Abney Park Cemetery—every turn of the path reveals a new and unique landscape (September 2005).

Abney Park in Stoke Newington, north-east London, UK is a historic parkland originally laid out in the early 18th century by Lady Mary Abney and Dr. Isaac Watts, and the neighbouring Hartopp family. In 1840 it became a magnificent non-denominational garden cemetery, semi-public park arboretum, and educational institute, which was widely celebrated as an example of its time. Abney Park is one of the Magnificent Seven. Image File history File links Abney_park_cemetery_2. ... Image File history File links Abney_park_cemetery_2. ... The Castle Climbing Centre, once the main Water Board pumping station. ... London — containing the City of London — is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England and a major world city. With over seven million inhabitants (Londoners) in Greater London area, it is amongst the most densely populated areas in Western Europe. ... Mary Abney (née Gunston) (1676- January 12th 1750), inherited the Manor of Stoke Newington in the eartly 1700s, which lies about five miles north of St Pauls Cathedral in the City of London and had been granted by the Cathedral to a succession of private owners since the... Isaac Watts. ... Castle Ashby Graveyard Northamptonshire A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. ... An arboretum is a botanical garden primarily devoted to trees and other woody plants, forming a living collection of trees intended at least partly for scientific study. ... The Magnificent Seven are seven cemeteries used by the citizens of nineteenth century London. ...

Past and present

The dramatically soaring central chapel, sadly derelict, but beloved of local Goths (September 2005).

Abney Park, the London Congregationalists' pioneering non-denominational place of rest that reflected new world burial ideas at Mount Auburn in Massachusetts, opened as a model garden cemetery in 1840. Its approach was based on the Congregational|Congregationalists' role in the London Missionary Society, whose 'fundamental principle' was, likewise, to develop a wholly non-denominational exemplar. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (640x853, 138 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Abney Park Cemetery ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (640x853, 138 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Abney Park Cemetery ... Abney Park Chapel, is a grade ii Listed chapel, situated in Europes first wholly nondenominational cemetery, Abney Park Cemetery, London. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... Mount Auburn Cemetery Mount Auburn Cemetery Hunnewell family obelisk Civil War memorial Founded in 1831 as Americas first garden cemetery, Mount Auburn Cemetery is an Elysium where, traditionally, chaste classical monuments were set in rolling landscaped terrain. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists, largely Congregationalist in outlook, with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ...

At first there were many links between Abney Park Cemetery and the LMS but this nonconformist (and in particular Congregationalist) period came to a close in the early 1880s when a strictly commercial general cemetery company was formed and the land at Abney Park was made over to the new enterprise. Though the park had not been formalised in 1840 as a cemetery through Act of Parliament or consecration, and Church faculty law never applied - burial ground use, had, by the 1880s, already come to predominate over the wider preservationist and educational objects of its founders.

The founders' financial and legal model had unfortunately not been as radical as their objects had required. Although the original directors also referred to themselves as trustees, having established a trust deed under which they sought to preserve the park in perpetuity, they let the park for operational purposes to the same individuals as a conventional Joint Stock Company (in common with most private cemeteries of the period), rather than perhaps breaking the mould as a provident society. The weakness of the model lay in the detail however, but this was not evident for thirty years. An eventual successful prosecution by the Crown, ruled that despite their unusual business model and the way in which plots were seemingly sold as freehold land, the legal arrangements were actually inadequate to achieve a different status from any other commercial cemetery, either for the company or the registered keepers of plots. In consequence, company income could not be held in trust for the park, but was to be treated as for any other commercial profit-making company and taxed accordingly.

Eventually sold on the open market to a wholly commercially-minded general cemetery company in the 1880s, established with a similar name, three new cemeteries were founded in London's suburbs or nearby countryside. From then onwards standardised park-like landscaping principles came to be applied at Abney Park, replacing much of the unique arboretum planting. Air pollution also took its toll, badly affecting the conifer walks. After the First World War, path infill began to be practiced; a situation that became severe in the 1950s and was continued into the 1970s, when the commercial cemetery company went into liquidation. An arboretum is a botanical garden primarily devoted to trees and other woody plants, forming a living collection of trees intended at least partly for scientific study. ...

By 1980, apart from one forecourt building, the park had been passed to the local council as a disused burial ground and open space. Since that time, having no remaining burial rights and only occasional discretionary interments where families had previously held plots from the company, nature has been allowed to take its course.

The park is now a popular place to visit, with a range of educational, training and cultural events and an annual summer open day. It is a designated Local Nature Reserve and Conservation Area. Apart from the South Lodge extension on the forecourt, Abney Park's freehold is owned by the London Borough of Hackney. The park is situated near Stoke Newington High Street, London N16, and it is leased to the Abney Park Cemetery Trust. It occupies 32 acres (129,000 m²), which includes a nature reserve, a classroom, a visitor's centre and a magnificently dramatic central chapel which, sadly, is disused. The park is normally opened by the Trust for free public access on weekdays and weekends from about 9.30 am to 5 pm, and for access or events agreed with the Trust at all other times. Hackney Town Hall was built in the 1930s for the old Metropolitan Borough. ...

