AMC Pacer
Manufacturer	American Motors (AMC)
Production	1975 — 1980
Assembly	Kenosha, Wisconsin Mexico City (VAM)
Class	Compact
Body style(s)	2-door hatchback 2-door station wagon
Layout	front-engine, rear wheel drive
Engine(s)	232 cu in (3.8 L) I6 258 cu in (4.2 L) I6 304 cu in (5 L) V8
Transmission(s)	3-speed manual 3-speed with overdrive 4-speed manual 3-speed automatic
Wheelbase	100.0 inches (2,540 mm)
Length	171.8 inches (4,364 mm) (coupe)
Width	77.3 inches (1,963 mm)
Height	52.8 inches (1,341 mm) (coupe)
Curb weight	3,000 pounds (1,361 kg)
Fuel capacity	21.9 US gal (83 L/18 imp gal)
Designer	Richard A. Teague

The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact automobile produced in the United States by the American Motors Corporation between 1975 and 1980. Its initial design idea was started in 1971. The car's unusual rounded shape with massive glass area greatly contrasted with the mostly boxy, slab-sided models of the era. The Pacer's "jellybean" body style is a very easily recognized icon of the 1970s. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 436 pixelsFull resolution (1320 × 720 pixel, file size: 274 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Automakers, also known as carmakers, automobile manufacturers, motor manufacturers, or the automobile industry are companies that design and manufacture automobiles. ... American Motors Corporation (AMC) was an American automobile company formed on January 14, 1954 by the merger of the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and the Hudson Motor Car Company. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Location of Kenosha within Wisconsin Coordinates: , Country State County Kenosha Settled 1836 Government  - Mayor John M. Antaramian Area  - City 24. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mexico. ... Nickname: Location of Mexico City Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... Car classification is subjective since many vehicles fall into multiple categories. ... The Rambler American introduced in the late 1950s was an early compact car. ... Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. ... Renault Megane hatchback, a proper hatchback which has shown huge success in Europe Peugeot 306 hatchback, with the hatch lifted and the parcel shelf tilted for access Hatchback is a term designating an automobile design, containing a passenger cabin with an integrated cargo space, accessed from behind the vehicle by... Estate car body style (Saab 95) A station wagon (United States usage), wagon (Australian usage, though station wagon is widely used) or estate car (United Kingdom usage) is a car body style similar to a sedan car but with an extended rear cargo area. ... In automobile design layout is the place where both the engine and driven wheels are. ... Sketch of FR layout In automobile design, an FR, or front-engine, rear wheel drive means a layout where the engine is in the front of the vehicle and drive wheels at the rear. ... The American Motors Corporation (AMC) straight-6 family of engines was used by a number of AMC and Jeep vehicles from 1964 through 2006. ... The American Motors Corporation (AMC) straight-6 family of engines was used by a number of AMC and Jeep vehicles from 1964 through 2006. ... American Motors produced a series of widely-used V8 engines before being absorbed into Chrysler. ... “Gearbox” redirects here. ... A manual transmission (also known as a stick shift, straight drive, or standard transmission) is a type of transmission used in automotive applications. ... An overdrive is sometimes a separate unit that fits into the back of a gearbox, as with this Fairey unit. ... The automatic gear selector in a Ford Five Hundred vehicle An automatic transmission (commonly abbreviated as AT) is an automobile gearbox that can change gear ratios automatically as the vehicle moves, thus freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually (similar but larger devices are also used for railroad... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Kerb (sometimes mis-spelled as curb by Americans) weight is the total weight of a vehicle with standard equipment, all necessary operating consumables (such as motor oil and coolant), a full tank of fuel and not loaded with either passengers or cargo. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Automotive design. ... Richard A. Teague was a principal designer for the American Motors company. ... The Rambler American introduced in the late 1950s was an early compact car. ... Car redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the material. ... An era is a long period of time with different technical and colloquial meanings, and usages in language. ... Jelly beans or jelly eggs are a type of confectionery that comes in many different (primarily fruit) flavors. ...

Design

AMC's chief stylist Richard A. Teague began work on the Pacer in 1971, anticipating an increase in demand for smaller vehicles through the decade. Richard A. Teague was a principal designer for the American Motors company. ...

