Authentication Header, the IPsec protocol designed to guarantee integrity and authenticity
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In 638 (AH 17), the second Caliph Umar began numbering the years of the Islamic calendar from the year of the Hijra, which was postdated AH 1.
For AH 1420-22, if moonset occurred after sunset at Mecca, then the day beginning at that sunset was the first day of a Saudi month, essentially the same rule used by Malaysia, Indonesia, and others (except for the location from which the hilal was observed).
Since the beginning of AH 1423 (March 16, 2002), the rule has been clarified a little by requiring the geocentric conjunction of the sun and moon to occur before sunset, in addition to requiring moonset to occur after sunset at Mecca.
AH may be applied alone, in combination with the IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), or in a nested fashion through the use of tunnel mode (see "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", hereafter referred to as the Security Architecture document).
AH is an appropriate protocol to employ when confidentiality is not required (or is not permitted, e.g, due to government restrictions on use of encryption).
The position of AH in tunnel mode, relative to the outer IP header, is the same as for AH in transport mode.