The Egyptian Revival Entrance

One of the 'Magnificent Seven' parkland cemeteries created in the early Victorian period, albeit set out in an entirely different way to the others and with somewhat wider purposes, Abney Park features an impressive entrance designed by William Hosking FSA in collaboration with Joseph Bonomi the Younger and the cemetery's founder George Collison II. This frontage was built in the then increasingly popular 'Egyptian Revival' style, with hieroglyphics signifying the 'Abode of the Mortal Part of Man': a venture too far into the architecture of the African continent for Augustus Pugin who pilloried the idea, hoping no-one would repeat such a radical departure from 'good' Christian gothic design (see illustration for Grounds of a Quaker School). A similar criticism had previously been made when the first Egyptian-style entrance to a western cemetery had been constructed at Mount Auburn Cemetery in the 1830s, on which Abney Park Cemetery was partially modelled. By contrast, influential figures who appreciated the composition, complimented William Hosking and Joseph Bonomi on their scholarly frontage design; including the influential arbiter of design taste, John Loudon, who described it as a 'judicious combination of two lodges with gates between'. The Magnificent Seven are seven cemeteries used by the citizens of nineteenth century London. ... This is a list of famous cemeteries, mausoleums and other places people are buried, world-wide. ... The Royal Academy where William Hosking exhibited in the 1820s William Hosking FSA (November 26, 1800 - August 2, 1861) was a writer, lecturer, and architect who had an important influence on the growth and development of London in Victorian times. ... Joseph Bonomi the Younger (9 October 1796 – 3 March 1878) was an English sculptor, artist, egyptologist and museum curator. ... The Rev. ... Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (March 1, 1812–September 14, 1852) was an English-born architect, designer and theorist of design now best remembered for his work on churches and on the Houses of Parliament. ... John Claudius Loudon (April 8, 1783 - 1843) was a Scottish botanist. ...

Bracing the controversy, Abney Park could claim to be the earliest complete design for a permanent 'Egyptian Revival' entranceway at a cemetery anywhere in the world. The gateway at Mount Auburn Cemetery from which it took its inspiration, was at that time still a temporary structure, being made of dusted wood and sand; its permanent 'Egyptian Revival' design was not built until two years after Abney Park's daring design opened. In England there were already some examples of the use of 'Egyptian Revival' architecture on a small-scale, including one example of a small 'Egyptian Revival' gate installed at a cemetery for Nonconformists near Sheffield in 1836. However, Abney Park Cemetery became the first to employ the style for cemetery buildings, and also the first to introduce it for a complete entrance design.

The Egyptian revival eastern gate to the cemetery (September 2005)

At Abney Park the use of motifs not associated with contemporary faith served a profound purpose, since it was consciously opened as the first wholly nondenominational garden cemetery in Europe. True, other garden cemeteries sometimes used the term loosely, meaning only that they had laid out more than one denominational area or built more than one chapel. Abney Park Cemetery was the first to be laid out with 'no invidious dividing lines' separating the burial areas of one faith or religious group from any other, and even its one chapel, the Abney Park Chapel, a remarkable feast of Puritan or northern Europan brick gothic yet with ample stone dressings and a little neoclassical design woven in, had but one central chamber for the common use of all, and but one entrance. As such it was the first nondenominational cemetery chapel in Europe. William Hosking, in being handed the task of achieving this vision, became the first architect to design a nondenominational cemetery chapel in Europe. Underpinning this was a unique legal basis in comparison with the other garden cemeteries of its period; Abney Park was not set aside solely for cemetery use by Act of Parliament, and was not formally consecrated as burial land. Perhaps more so than any other it was entitled to be considered as a park as well as a cemetery. Image File history File links Abney_park_east_gate. ... Image File history File links Abney_park_east_gate. ... Abney Park Chapel, is a grade ii Listed chapel, situated in Europes first wholly nondenominational cemetery, Abney Park Cemetery, London. ...

Landscape

Nature takes its course, as interments are rare. The grave in the foreground, dating from 1992, is an unusual exception (September 2005).

Abney Park was unique in being the first arboretum to be combined with a cemetery in Europe; offering an educational attraction that was originally set in a landscape of fields and woods, some distance from the built-up boundary of London. Its 2,500 trees and shrubs were all labelled, and arranged around the perimeter alphabetically, from A for Acer (maple trees) to Z for Zanthoxylum (American toothache trees). Image File history File links Abney_park_cemetery_1. ... Image File history File links Abney_park_cemetery_1. ... Distribution Species See List of Acer species Maples are trees or shrubs in the genus Acer. ...

The emphasis on an educational landscape, as opposed to a purely aesthetic, visually attractive picturesque, drew partly on a simplified version of John Loudon's 'Gardenesque' concept, and applied something akin to this, but with a unique alphabetical approach, and no structural mounding, to a picturesque cemetery design. It was much admired by John Loudon, who described Abney Park Cemetery as 'the most highly ornamented cemetery in the vicinity of London', albeit that he favoured a more formal and classical approach to garden cemetery design as a general rule and, in 1843 developed design principles for such an approach. John Claudius Loudon (April 8, 1783 - 1843) was a Scottish botanist. ...

