Abdus Salam
Abdus Salam (1926-1996)
Born	January 29, 1926 Jhang, Punjab, British India
Died	November 21, 1996 (aged 70) Oxford, England, United Kingdom
Residence	United Kingdom
Citizenship	United Kingdom
Nationality	Pakistani
Fields	Physicist
Institutions	Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Punjab University Imperial College, London Government College University of Cambridge International Centre for Theoretical Physics
Alma mater	University of the Punjab Government College St John's College, Cambridge
Doctoral advisor	Nicholas Kemmer Paul Matthews
Doctoral students	Michael Duff Walter Gilbert John Moffat Yuval Ne'eman John Polkinghorne
Known for	Electroweak theory Pati-Salam model
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1979) Smith's Prize Adams Prize
Religious stance	Islam

Abdus Salam^[1] (Urdu: عبد السلام) (January 29, 1926;Jhang Punjab – November 21, 1996; Oxford, England)^[2] was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work in Electro-Weak Theory. Salam, Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg shared the prize for this discovery. Salam holds the distinction of being the first Pakistani Nobel Laureate, and was the first Muslim Nobel Laureate in science. The validity of the theory was ascertained through experiments carried out at the Super Proton Synchrotron facility at CERN in Geneva, particularly, through the discovery of the W and Z Bosons. Abdus Salam may refer to the following persons: Abdus Salam, Nobel laureate, Pakistani physicist and follower of the Ahmadiyya strain of Islam Abdus Salam (language martyr), Bengali language activist killed during the Language Movement Abdus Salam, aka Scotty the Gully Ahmadi, an Ahmadi hip-hop producer Category: ... Image File history File links Nobel_prize_medal. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jhang (Punjabi/Urdu: جھنگ) Jhang District is situated in the Punjab province of Pakistan. ... This article is about the Pakistani province. ... Anthem God Save The Queen/King British India, circa 1860 Capital Calcutta (1858-1912), New Delhi (1912-1947) Language(s) Hindi, Urdu, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India  - 1877-1901 Victoria  - 1901-1910 Edward VII  - 1910-1936 George V  - January-December 1936 Edward VIII  - 1936-1947 George... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with physician, a person who practices medicine. ... Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) (Urdu: ادارہ جوہری توانائی پاکستان ) is responsible for nuclear applications development in Pakistan. ... Punjab University can refer to one of the following: In Pakistan: University of the Punjab, Lahore In India: Panjab University, Chandigarh This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Royal School of Mines Entrance Imperial College London is a college of the University of London which focuses on science and technology, and is located in South Kensington in London. ... Government College University Lahore is a co-educational public university located in Lahore, the second largest city of Pakistan. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. ... ICTP Main building The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics operates under a tripartite agreement among the Italian Government, UNESCO, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (both agencies of the United Nations) to foster advanced studies and research, especially in developing countries. ... For other uses, see Alma mater (disambiguation). ... University of the Punjab (abbreviated as PU) (Urdu: جامعه پنجاب), colloquially known as Punjab University, is located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. ... Government College University Lahore is a co-educational public university located in Lahore, the second largest city of Pakistan. ... College name The College of Saint John the Evangelist of the University of Cambridge Motto Souvent me Souvient (Latin: I often remember) Named after The Hospital of Saint John the Evangelist Established 1511 Location St. ... Nicholas Kemmer (7 December 1911 -- 21 October 1998) was a physicist. ... Sir Michael Duff, the bon vivant and society figure, was the son of Sir Robin Duff, 2nd Bt, of Vaynol, and his wife Lady Juliet Lowther, only child of the 4th Earl of Lonsdale and his wife Lady Gwladys Herbert (later Marchioness of Ripon). ... Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist,and molecular biology pioneer. ... Image File history File links Nobel_prize_medal. ... Yuval Neeman (May 14, 1925 – April 26, 2006), was an Israeli physicist and politician. ... John Polkinghorne, KBE, FRS, PhD, ScD, MA, (born October 16, 1930 in Weston-super-Mare, England) is a British particle physicist and theologian. ... In physics, the electroweak theory presents a unified description of two of the four fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force. ... The Pati-Salam model is a GUT theory which states that the gauge group is either SU(4)× SU(2)L× SU(2)R or ( SU(4)× SU(2)L× SU(2)R )/Z2 and the fermions form three families, each consisting of the representations (4,2,1) and . ... Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Image File history File links Nobel_prize_medal. ... The Smiths Prize is a prize awarded to research students in theoretical Physics, mathematics and applied mathematics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. ... See also the Herbert Baxter Adams Prize of the American Historical Society, and not to be confused with the Douglas Adams Prize for homourous writing The Adams Prize is awarded each year by the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and St Johns College to a young... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jhang (Punjabi/Urdu: جھنگ) Jhang District is situated in the Punjab province of Pakistan. ... This article is about the Pakistani province. ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Theoretical physics attempts to understand the world by making a model of reality, used for rationalizing, explaining, predicting physical phenomena through a physical theory. There are three types of theories in physics; mainstream theories, proposed theories and fringe theories. ... The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... In physics, the electroweak theory presents a unified description of two of the four fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force. ... Professor Sheldon Lee Glashow (born December 5, 1932) is an American physicist. ... Steven Weinberg (born May 3, 1933) is an American physicist. ... The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. ... The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) is a particle accelerator at CERN. Originally specified as a 300 GeV machine, the SPS was actually built to be capable of 400GeV, an operating energy it achieved on the official commissioning date of 17 June 1976. ... CERN logo The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: ), commonly known as CERN (see Naming), pronounced (or in French), is the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated just northwest of Geneva on the border between France and Switzerland. ... For other uses, see Geneva (disambiguation). ... In physics, the W and Z bosons, colloquially known as Weakons, are the elementary particles that mediate the weak force. ...