Car and Driver magazine noted that "AMC said it was the first car designed from the inside out. Four passengers were positioned with reasonable clearances and then the rest of the car was built around them as compactly as possible."^[1] Cover of Car and Driver from age of psychedelic lettering Car and Driver is an American automotive enthusiast magazine. ...

Designed to appear futuristic, the shape was highly rounded with a huge glass area, and was very unusual for its time. Road & Track magazine described it as "fresh, bold and functional-looking".^[2] For the meaning in finance, see futures contract. ... Road & Track is an automobile enthusiast magazine in the United States, founded by two friends in 1947. ...

Development was under Product Group Vice President Gerald C. Meyers, whose goal was to develop a car that was truly unique: "...everything that we do must distinguish itself as being importantly different than what can be expected from the competition..."^[3] Gerald C. Meyers is a well known industrialist, author, speaker, former Chairman of American Motors, active business consultant, and an expert in the field of Corporate Governance and Crisis Management in business. ...

Unique for a comparatively small car, the Pacer was as wide as a full-size American car of the era. Contrary to popular myth, it was not widened six inches (152.4 mm) to make room for the rear-wheel drive configuration: according to an AMC market study from the early 1970s, front-wheel drive was never a consideration—Americans much preferred the more traditional and familiar rear-wheel drive. (However, rear- and mid-engined layouts were explored.) The width was dictated partly by marketing strategy—U.S. drivers were accustomed to large, comfortable vehicles, and the Pacer's occupants had the impression, at least from the front seat, of being in a much larger car—and partly by the fact that AMC's assembly lines were already set up for full-size cars. 2001 BMW 750iL The Ford Falcon, a popular Australian full-size car A full-size car is a marketing term used in North America for an automobile larger than a mid-size car. ... Rear-wheel drive (or RWD for short) is a common engine/transmission layout used in automobiles. ... Front-wheel drive is the most common form of engine/transmission layout used in modern passenger cars, where the engine drives the front wheels. ...

Also unique at the time, the passenger door was four inches (101 mm) longer than the driver's. The wider opening made it easier for passengers to get in and out, particularly from the rear seats; and they would also tend to use the safer curb side in countries that drive on the right. Ford used this design element in the 1990s Windstar mini-van.  drive on right drive on left Driving on either the left or the right side of the road reduces the incidence of vehicles being involved in head-on collisions with each other. ...

Teague's low-drag design, which predated the fuel crisis and the flood of small foreign imports into the American market, was highly innovative. Its drag coefficient of 0.32 was outstandingly low for a car of its size. Teague even eliminated rain gutters, smoothly blending the tops of the doors into the roof—an aerodynamic detail which, although criticized at the time for allowing rain onto the front seat, has become the norm in today's designs. The 1973 oil crisis began in earnest on October 17, 1973, when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) announced, as a result of the ongoing Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship petroleum... The drag coefficient is a common metric in automotive design, where designers strive to achieve a low coefficient. ...

The Pacer was also among the first production cars in the U.S. to feature rack-and-pinion steering. A rack and pinion is a pair of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion. ...

In the mid-1970s the U.S. government mandated major safety improvements for the 1980 model year, to include 50-mile-per-hour (80 km/h) front-end crash testing, 25-mile-per-hour (40 km/h) side crash testing and 30-mile-per-hour (48 km/h) rollover testing, as well as installation of bumpers to resist 5-mile-per-hour (8 km/h) impact at the front and 10-mile-per-hour (16 km/h) at the rear. The Pacer was designed to these specifications, and also had laminated safety glass in the windshield. A rollover in Sydney, Australia on Christmas day, 2001. ... Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. ...