At the Stoke Newington cemetery the botanical planting was carefully sited since the design sought to do as little as possible to change the existing picturesque parkland. This careful approach drew on that used at Mount Auburn Cemetery near Boston where Dearborn had emphasised the compatibility of horticulture and even an experimental garden with a cemetery, leading to the opening of a cemetery supported by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society; one that succeeded in establishing a picturesque landscape coupled with botanical garden specimens and an adjoining scientific garden. There were important differences however; the New England cemetery had benefited from a more sylvan setting than that of Abney Park, and a much larger estate. Nonetheless, the ties were evident. The founding directors of the Abney Park project were all Congregationalists, who together with other nonconformists had strong links with their brethren in the new world, to where they had emigrated in search of religious freedom. George Collison, Abney Park Cemetery's company secretary, and the key force behind its radical design, recorded his visit to, and impressions of, Mount Auburn Cemetery, in a book published to coincide with the opening of the Stoke Newington cemetery. It also contains a complete list of all the arboretum species and varieties planted at Abney Park. Mount Auburn Cemetery Mount Auburn Cemetery Hunnewell family obelisk Civil War memorial Founded in 1831 as Americas first garden cemetery, Mount Auburn Cemetery is an Elysium where, traditionally, chaste classical monuments were set in rolling landscaped terrain. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... Non conformism is the term of KKK ... The Rev. ...

The concept of the arboretum -and indeed also a rosarium - was inspired by George Loddiges FLS FZS, a local Hackney nurseryman who became a small shareholder in the cemetery company and was appointed to lead its landscape design, planting and educational labelling, to complement William Hosking's layout and building and engineering (drainage) scheme. The pair worked closely as a design team under the guiding influence of the third designer George Collison, who represented the client company both as its solicitor and principal learned visionary. George Loddiges' earlier experience in designing an a to z arboretum at his Mare Street nursery, and possession of one of the largest ranges of trees and shrubs then grown for sale in Britain, ensured success. Bamboo foliage with black stems (probably Phyllostachys nigra; a bamboo introduced into western cultivation by Loddiges Nursery) The Loddiges family (not uncommonly mis-spelt Loddige) managed one of the most notable of the eighteenth and nineteenth century plant nurseries that traded in and introduced exotic plants, trees, shrubs, ferns, plams... The Royal Academy where William Hosking exhibited in the 1820s William Hosking FSA (November 26, 1800 - August 2, 1861) was a writer, lecturer, and architect who had an important influence on the growth and development of London in Victorian times. ... The Rev. ... Bamboo foliage with black stems (probably Phyllostachys nigra; a bamboo introduced into western cultivation by Loddiges Nursery) The Loddiges family (not uncommonly mis-spelt Loddige) managed one of the most notable of the eighteenth and nineteenth century plant nurseries that traded in and introduced exotic plants, trees, shrubs, ferns, plams...

The overall effect was to establish Abney Park as the most impresively landscaped garden cemetery of its period. However regretably, Loddiges Nursery closed in the early 1850s and thereafter maintenance of the trees and shrubs and of their botanical labels, was impaired. Today Loddiges' work is of unparalleled significance to landscape design, being recognised as of European importance. Abney Park was the first London cemetery to be invited to join the Association of Significant Cemeteries in Europe (ASCE) and it is the only surviving example of an English landscape designed by George Loddiges FLS FZS. Bamboo foliage with black stems (probably Phyllostachys nigra; a bamboo introduced into western cultivation by Loddiges Nursery) The Loddiges family (not uncommonly mis-spelt Loddige) managed one of the most notable of the eighteenth and nineteenth century plant nurseries that traded in and introduced exotic plants, trees, shrubs, ferns, plams...

The Campo Santo of the Dissenters

Dr Isaac Watts' Statue (September 2005).

Such an elaborate planting scheme for a park cemetery may also be a reflection of the symbolic importance the founding directors attached to the land that formed Abney Park Cemetery. As nonconformists, who treasured the independence of their religious beliefs—and therefore practised Christianity outside of the established Church of England—they held the land itself to be of immense significance for it had previously been two neighbouring and inter-related 18th-century parkland estates, the grounds of Abney House and Fleetwood House, where the revered non-conformist Doctor of Divinity, educationalist and poet Dr. Isaac Watts lived and taught, and indeed wrote several of his popular books and hymns. The black American author, Arthur Paul Davis, provides an excellent biography of Watts for those who wish to take further interest. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (640x853, 260 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Abney Park Cemetery ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (640x853, 260 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Abney Park Cemetery ... The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... Isaac Watts. ...

Due to these religious associations, Abney Park Cemetery rapidly became the most attractive Victorian resting place for nonconformist or dissenting ministers and educationalists, principally those from a Protestant dissenting tradition. Indeed it stands today as the most important burial place in the UK of 19th-century Congregational, Baptist, Methodist and Salvation Army ministers and educationalists, including Christopher Newman Hall and many others, some of whom are mentioned below. Whereas Bunhill Fields was described by the poet Southey as "the Campo Santo (saints' abode) of the Dissenters in respect of its late 17th century and 18th century burials, Abney Park took on the mantle during the Victorian period in the writings of E. Paxton Hood for the Religious Tract Society. Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... Baptist is a term describing a tradition within Christianity and may also refer to individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. ... The Methodist movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity. ... Shield of The Salvation Army The Salvation Army is a non-military evangelical Christian organization founded in 1865 by one time Methodist minister William Booth. ... Rev. ... Blake Memorial in Bunhill Fields Bunhill Fields is a cemetery located in the London Borough of Islington, north of the City of London, and managed by the Corporation of London. ...