Biography

Youth and education

Salam's father was an official in the Department of Education in a poor farming district. His family has a long tradition of piety and learning. Department of Education may refer to any of several government agencies: United Kingdom Department for Education and Skills (until 1996 named Department of Education) Scottish Education Department United States United States Department of Education United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Many U.S. states also have their own...

At the age of just fourteen, Salam scored the highest marks ever recorded for the Matriculation Examination at the University of the Punjab. He won a scholarship to the Government College, University of the Punjab, in Lahore. As a fourth-year student there, he published his work on Srinivasa Ramanujan.^[3]. He took his master's degree at the Government College in 1946. That same year, he was awarded a scholarship to St. John's College, Cambridge University, where he took a BA with Double First-Class Honours in Mathematics and Physics in 1949. In 1950, he received the Smith's Prize from Cambridge University for the most outstanding pre-doctoral contribution to Physics. 14 (fourteen) is the natural number following 13 and preceding 15. ... Look up matriculation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... University of the Punjab (abbreviated as PU) (Urdu: جامعه پنجاب), colloquially known as Punjab University, is located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. ... Government College University Lahore is a co-educational public university located in Lahore, the second largest city of Pakistan. ...   (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور, pronounced ) is the capital of the Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ... Ramanujan redirects here. ... A masters degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded after the completion of an academic program of one to six years in duration. ... Government College University Lahore is a co-educational public university located in Lahore, the second largest city of Pakistan. ... This article is about scholarship (noun) and scholarship as a form of financial aid. ... College name The College of Saint John the Evangelist of the University of Cambridge Motto Souvent me Souvient (Latin: I often remember) Named after The Hospital of Saint John the Evangelist Established 1511 Location St. ... The University of Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world, with one of the most selective sets of entry requirements in the United Kingdom. ... A bachelors degree is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course that generally lasts three or four years. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Smiths Prize is a prize awarded to research students in theoretical Physics, mathematics and applied mathematics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. ...

He obtained a PhD in Theoretical Physics at Cambridge. His doctoral thesis contained fundamental work in Quantum Electrodynamics. By the time it was published in 1951, it had already gained him an international reputation and the Adams Prize.^[4] PhD usually refers to the academic title Doctor of Philosophy PhD can also refer to the manga Phantasy Degree This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Theoretical physics employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world. ... Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. ... See also the Herbert Baxter Adams Prize of the American Historical Society, and not to be confused with the Douglas Adams Prize for homourous writing The Adams Prize is awarded each year by the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and St Johns College to a young...

Religion

Abdus Salam was a devout Muslim, and a member of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community^[5], who saw his religion as integral to his scientific work. He once wrote: "The Holy Quran enjoins us to reflect on the verities of Allah's created laws of nature; however, that our generation has been privileged to glimpse a part of His design is a bounty and a grace for which I render thanks with a humble heart."^[4] The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (Arabic: الجماعة الأحمدية; transliterated: ) is one of two communities arising from the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian (1835-1908). ...

During his acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize in Physics, Salam quoted the following verses from the Quran: The Quran (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ...

He then said:

In 1974, when the Pakistan National Assembly declared Ahmadiyyas to be non-Muslims, he left Pakistan for London in protest. The National Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. ...

Later career

He returned to the Government College, Lahore as a Professor of Mathematics from 1951 to 1954 and then went back to Cambridge as a lecturer in mathematics. The meaning of the word professor (Latin: [1]) varies. ...