General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler persuaded the government that it was not financially viable to modify existing production cars to comply with the new regulations, and that instead each company would be put to the enormous expense of producing new, safety-compliant vehicles. Accordingly the government requirements were reduced, which led to the deletion of several safety features from the production Pacer—for example the roll bar over the passenger compartment, and the bump in the roof that accommodated it. The Pacer's remaining safety features were not strongly advertised, and seldom influenced a potential customer's purchasing decision. The car's extra weight—due in part to the safety equipment and the abundance of heavy glass—hurt fuel economy: production models tested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) gave 16 mpg–U.S. (14.7 L/100 km / 19.2 mpg–imp) in the city, but 26 mpg–U.S. (9.05 L/100 km / 31.2 mpg–imp) or better on the highway (depending on driving habits and transmission), thanks to aerodynamic efficiency. General Motors Corporation, also known as GM, is a multinational corporation headquartered in the United States and has been the worlds largest and most dominant automaker since 1931 till the second half of 2007, surpassed by Toyota; as well as the global industry sales leader for 77 years. ... “Ford” redirects here. ... The Chrysler Corporation was a United States-based automobile manufacturer that existed independently from 1925–1998. ... A specially constructed frame built around the cab of a vehicle to protect the driver from being injured in an accident, particularly in the event of a roll-over. ... EPA redirects here. ...

Originally the car was designed for a Wankel rotary engine. In 1973, AMC signed a licensing agreement with Curtiss-Wright to build Wankels for cars and Jeep-type vehicles. (The agreement also permitted Curtiss-Wright to sell rotaries elsewhere.)^[4] Later, AMC decided instead to purchase the engines from General Motors (GM), who were developing them for use in their own cars. However, GM canceled development in 1974 for reasons that included durability issues, the fuel crisis, tooling costs (for the engines and also for a new product line designed around the rotary's ultra-compact dimensions) and the upcoming (late 1970s) U.S. emissions legislation. It was also thought that the high-revving Wankel would not suit Americans accustomed to low revs and high torque. Wankel Engine in Deutsches Museum Munich, Germany The Wankel rotary engine is a type of internal combustion engine, invented by German engineer Felix Wankel, which uses a rotor instead of reciprocating pistons. ... The Curtiss-Wright Corporation was once a leading aircraft manufacturer of the United States, but has since become a component manufacturer, specializing in actuators, controls, valves, and metal treatment. ... For other uses, see Jeep (disambiguation). ... General Motors Corporation, also known as GM, is a multinational corporation headquartered in the United States and has been the worlds largest and most dominant automaker since 1931 till the second half of 2007, surpassed by Toyota; as well as the global industry sales leader for 77 years. ...

GM's change of plans left the Pacer without an engine. AMC had invested too much money and effort in the car's design to scrap it, so they hastily reconfigured it to accept their existing straight-six engine. This involved a complete redesign of drivetrain and firewall to keep the longer straight-six within the body dimensions designed for the Wankel, but it also allowed the Pacer to share many mechanical components with other AMC models. The American Motors Corporation (AMC) straight-6 family of engines was used by a number of AMC and Jeep vehicles from 1964 through 2006. ...

Production

1978 AMC Pacer station wagon front.

1978 AMC Pacer station wagon rear.

Introduced in showrooms on February 28, 1975, the Pacer was designed to attract buyers of traditional large cars to a smaller package during a time when gasoline prices were projected to rise dramatically.^[5] In its first year of production, the Pacer sold well, with 145,528 units. Some reviewers referred to it as a "fishbowl on wheels" or a "jellybean in suspenders" because of its unconventional styling, while some described it as a "cute" car. There was little competition from other American manufacturers, most of whom had been blindsided by the oil crisis. The increased demand for compact, economy vehicles was growing rapidly. However, Pacer sales fell after the first two years, and it was available through the 1980 model year. Similar to its mid-year introduction, on December 3, 1979, production of the Pacer ended at the Kenosha, Wisconsin assembly plant where it had begun five years earlier.^[6] A total of 280,000 cars were built. Increasing competition from the Big Three U.S. automakers and the rapid consumer shift to imported cars during the late 1970s are cited as the reasons for this outcome. AMC Pacer. ... AMC Pacer. ... AMC Pacer from the rear. ... AMC Pacer from the rear. ... is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 1973 oil crisis began in earnest on October 17, 1973, when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) announced, as a result of the ongoing Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship petroleum... is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ...