Though it primarily attracted Congregational, Methodist and Salvation Army nonconformists, rather than certain other nonconformists such as Quakers, or non-Protestant nonconformists such as Catholics or Jewish people, Abney Park Cemetery more than any other nineteenth century cemetery was open to the burial of all regardless of their religious convictions or leanings. Whilst its founding directors were all Congregationalists and they were concerned to find a place for such burials, they expressly established the Stoke Newington cemetery as the first fully nondenominational cemetery in Europe (where anyone could be buried anywhere). Selection of a site with historical associations with Dr Isaac Watts, served this purpose well for Dr. Watts' had been honoured in death with a bust in the Anglican Westminster Abbey to complement his burial at the Independent's Bunhill Fields. Subsequently his hymns and scholarly works had become widely used and referred to by many denominations such that in the nineteenth century the Rev. John Stroughton could write: Dr. Watts was as far removed from sectarianism as a man could be. Abney Park Chapel, sometimes referred to informally as Dr Watts' Chapel, in the heart of the cemetery became its spiritual and landscape focal point along with its axial walk to Church Street, Dr Watts' Walk, chosen in 1845 as the most appropriate site in London for a public statue to Dr Watts sculptured by Edward Hodges Baily RA FRS. Edward Hodges Baily (March 10, 1788 - May 22, 1867) was a British sculptor who was born in Bristol. ...

The grounds of a former Quaker school

Besides its religious associations, Abney Park has a strong educational pedigree, indeed its prominent Director in the mid to late Victorian era, Charles Reed), was also the Chairman of the London School Board - and Hackney's first MP. Introduction The historic grounds of Abney Park are situated in Stoke Newington, London, England. ... Sir Charles Reed (1819–1881) was a British politician who served as Member of Parliament for Hackney and St Ives), Chairman of the London School Board, Director and Trustee of the original Abney Park Cemetery Company, Chairman of the Bunhill Fields Preservation Committee, and ran a successful commercial printing and...

Significantly, the early Victorian cemetery and arboretum park was the setting for the first premises in England to be used exclusively as a Wesleyan training college, following use of temporary, shared facilities in Hackney, and prior to the building of their own spacious colleges and grounds, one in the north of England, and a second at Richmond Hill to which the college at Abney Park removed in 1843. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Introduction The historic grounds of Abney Park are situated in Stoke Newington, London, England. ...

Abney Park was also a notable Quaker College for Girls, although this lost exclusive use of attractive grounds in the eastern part of Abney Park on formation of the cemetery, leaving only the school house (Fleetwood House) and a small garden for the private use of the students. However, they were welcome to use the new cemetery's educational arboretum and this, along with Abney Park as a whole, was rarely shared with many others in the early years of the new cemetery, except at weekends. Introduction The historic grounds of Abney Park are situated in Stoke Newington, London, England. ... The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... Introduction The historic grounds of Abney Park are situated in Stoke Newington, London, England. ... Introduction The historic grounds of Abney Park are situated in Stoke Newington, London, England. ...

The school had been founded by the educationalist, scientist and prominent slavery abolitionist William Allen, and run in a most enlightened and imaginative way by Susannah Corder who later emigrated for a while to Boston and emerged as a talented Quaker biographer. The school's founding prospectus, dated 1824, proposed "an Establishment in our religious society on a plan in degree differing from any hitherto adopted". Though providing an education only for girls, it taught astronomy, physics and chemistry, in a radical departure from the traditional range of subjects offered by female academies of its day. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The school's innovative approach included transport arrangements. When the school first opened, the girls had to walk all the way to Gracechurch Street in the City of London to attend Quaker worship, so a horse-drawn coach was purchased to seat 25 pupils on a pair of facing bench seats. Large horse-drawn coaches that could accommodate so many passengers had only just been designed in Europe; the first having just been introduced into Paris where they were beginning to be used for fare paying passengers. The designer of these large, stable, coaches, was George Shillibeer, who had learnt his trade at the London coach company of Hatchetts in Long Acre. He delivered one to the school in Stoke Newington: the first school bus in the world. In 1827 Joseph Pease, a Quaker visitor to the school, wrote a verse in which he describes the advent of the new 'bus': The City of London is a geographically-small city within Greater London, England. ... George Shillibeer, born in London, England c. ... Joseph Pease Joseph Pease (22 June 1799 – 8 February 1872) was involved in the early railway system in England and was the first Quaker elected to Parliament. ...

Attempt at Comical Caricature of the "New General Cemetery for All Denominations" with Egyptian Design at Abney Park [PUGIN (1843), 'An Apology for the Revival of Christian Architecture']

The straight path of Truth the dear Girls keep their feet in,

And ah! it would do your heart good Cousin Anne,

To see them arriving at Gracechurch Street Meeting,

All snugly packed up, 25 in a van

Look carefully, and Pugin's caricature of Abney Park Cemetery (picture right) includes a 'Shillibeer's Funeral Omnibus'. This invention was arousing some debate in 1843, as had the girl's science academy at Fleetwood House, Abney Park in its day, and now the new nondenominational park cemetery. All were seen by parts of London society as iconoclastic. Image File history File links Abneypugin. ... Image File history File links Abneypugin. ...

This was an era of great social change, and strong views with vigorous debate were not uncommonly expressed through such political and social satire. Indeed, Abney and Fleetwood Park's Quaker girl's school had earlier been the setting of a popular cartoon published in London by one of the era's most eminent satirists - George Cruikshank. On this occasion William Allen's forthcoming wedding to the supposedly too elderly Quaker philanthropist Grizel Birkbeck, his third wife, was being lampooned. George Cruikshank (September 27, 1792 – February 1, 1878) was an English artist and caricaturist, well-known for his satirical illustrations of contemporary figures and events. ...

