29.8 m
Wingspan	132 ft, 7 in	40.4 m
Height	38 ft, 10 in	11. 9 m
Wing area	ft²	m²
Weights
Empty	lb	kg
Loaded	lb	kg
Maximum takeoff	155,000 lb	69,750 kg
Capacity
Powerplant
Engines	Four Allison T56-A-15 turboprop engines
Power	4,910 shaft hp each engine	3,700 kW
Thrust	lb	kN
Performance
Maximum speed	300 mph (Mach .4)	483 km/h
Combat range	1,300 nautical miles (2,400 km) AC-130U: 2,200 nautical miles (4,070 km)
Ferry range	miles	km
Service ceiling	25,000 ft (AC-130U: 30,000 ft)	7,576 m (9144 m)
Rate of climb	ft/min	m/min
Wing loading	lb/ft²	kg/m²
Thrust/Weight
Power/Mass	hp/lb	kW/kg
Avionics
Avionics
Armament
Guns	two M61 Vulcan Cannons (or one GAU-12 Equalizer), one 40 mm gun, one M102 105 mm howitzer
Bombs
Missiles
Rockets
Other

The AC-130 Gunship is an armed variant of the Lockheed C-130 Hercules.

The primary missions of the United States Air Force's AC-130H Spectre and AC-130U Spooky gunships are close air support, air interdiction, and force protection. Missions in close air support are troops in contact, convoy escort and urban operations. Air interdiction missions are conducted against planned targets or targets of opportunity. Force protection missions include air base defense and facilities defense.

Equipment

These heavily armed aircraft incorporate side-firing weapons integrated with sophisticated sensor, navigation and fire control systems to provide targeted firepower or area saturation whilst spending long periods flying over their target area, at night and in adverse weather. The sensor suite consists of a television sensor, infrared sensor and radar. These sensors allow the gunship to visually or electronically identify friendly ground forces and targets in most conditions. The AC-130U employs synthetic aperture radar for long-range target detection and identification. The gunship's navigational devices include the inertial navigation systems and global positioning system. The AC_130U employs technologies developed in the 1990s and can attack two targets simultaneously. It also has twice the munitions capacity of the AC-130H.

History

The AC-130 gunship has a combat history dating to the Vietnam War, where it replaced the AC-47. Gunships destroyed more than 10,000 trucks and were credited with many crucial close air support missions. During Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada in 1983, AC-130s suppressed enemy air defense systems and attacked ground forces enabling the successful assault of the Point Salines Airfield via airdrop and air land of friendly forces. The AC-130 aircrew earned the Lt. Gen. William H. Tunner Award for the mission.

AC-130s also had a primary role during Operation Just Cause in Panama in 1989 when they destroyed Panamanian Defense Force Headquarters and numerous command and control facilities. Aircrews earned the Mackay Trophy for the most meritorious flight of the year and the Tunner Award for their efforts.

During Operation Desert Storm, AC-130s provided close air support and force protection (air base defense) for ground forces. Gunships were also used during operations Continue Hope and United Shield in Somalia, providing close air support for United Nations ground forces. More recently, gunships played a pivotal role in supporting the NATO mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The AC-130H provided air interdiction against key targets in the Sarajevo area.

In 1997, gunships were diverted from Italy to provide combat air support for U.S. and allied ground troops during the evacuation of American noncombatants in Albania. Gunships also were part of the buildup of U.S. forces in Iraq to comply with U.N. weapons inspections. Gunships were later used in the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 Iraq War.

Current deployment

The AC-130H is produced at a cost of $132.4 million US Dollars and the AC-130U is produced at a cost of $190 million US Dollars (fiscal 2001 constant dollars). Currently there are eight AC-130H and thirteen AC-130U aircraft in Active Duty service. No aircraft of either type is on reserve or National Guard duty.

Civilian casualties and controversy

The use of gunships in general and the AC-130 in particular has been controversial at times. Although the on-board systems are effective at identifying targets, it is unable to reliably tell whether those targets are civilians or military. Incidents of attacks on, for example "weddings", have been explained by celebratory firing of small calibre weapons (e.g. AK-47s in Afganistan[1] (http://foi.missouri.edu/whistleblowing/uswarned.html)). Further, in combat areas such as Vietnam, Afghanistan and Iraq, fighters tend to be mixed with the local population either since they are part of that population or, according to American Military sources, because they use the local population as "human shields". This intermingling of population with fighters means that air attack by the AC-130 on a "military targets" risks civilian casualties since it is "not possible to distinguish" combatants from non-combatants.

The greater accuracy of attacks from the AC-130 has been claimed [2] (http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1019/p3s1-usmi.htm) to reduce accidental casualties compared to high level bombing.

See also

• Current USAF aircraft

References

• Video (http://www.sftt.org/AC130_Gunship.wmv) (low resolution) : Actual live-fire combat mission video (Afghanistan). (WMV format)
• Air Force Factsheet: the AC-130H/U GUNSHIP (http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=71) on which this article was originally based.
• FAS.org: AC-130H Spectre/AC-130U Spooky (http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/ac-130.htm)
• Executive summary from US investigation exonerating AC-130 crews who caused civilian casualties in Afghanistan (http://www.centcom.mil/CENTCOMNews/Reports/Investigation_Oruzgan_Province.htm)