During the early 1960s Salam played a very significant role in establishing the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) - the atomic research agency of Pakistan - and Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) - the space research agency of Pakistan, of which he was the founding director. He was also instrumental in setting up five Superior Science colleges throughout Pakistan to further the progress in science in the country. He was founder and Director of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy from 1964 to December 1993. Salam was a firm believer that "scientific thought is the common heritage of mankind", and that developing nations needed to help themselves and invest into their own scientists to boost development and fill the gap between the rich north and the poor south of the planet, thus contributing to a more peaceful world. Salam also founded the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and was a leading figure in the creation of a number of international centres dedicated to the advancement of science and technology. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) (Urdu: ادارہ جوہری توانائی پاکستان ) is responsible for nuclear applications development in Pakistan. ... The Pakistan Space Agency or Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) is the Pakistani government space agency responsible for Pakistans space program. ... ICTP Main building The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics operates under a tripartite agreement among the Italian Government, UNESCO, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (both agencies of the United Nations) to foster advanced studies and research, especially in developing countries. ... For other uses, see Trieste (disambiguation). ... A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ... The North may refer to: A geographical section of the world (see latitude). ... In geopolitics, the term The South is often used to refer to the poorer, less technologically advanced nations of the world as opposed to The North, which is richer and more developed. ... World peace is an ideal of freedom, peace, and happiness among and within all nations. ... TWAS, the academy of sciences for the developing world -- until 2004 named Third World Academy of Sciences -- is a merit-based science academy uniting more than 750 scientists from 89 countries. ...

In 1956 he was invited to take a chair at Imperial College, London, where he and Paul Matthews created a lively theoretical physics group. He remained a professor at Imperial until his retirement. In 1964, he founded the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste in the North-East of Italy. In 1959, he became the youngest Fellow of the Royal Society (at that time) at the age of 33. Royal School of Mines Entrance Imperial College London is a college of the University of London which focuses on science and technology, and is located in South Kensington in London. ... ICTP Main building The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics operates under a tripartite agreement among the Italian Government, UNESCO, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (both agencies of the United Nations) to foster advanced studies and research, especially in developing countries. ... For other uses, see Trieste (disambiguation). ... The Fellowship of the Royal Society was founded in 1660. ...

In 1998, the Government of Pakistan issued a stamp carrying his portrait as part of a series of stamps entitled "Scientists of Pakistan."^[7] Government of Pakistan (Urdu: حکومتِ پاکستان)The Constitution of Pakistan provides for a Federal Parliamentary System of government, with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected Prime Minister as the chief executive. ...

Death

Salam died at the age of 70 on 21st November 1996 in Oxford, England after a long illness. His body was brought to Pakistan and was taken to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community headquarters of the city of Rabwah.^[8] His body was kept in Darul Ziafat, where 13,000 men and women took a last glimpse of his face. Some 30,000 people attended the funeral prayers of the scientist. is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 ( 2001 census). ... The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (Arabic: الجماعة الأحمدية; transliterated: ) is one of two communities arising from the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian (1835-1908). ... Rabwah (Urdu: ربوہ) is a city in the Punjab province Pakistan with a population of 48,700 (2003) people located near the historical city of Chiniot in the district of Jhang. ...

Salam was buried without official protocol in the graveyard Bahishti Maqbara in Rabwah next to his parents' graves.^[9] The epitaph on his tomb initially read "First Muslim Nobel Laureate" but, Because of Salam's adherence to the Ahmadiyya sect, the word "Muslim" was later erased on the orders of a local magistrate, leaving the non-sensical "First Nobel Laureate".^[10] For other uses, see Epitaph (disambiguation). ... The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (Arabic: الجماعة الأحمدية; transliterated: ) is one of two communities arising from the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian (1835-1908). ...

Career in science

The road named after Abdus Salam in CERN, Geneva

Salam returned to Pakistan in 1951 to teach Mathematics at the Government College, Lahore. In 1952, he became the Head of the Mathematics Department of the Punjab University. In 1954, Salam went for a lectureship at Cambridge, although he visited Pakistan from time to time as an adviser on science policy to the Government of Pakistan. His work for Pakistan was far-reaching and influential. He was a member of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, a member of the Scientific Commission of Pakistan, Founder Chairman of Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission and Chief Scientific Adviser to the President of Pakistan from 1961 to 1974. CERN logo The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: ), commonly known as CERN (see Naming), pronounced (or in French), is the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated just northwest of Geneva on the border between France and Switzerland. ... For other uses, see Geneva (disambiguation). ... Punjab University can refer to one of the following: In Pakistan: University of the Punjab, Lahore In India: Panjab University, Chandigarh This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) (Urdu: ادارہ جوہری توانائی پاکستان ) is responsible for nuclear applications development in Pakistan. ... The Pakistan Space Agency or Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) is the Pakistani government space agency responsible for Pakistans space program. ...