Famous people: burials & associations in the park

This sandstone plaque marks the grave of William and Catherine Booth. Their son and other SA commissioners are buried nearby. (September 2005).

Most noticeably, William and Catherine Booth, founders of the Salvation Army, are buried in a prominent location close to Church Street and next to their son and other SA commissioners. Image File history File links Abney_park_booth. ... Image File history File links Abney_park_booth. ... For other persons named William Booth, see William Booth (disambiguation). ... Catherine Booth (January 17, 1829 – October 4, 1890) was the Mother of The Salvation Army. ...

Earlier in the 19th century, one of the hottest issues for political and social reform in Stoke Newington society was the Abolition of Slavery. Indeed, William Wilberforce himself planned to be buried at St Mary's Church in Stoke Newington with his sister, his will being overturned on his death since parliament considered a state funeral at Westminster Abbey more fitting. Wilberforce's son-in-law, the abolitionist lawyer James Stephen was also a frequent visitor to Stoke Newington, father living at the Fleetwood Summerhouse adjacent to Abney Park. Dr Thomas Binney, the 'Archbishop of Non-conformity' has a portrait in the National Portrait Gallery that shows him leading the Anti-Slavery Society Convention; he is buried close to the Church Street entrance in Abney Park Cemetery. Christopher Newman Hall who was influential on the side of slavery emancipation in the American Civil War is also buried here with his father, and the Rev. James Sherman who wrote the introduction to the book Uncle Tom's Cabin which greatly influenced abolition in America. The novel was partly based on Josiah Henson, whose escape to freedom in Britain was assisted by the philanthropist Samuel Morley who is buried at Abney Park Cemetery, and later contributed an introductory note to Josiah Henson's own influential autobiography. The Rev. Joseph Kelley a Congregational missionary and abolitionist in Demerara is also interred here, as is Rev. Dr John Morison, patron of the escaped slave and influential African-American autobiographer Moses Roper. Slave redirects here. ... William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833) was a British politician, philanthropist, and abolitionist who led the parliamentary campaign against the slave trade. ... The Castle Climbing Centre, once the main Water Board pumping station. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... James Stephen (30 June 1758-10 October 1832) was an English lawyer, associated with the abolitionist movement. ... The Castle Climbing Centre, once the main Water Board pumping station. ... Introduction The historic grounds of Abney Park are situated in Stoke Newington, London, England. ... Thomas Binney (1798-1874), English Congregationalist divine, was born of Presbyterian parents at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1798, and educated at an ordinary day school. ... The National Portrait Gallery is an art gallery in St Martins Place, London, England, which opened to the public in 1856. ... Rev. ... This article is becoming very long. ... The Rev. ... A photo of Josiah Henson, taken in 1877 Josiah Henson (June 15, 1789 – May 5, 1883) was born into slavery in Charles County, Maryland. ... Disent - a Vanity Fair caricature of Samuel Morley Samuel Morley MP, 15th October 1809 - 5th September 1886, was an English woollen manufacturer, philanthropist, dissenter (Congregationalist), abolitionist, political radical, and statesman. ... A photo of Josiah Henson, taken in 1877 Josiah Henson (June 15, 1789 – May 5, 1883) was born into slavery in Charles County, Maryland. ... The Rev. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... Demerara was one of the original British colonies that was joined into the colony of British Guiana, now Guyana. ... Rev. ... Moses Roper (b1815-?) was a mulatto slave who wrote one of the major early books about life as a slave in the United States. ...

Memorial to Aaron Buzacott, Secretary of the Anti-Slavery Society, now Anti-Slavery International.

Of special importance is Olaudah Equiano's daughter Joanna Vassa, her father being a leading African slavery emancipator of the period. Jamaican emancipation is represented directly by the Rev. Samuel Oughton and the Rev. Thomas Burchell who only narrowly escaped death at the hands of the planters; and their underlying Baptist support by Nathaniel Rogers M.D. A deacon at the Burchell baptist church, the African Samuel Sharpe, is now a Jamaican national hero. Aaron Buzacott, the second Secretary of Anti-Slavery International, originally known as the Anti-Slavery Society is buried here. At Abney Park Cemetery there are also some of the early settlers in Britain from the four corners of the world, such as the African, Thomas Caulker, the son of the King of Bompey (now Sierra Leone) who signed an anti-slavery agreement that became included in a British Act of Parliament in the 1850s; and Leota, a native of the Samoa Islands whose life in London was due to the work of the London Missionary Society who sought to build schools and bring scripture to the inhabitants of the South Seas. Abney Park is one of the main burial places of nineteenth century missionaries; here, for example is the burial place of William Ellis, John Williams' wife and son, and Dr Medhurst. Also Sarah Buzacott, the wife of Aaron Buzacott the elder, who was a teacher at the London Missionary Society college at Rarotonga in the South Seas. Many nonconformist divines are also buried here, for example Dr Alexander Fletcher, 'The Children's Friend'. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Olaudah Equiano Frontpage of The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano (c. ... Joanna Vassa (1795-1857) was the only surviving descendant of author, Methodist and leading Anti-Slavery campaigner Equiano the African. ... Memorial Plaques to Rev Samuel Oughton and Sarah Oughton, lie inside the Rogers Family Mausoleum at Abney Park Cemetery The Rev. ... The Rev. ... Listed Mausoleum to the Rogers Family at Abney Park Cemetery, London Nathaniel Rogers M.D. (1808-1884), was a doctor of medicine who qualified at Edinburgh University in 1832 and practiced in Malton, Yorkshire in his early career, later moving to London and then, during semi-retirement spent his winter... Samuel Sharp, also called Daddy Sharpe (or Sam Sharp), he was a Deacon at the Burchell Baptist Church in Montego Bay, Jamaica, during the 19th century. ... Anti-Slavery International is a charity and lobby group, based in the United Kingdom. ... The Anti-Slavery Society was founded in Britain in 1823. ... Thomas Canry Caulker (1846-1859) was the Sierra Leone-born son of the King of Bompey (a traditional state that became incorporated into Sierra Leone in 1888 and is today part of the Moyamba District). ... Motto Faavae i le Atua Samoa (Samoan: Samoa is founded on God) Anthem The Banner of Freedom Capital (and largest city) Apia Official languages Samoan, English Government Parliamentary democracy  -  O le Ao o le Malo Malietoa Tanumafili II  -  Prime Minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi Independence from New Zealand   -  Date... The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists, largely Congregationalist in outlook, with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ... William Ellis magnificently carved hip tomb at the Congregationalists pioneering non-denominational place of rest, Abney Park Cemetery , April 2006 William Ellis (1794-1872) was a missionary and author. ... John Williams (1796–1839) was an English lay missionary, active in the South Pacific. ... Walter Henry Medhurst (Chinese: 麥都思, 1796-1857), English Congregationalist missionary to China, was born in London and educated at St Pauls school. ... Rev. ... The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists, largely Congregationalist in outlook, with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ... Rarotonga Island from space, September 1994 View of a Rarotongan beach. ... memorial to Dr Fletcher erected by his congregation at Abney Park Cemetery, London The Rev. ...