The Pacer's unconventional styling was also commonly cited as an issue in its lack of success. Other concerns included a lack of cargo space when carrying a full load of passengers (because of its short wheelbase). Cargo space could be increased to 29.5 cubic feet (0.84 m³) by folding down the back of the rear seat to form a flat floor. Drivers also cited a lack of power. The Pacer was rather heavy and the standard 232 cu in (3.8 L) I6 with a small single-barrel carburetor was optimized for low-emission standards and seemed to make the car underpowered. In 1976, a High Output version of the 258 cu in (4.2 L) engine was offered, which helped the performance at the cost of higher fuel consumption. All vehicles at that time were loaded down with devices intended to reduce emissions. By the time a 304 cu in (5 L) V8 was offered in 1978, AMC introduced a successful line of "luxury-compact" models (the AMC Concord). Additionally, gasoline prices remained high, limiting demand for V8-powered vehicles. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Bendix-Technico (Stromberg) 1-barrel downdraft carburetor model BXUV-3, with nomenclature A carburetor (North American spelling) or carburettor (Commonwealth spelling), is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine. ... Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. ... American Motors produced a series of widely-used V8 engines before being absorbed into Chrysler. ... The AMC Concord was a compact car made by the American Motors Corporation (AMC) starting in the 1978 model year and continuing to 1983. ...

A station wagon body style was offered from 1977, featuring a longer length, increased cargo capacity, and a less unusual design. While the rear side windows on the coupe curved down and around the rear corners of the car, the wagon had a squared off back with almost upright and straight rear side windows. Although a small vent window in the front door was an option on all Pacers, rear seat passengers in the wagon had a push out vent window, at the front of the side quarter glass as standard equipment. The big rear hatch opened to an extended cargo area that was also wide and flat with 47.8 cubic feet (1.35 m³) of space. The rear seat also folded down even with the load space floor. Some wagon models featured simulated wood-grain trim on the lower body sides and the liftgate. Estate car body style (Saab 95) A station wagon (United States usage), wagon (Australian usage, though station wagon is widely used) or estate car (United Kingdom usage) is a car body style similar to a sedan car but with an extended rear cargo area. ... A liftgate, also called a hatch or hatchback, is a closure at the rear of a vehicle that can be raised during loading and unloading, in contrast to a tailgate which is usually on a pickup truck and is lowered for loading and unloading. ...

Intriguingly, in late 1980, well after the production had ceased, the well-noted Californian freelance designer, Mark Stehrenberger drew up a proposal for an early 1980s Pacer.^{[citation needed]} This article is about the U.S. state. ...

Mexican market

The Pacer was produced in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) starting in 1976. The cars came with different engines, interiors, and other components because vehicles made in Mexico had to have at least 50% locally sourced parts. The engine was an AMC design, but modified and built by VAM. A unique to Mexico 282 cu in (4.62 L) I6 engine was standard. It was designed to cope with low octane fuel and high altitudes. All Pacers built by VAM came with the following standard equipment: power disk brakes, power steering, handling package, slot wheels with ER78x14 radial tires, reclining front seats, and a radio.^[7] The American Motors Corporation (AMC) straight-6 family of engines was used by a number of AMC and Jeep vehicles from 1964 through 2006. ... A gas station pump offering five different octane ratings. ...

Media appearances

• Feature films: The "Mirthmobile" in the 1992 film Wayne's World is a Pacer.^[8] Wayne's World 2 (1993) has two Pacers: customized convertible and stretch limousine. Other feature film appearances include Car Wash (1976), Oh, God! (1977), Mask^[9] (1985), Cobra (1986), Miracle Mile (1988), Edward Scissorhands (1990), Good Burger (1997) and Crash (2004).

• Television: American television appearances include That '70s Show, The X Files and Pimp My Ride (in which a live rat is discovered in the dashboard).

• Print and new media: The Pacer appears in several humorous opinion-based books of "worst cars" including The World’s Worst Cars,^[10] The Worst Cars Ever Sold,^[11] Lemon!^[12] and Automotive Atrocities;^[13] and also in published lists solicited from the general public, such as MSNBC.com's 2005 "least-loved american autos",^[14] Time.com's 2007 "50 Worst Cars of All Time",^[15] and "The Most Questionable Car Designs of All Time", a 2007 survey of nearly 2500 policyholders with a major collector-car insurance company.^[16][17]