From 1957 onwards, he was Professor of Theoretical Physics at Imperial College, London. From 1964 onwards, has combined this position with that of Director of the International Centre For Theoretical Physics, a research institution in Trieste, Italy. Royal School of Mines Entrance Imperial College London is a college of the University of London which focuses on science and technology, and is located in South Kensington in London. ... ICTP Main building The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics operates under a tripartite agreement among the Italian Government, UNESCO, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (both agencies of the United Nations) to foster advanced studies and research, especially in developing countries. ... For other uses, see Trieste (disambiguation). ...

Salam had a prolific research career in theoretical elementary particle physics. He either pioneered or was associated with all the important developments in this field. He also served on a number of United Nations committees concerning science and technology in developing countries.^[4] Thousands of particles explode from the collision point of two relativistic (100 GeV per nucleon) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. ... UN redirects here. ... A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ...

Contributions

Salam's primary focus was research on the physics of elementary particles. His particular contributions included:

• two-component neutrino theory and the prediction of the inevitable parity violation in weak interaction;
• gauge unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions - the unified force is called the "Electroweak" force - a name given to it by Salam; predicted existence of weak neutral currents and W particles and Z particles particles before their experimental discovery;
• symmetry properties of elementary particles; unitary symmetry;
• renormalization of meson theories;
• gravity theory and its role in particle physics; two tensor theory of gravity and strong interaction physics;

unification of electroweak with strong nuclear forces, grand unification theory; and For other uses, see Neutrino (disambiguation). ... The weak interaction (often called the weak force or sometimes the weak nuclear force) is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Mesons of spin 1 form a nonet In particle physics, a meson is a strongly interacting boson, that is, it is a hadron with integral spin. ... For the album, see Grand Unification (album). ...

• related prediction of proton-decay;
• Pati-Salam model: a grand unified theory;
• Supersymmetry theory, in particular formulation of Superspace and formalism of super fields.

The Pati-Salam model is a GUT theory which states that the gauge group is either SU(4)× SU(2)L× SU(2)R or ( SU(4)× SU(2)L× SU(2)R )/Z2 and the fermions form three families, each consisting of the representations (4,2,1) and . ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Superspace has had two meanings in physics. ...

See also

The Pati-Salam model is a GUT theory which states that the gauge group is either SU(4)× SU(2)L× SU(2)R or ( SU(4)× SU(2)L× SU(2)R )/Z2 and the fermions form three families, each consisting of the representations (4,2,1) and . ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In particle physics, preons are postulated point-like particles, conceived to be subcomponents of quarks and leptons. ... In physics, the W and Z bosons, colloquially known as Weakons, are the elementary particles that mediate the weak force. ... The Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions For the Standard Model in Cryptography, see Standard Model (cryptography). ... In physics, a magnetic photon is a hypothetical particle predicted by certain extensions of electromagnetism to include magnetic monopoles. ... Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. ... ICTP Main building The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics operates under a tripartite agreement among the Italian Government, UNESCO, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (both agencies of the United Nations) to foster advanced studies and research, especially in developing countries. ...

References

Abd as-Salam is the transliteration of a Theophoric Arabic given name. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article deals with The Daily Telegraph in Britain, see The Daily Telegraph (Australia) for the Australian publication The Daily Telegraph is a British broadsheet newspaper founded in 1855. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Abdus Salam

• An Interview - Part 1 of 4
• An Interview - Part 2 of 4
• An interview - Part 3 of 4
• An Interview - Part 4 of 4
• A short clip of Professor Dr. Abdus Salam delivering a scientific lecture
• The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
• Abdus Salam: Nobel Laureate Par Excellence [contains photos and hand-written notes from family archives]
• Abdus Salam bio on Nobel site
• The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 [1]
• The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics [2]
• Personalia at the ICTP Library [3]
• TWAS, formerly Third World Academy of Sciences [4]
• Abdus Salam CV [5] / [6]
• COMSATS Secretariat
• COMSATS
• National Centre For Physics (NCP)
• Biography of Abdus Salam by Imperial College colleague[7]
• An Interesting And Detailed Article On the Life of Dr. Abdus Salam In Urdu
• PBS documentary on strings, contains clip of award ceremony with Abdus Salam
• Salam +50 Conference at Imperial College
• A full biography: 'Cosmic Anger, Abdus Salam- the First Muslim Nobel Scientist' [ISBN 978-0-19-920846-3]