The evangelist Emily Gosse, whose life of faith and works is still invigorating Christians today, but whose puritan beliefs were rather austere for her son, the literary genius Edmund Gosse, is buried in a simple grave near Dr Watts' Mound. Here too is the Welsh MP Henry Richard, Secretary of the Peace Society. Philip Henry Gosse (April 6, 1810 – August 23, 1888) was an English naturalist and science popularizer, now best known for his attempt to reconcile biblical literalism with uniformitarianism but also known for his invention of the sea-water aquarium and marine biology studies. ... Edmund William Gosse (September 21, 1849 - May 16, 1928) was an English poet, author and critic, the son of Philip Henry Gosse. ... Henry Richard (April 3, 1812 - August 20, 1888), Welsh politician, was the son of the Rev. ... Peace Society, a society founded in 1816 for the promotion of permanent and universal peace; advocates a gradual, proportionate, and simultaneous disarmament of all nations and the principle of arbitration. ...

Close to Church Street is the burial of one of the ceemetery's early Director and Trustees, one of the first two Members of Paliament for Hackney Sir Charles Reed FSA. Close by lies his father Dr Andrew Reed (1788-1862), a student of the Rev George Collison and founder of the London Orphan Asylum. In 1834, along with the Rev J Matheson, Reed was sent to the Congregational Churches of America by the Congregational Union of England and Wales as a deputation in order to promote peace and friendship between the two communities. He spent six months in America and during his stay there Yale University conferred upon him an honorary Doctorate of Divinity. This strengthened the Congregationalists' transatlantic links ensuring the Rev George Collison's son a welcome when he visited to gain ideas for Abney Park cemetery's design from Mount Auburn Cemetery. Hackney was a two seat constituency in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom created under the Representation of the People Act, 1867 and reformed under the Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885 as Hackney North, Hackney Central and Hackney South. ... Sir Charles Reed MP Sir Charles Reed FSA (1819–1881) was a British politician who served as Member of Parliament for Hackney and St Ives), Chairman of the London School Board, Director and Trustee of the original Abney Park Cemetery Company, Chairman of the Bunhill Fields Preservation Committee, associate of... The Society of Antiquaries of London is a learned society, based in the United Kingdom, concerned with the encouragement, advancement and furtherance of the study and knowledge of the antiquities and history of this and other countries. This includes archaeology, architectural history, art history, conservation, heraldry, anthropology, and ecclesiastical studies. ... The Rev. ... A Doctorate of Divinity is an academic degree awarded to a graduate of a divinity school. ...

Pioneering fire fighter James Braidwood, credited with forming the first municipal fire brigade; Edward Calvert, engraver and painter; and Albert Chevalier, music hall entertainer, are also buried in the Park. Firefighter with an axe A firefighter, sometimes still called a fireman though women have increasingly joined firefighting units, is a person who is trained and equipped to put out fires, rescue people and in some areas provide emergency medical services. ... James Braidwood (1800 - 1861) was the first director of the London fire brigade and is credited with the development of the modern fire service. ... Edward Calvert (1799 - 1883) was an English engraver and painter. ... Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, flat surface, by cutting grooves into it. ... Albert Chevalier Albert Chevalier (March 21, 1861–July 10, 1923) was an English comedian and actor. ... Music Hall is a form of British theatrical entertainment which reached its peak of popularity between 1850 and 1960. ...

Other burials at the cemetery include the Chartist leader and publisher James "Bronterre" O'Brien, whose life and work is celebrated at the cemetery each year, especially by the Irish community and those in the Labour Movement, and Dr John Pye Smith, the first dissenter to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. A movement for social and political reform in the United Kingdom during the mid_19th century, Chartism gains its name from the Peoples Charter of 1838, which set out the main aims of the movement. ... James Bronterre OBrien (1805 – 1864) was an Irish born Chartist leader, reformer and journalist. ... The labour movement (or labor movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments, in particular through the implementation of specific laws governing labor relations. ... Family tomb of Dr J Pye Smith at Abney Park Cemetery; showing inscriptions of other family members The Rev Dr John Pye-Smith FRS, FGS (May 25, 1774-February 5, 1851) was a Congregational theologian and scholar, and author of many learned works. ... The premises of The Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ...