Waynes World is a 1992 comedy film starring Mike Myers as Wayne Campbell and Dana Carvey as Garth Algar, hosts of a cable access television show (called Waynes World) from Aurora, Illinois. ... Waynes World 2 is a 1993 comedy film starring Mike Myers and Dana Carvey as hosts of a cable access television show from Aurora, Illinois. ... A reel of film, which predates digital cinematography. ... For other uses, see Car wash (disambiguation). ... Oh God! is a 1977 comedy film directed by Carl Reiner based on a novel by Avery Corman. ... Egyptian Cobra, Naga haje This article is about snakes. ... Miracle Mile has several meanings: The first time an athlete ran a mile in under four minutes, done by Roger Bannister in 1954. ... Edward Scissorhands is a 1990 fantasy film, directed and co-written by Tim Burton and written by Caroline Thompson. ... Good Burger is a 1997 comedy film from Paramount Pictures thats directed by Adrienne Bailon and starring Arnold & Gerald from Hey Arnold!, Sinbad, Shar Jackson, Abe Vigoda, and Jan Schweiterman. ... Crash is an Academy Award-winning drama film directed by Paul Haggis. ... That 70s Show, an American television sitcom, centers on the lives of a group of teenagers living in Point Place, Wisconsin, a fictional suburb of either Kenosha or Green Bay[1] from May 17, 1976 to December 31, 1979. ... X-Files intro from first 8 seasons The X-Files was a popular 1990s American science fiction television series created by Chris Carter. ... This article is about the television show. ... New Media is the marriage of mediated communications technologies with digital computers. ... MSNBC logo MSNBC (Microsoft & National Broadcasting Company) is a 24-hour news channel in the United States. ... “TIME” redirects here. ...

Famous owners

Pacers have been owned by American country music artist Conway Twitty, French actress and animal rights activist Brigitte Bardot, American auto racer Richard Petty and 2008 U.S. Presidential candidate Mitt Romney.^[18] Conway Twitty (September 1, 1933 - June 5, 1993), born Harold Lloyd Jenkins, was one of the United States most successful country music artists of the 20th century. ... Animal liberation redirects here. ... Brigitte Bardot (French IPA: ) (born September 28, 1934) is a BAFTA Awards-nominated French actress, former fashion model, singer, known nationalist, animal rights activist, and considered the embodiment of the 1950s and 1960s sex kitten. ... A Peugeot 206 World Rally Car Motor racing and Motorsports redirect here. ... Richard Lee Petty (born July 2, 1937) is an American former NASCAR Winston Cup Series driver. ... Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) was the 70th Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. ...

The billionaire Gordon Getty, who not only drove a Pacer but was reported to keep a second, brand-new one for use when the first one wore out, greatly admired the car.^{[citation needed]} Son of business titan J. Paul Getty (d. ...

Collectibility

Now a "classic car", the Pacer has come to be regarded in some quarters as a 1970s design icon.^[19] Business Week magazine noted that the rising values of so-called "nerd cars" prompted the CEO of a major collector-car insurance company to buy one.^[16] Ford Model A Four-door 1948 Buick Eight convertible 1959 Chevrolet Impala A yank tank or maquina in Havana, Cuba Another yank tank in Havana 1967 Ford Mustang Coupe Classic car is a term frequently used to describe an older car, but the exact meaning is subject to differences in... BusinessWeek is a business magazine published by McGraw-Hill. ...

The car has a cult following, especially among fans of 1970s popular culture.^[20] This article does not discuss cultist groups, personality cults, or cult in its original sense of religious practice. See cult (disambiguation) for more meanings of the term cult. A cult following is a group of fans devoted to a specific area of pop culture. ...

Ownership suppport

There are many active AMC car clubs that welcome Pacers. New, used and reproduction parts are available.

References

Inline

General

• Patrick Foster, "American Motors' Pacer: A Piece of Tomorrow" Hemmings Classic Car - March 1, 2005, Retrieved on: March 29, 2008.
• Bill Vance, "AMC Pacer" Canadian Driver, January 13, 2004, Retrieved on: March 29, 2008.

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

AMC Pacer

• Nice Pacer pictures and big parts list
• amcpacer.com
• Classic American magazine (UK) Pacer article (Internet Archive copy)
• AMC Pacer specifications
• AMC Pacer at the Internet Movie Cars Database