In a different way, Susanna Bostock is remembered, largely due to the dominance of her life-sized marble lion alongside a path close to the chapel. Along with the Wombwells, the Bostocks were mainly responsible for bringing Asian and African animals to the attention of the Victorian public. For part of the year giraffes lived close to the cemetery at a small farm in Yoakley Road.

First & second world wars

Abney Park Blitz memorial. Most of the space is taken up with the names of the victims of the 1940 Coronation Avenue incident (September 2005).

Abney Park contains memorials to three hundred and seventy-one servicemen from the local borough of Stoke Newington who sacrificed their lives in World War I and second world war. Unusually, Stoke Newington has two 'Cross of Sacrifice' monuments constructed shortly after the end of WW1 based on Blomfield's famous design: one on the lawn in front of St. Mary's Church on Church Street, and one in front of the south-facing facade of Abney Park Chapel in the cemetery. The names associated with the first cross are displayed a short distance away (inside the foyer of the public library on Church Street) whilst the names of those associated with the second cross (those who are interred in the cemetery) are recorded on a north-facing wall added to the platform on which it stands unless burials are otherwise individually marked. Near the cemetery cross, the names of second world war servicemen who lost their lives and have been buried in the cemetery without separate commemoration, have also been displayed. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (900x656, 278 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Abney Park Cemetery ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (900x656, 278 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Abney Park Cemetery ... This article is becoming very long. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Sir Reginald Theodore Blomfield (20 December 1856–27 December 1942) was a British architect, garden designer and author. ... Abney Park Chapel, is a grade ii Listed chapel, situated in Europes first wholly nondenominational cemetery, Abney Park Cemetery, London. ...

The cemetery's attractive 'Cross of Sacrifice' serves as a landmark, but though rising proudly on a ragstone platform of contrasting Portland Stone, it cannot be viewed on the important approach from Church Street since the cemetery company chose to infill Dr Watts' axial walk at the time the war memorial was erected, so rather sadly, designed the platform screen wall to prevent the cross from being appreciated from the south. The Trust hopes to redeem this if a redesign can be agreed, so as to display the cross for all to see and as a vantage point and focal point overlooking both directions of the original axis from the chapel spire and its ogee arch along Dr Watts' Walk, and on to Abney House gate; the axis that commemorates the life of the Rev. Dr Isaac Watts. Slightly off this exact axial alignment, and just as poignant in its way, is the small Blitz memorial that records civilian deaths, closer to the south entrance (picture right). Heinkel He 111 German bomber over the Surrey Docks, Southwark, London (German propaganda photomontage). ...

Though it suffered extensive property damage in the war, Stoke Newington's death toll was relatively low by the standards of some other Hackney districts like Shoreditch, and it would have been lower still, were it not for one horrific incident on 13 October 1940, when a German bomb made a direct hit on a crowded shelter at Coronation Avenue, just off the high street. Most people in the shelter were killed, and as the illustration shows, the list of the dead from this one incident takes up nearly three of the four panels on the memorial. Many of the dead were Jewish and some were refugees from the Nazis. Shoreditch Town Hall Shoreditch is a place in the London Borough of Hackney. ...

The war has still not totally loosened its grip on the area. Of two known unexploded bombs (UXBs) remaining in Stoke Newington, one is located somewhere in Abney Park.

'Sweet Auburn' & woodland wildlife

As may have been implied already, Abney Park Cemetery was the only garden cemetery of its era to be influenced by New World cemetery design ideas due to the strong links between its founders and New England; in particular Boston. The Stoke Newington cemetery reflects the design style adopted for Mount Auburn, for example in its use of an Egyptian Revival entrance and arboretum. However, though its 'model' lay in the New World, it drew on different romantic landscape associations. Whereas Mount Auburn Cemetery celebrated the 'Sweet Auburn' of poetry, in particular the nature and woodland associated with the Auburn village area, it was the 'romance' of religious and historical associations that primarily attracted the founders of London's first nondenominational garden cemetery, to Lady Mary Abney's estate which had served as an inspiration to the celebrated Isaac Watts. Nonetheless, on its opening, Abney Park was by far the most sylvan of all garden cemeteries in Britain; its many stately trees imbued the landscape with a uniquely well-timbered inheritance or 'green cloak', and plans were put in train to encourage this further with collections of trees arranged along, and set back from, path edges. Whereas the cemetery at Mount Auburn had been blessed with a natural woodland setting, well suited to its founders' ethos of creating an Elysian paradise, Abney Park would take some time to more closely reflect its predominantly woodland style of cemetery design and a more transendental view of nature as proposed by Emerson, and Thoreau in New England. Oliver Goldsmith Oliver Goldsmith (November 10, 1730(?) – April 4, 1774) was an Irish writer and physician known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770) (written in memory of his brother), and his plays The Good-naturd Man (1768) and She Stoops... Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 - May 6, 1862; born David Henry Thoreau) was a noted American author and philosopher who is most famous for Walden, his essay on civil disobedience, and his call for the preservation of wilderness. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ...

A female Speckled Wood butterfly

Slowly, however, time has healed this difference and the landscape at Abney Park has grown closer to its New World cousin. Mature trees and woodland now adorn Abney Park, completing its transformation into a woodland cemetery. This has been so profound a change that by the early 1990s the cemetery was acknowledged to be the largest woodland ecosystem in North London so close to the centre of the City of London, and became designated as the first statutory Local Nature Reserve in the London Borough of Hackney. Download high resolution version (800x719, 174 KB)Female Speckled Wood butterfly. ... Download high resolution version (800x719, 174 KB)Female Speckled Wood butterfly. ... The conservation ethic is an ethic of resource use, allocation, exploitation, and protection. ...

Under careful management the woodland is slowly becoming enriched through natural regeneration. The northern areas are slowly returning to native oaks with a hornbeam and hawthorn understory, and a woodland ground flora that includes Wood False Brome grass and Wood Spurge; the whole being interspersed with naturalising exotic thorns and service trees to add a cross-cultural dimension. Meanwhile, the sandy brickearth soils that extend from Church Street along Dr Watts' Walk to the chapel lawns, the sole surviving heathland in Hackney, are returning to a lighter structure based on Silver Birch woodland and heathy species such as bracken fern. Today, a range of woodland birds, mammals and butterflies are supported; the grounds forming one of north London's largest breeding sites so close to the City for some very attractive species such as the Speckled Wood butterfly. Binomial name Sorbus latifolia (Lam. ... Binomial name Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758) The Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria) is a butterfly found in and on the borders of woodlands throughout much of Europe. ...

Nature changes gradually however, and the ecology will need active habitat management if these semi-natural sylvan qualities are to be preserved and enhanced, and to ensure that the naturalising exotic arboretum trees (such as Various-leaved Hawthorn and Service Tree of Fontainebleau) and plans for the replacement of Loddiges' perimeter A to Z arboretum, contribute their valuable educational and botanical interest to parts of the grounds. The Various-leaved Hawthorn, Crataegus heterophylla Flugge is a small tree of about 3m in height, sometimes up to 10m; often semi-evergreen in character, with unusually variable leaves for a hawthorn. ... Binomial name Sorbus latifolia (Lam. ... Bamboo foliage with black stems (probably Phyllostachys nigra; a bamboo introduced into western cultivation by Loddiges Nursery) The Loddiges family (not uncommonly mis-spelt Loddige) managed one of the most notable of the eighteenth and nineteenth century plant nurseries that traded in and introduced exotic plants, trees, shrubs, ferns, plams...

Endpiece

Part of a Victorian account of a visit to the admire the beauties of Abney Park Cemetery, reads:

There is a beautiful cemetery in Stoke Newington, and it was given to the inhabitants in memory of Lady Abney, who was a sincere friend to Dr. Watts. There is in it a pretty little church, where funeral services are performed by all denominations of Christians. Mary Abney (née Gunston) (1676- January 12th 1750), inherited the Manor of Stoke Newington in the eartly 1700s, which lies about five miles north of St Pauls Cathedral in the City of London and had been granted by the Cathedral to a succession of private owners since the...

Lady Abney was very liberal in her religious views, and the cemetery is, with its church, open to all alike, and though its grounds were never consecrated, yet many rigid churchmen have been buried in it. There is no quieter burial spot within a dozen miles of London in any direction, and there are cedars of Lebanon in it, wide lawns, and beautiful flowers.

There is an old clergyman in the church, who is always ready to officiate for a small fee on funeral occasions. He is over eighty years old, his hair is like the snow, and he is a fit companion to such a solemn place.

One shining evening, with a female friend we visited the cemetery, and stopped in the little [largely] Gothic chapel to talk with the venerable clergyman. The tears actually sprung over his eyelids when we said that we came from America. Abney Park Chapel, is a grade ii Listed chapel, situated in Europes first wholly nondenominational cemetery, Abney Park Cemetery, London. ...

The old man asked a thousand questions about the wonderful far land of liberty in the west, which we were glad to answer. Almost every family among the poor respectable classes in England, has some member, or relation in America.

Transport & Access

• Stoke Newington railway station
• Manor House tube station (about 2km away)

Buses: 73 (the recommended route from the West End), 67, 76, 106, 243, 276 Stoke Newington railway station links Stoke Newington to Liverpool Street in central London, and to Cheshunt and Enfield Town further north. ... Manor House tube station is a station on the Piccadilly Line of the London Underground in London, on the boundary between Zone 2 and Zone 3. ...

On foot: The Capital Ring, a Strategic Walking Route from/to Highgate and Hackney Wick (see 'The Capital Ring, recreational path guide by Colin Saunders, Aurum Press 2003', or free route leaflets for Capital ring sections 12 and 13 posted to you) A Capital Ring sign positioned near the Preston Road tube station. ...

On bicycle: Parking available at Church Street entrance

Disabled access & facilities: Main entrance

Car Club (car-sharing): Streetcar at Wilmer Place car park off Church Street

See also

• Abney Park Chapel

Abney Park Chapel, is a grade ii Listed chapel, situated in Europes first wholly nondenominational cemetery, Abney Park Cemetery, London. ...

External links

• Abney Park Cemetery Trust
• Where the UXBs are in London
• A Victorian Visitor's Account
• Butterfly Conservation
• Abney Park electronica/steam-punk Band

Coordinates: 51.5649° N 0.0781° W Abney Park is an independent goth group based in Seattle. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...