The history of slavery covers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures and throughout human history. Slavery, generally defined, refers to the systematic exploitation of labor for work and services without compensation and the possession of other persons as property. There is no clear timeline for the formation of slavery in any formalized sense. Slavery can be traced to the earliest records, such as the Code of Hammurabi, which refers to slavery as an already established institution. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... // Use of the term In common usage, property means ones own thing and refers to the relationship between individuals and the objects which they see as being their own to dispense with as they see fit. ... An inscription of the Code of Hammurabi The Code of Hammurabi (also known as the Codex Hammurabi and Hammurabis Code), created ca. ...

Gustave Boulanger's painting The Slave Market.

Image File history File links Boulanger_Gustave_Clarence_Rudolphe_The_Slave_Market. ... Image File history File links Boulanger_Gustave_Clarence_Rudolphe_The_Slave_Market. ... Gustave Clarence Rodolphe Boulanger (1824-88) was a French figure painter. ...

Europe and the Mediterranean

The ancient Mediterranean civilizations

Main article: Slavery in antiquity

Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures, including Greece, Rome, parts of the Roman Empire) and the Islamic Caliphate, was a mixture of debt-slavery, marriage, punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoners of war, child abandonment, and the birth of slave children to slaves. Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures comprised a mixture of debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah, Caliph (  listen?) is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off a familys loans via the labour of family members or heirs. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Child abandonment is the practice of abandoning offspring outside of legal adoption. ...

Slavery was an important element in the development of the ancient Greek City-states. Records of slavery in Ancient Greece go as far back as Mycenaean Greece. The treatment of Greek slaves could be said to be harsh, but not extremely brutal. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Black slave with tied hands, Ptolemaic Egypt, musée du Louvre Slavery was an essential component throughout the development of Ancient Greece. ... Mycenaean Greece, the last phase of The Golden Age Greece, is the Late Helladic The Golden Age civilization of ancient Greece. ...

As Rome expanded outward, entire populations were enslaved, thus creating an ample supply. The people subjected to Roman Slavery came from all over Europe and the Mediterranean, such as Greeks, Africans, Germans, Thracians, Gauls (or Celts), Jews, Arabs, and many more. Not only were slaves used for labor, but also for amusement (e.g. gladiators). If a slave from Rome ran away, he was crucified. By the late Republican era, slavery had become a vital economic pillar in the wealth of Rome. Slavery was so common, the slaves in Rome far outnumbered the Roman citizens. Such oppression by an elite minority eventually led to slave revolts (see Roman Servile Wars); the Third Servile War led by Spartacus being the most famous and severe. Nickname: The Eternal City Location within Province of Rome in the Region of Latium Coordinates: Region Latium Porvince Province of Rome Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 km²  (496. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... Thracian peltast, 5th to 4th century BC Thracian Horseman Thracians in an ethnic sense refers to various ancient peoples who spoke Dacian and Thracian, a scarcely attested branch of the Indo-European language family. ... Gallia (in English Gaul) is the Latin name for the region of western Europe occupied by present-day France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... A Celtic cross. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Gladiators was a game show produced by LWT for ITV in the United Kingdom from 10 October 1992 to 1 January 2000, (though there was another series filmed in South Africa against the South African Gladiators in 2000 but this was not for UK broadcast) an adaptation of the United... Religious depictions of the crucifixion of Jesus typically show him supported by nails through the palms. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Location within Province of Rome in the Region of Latium Coordinates: Region Latium Porvince Province of Rome Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 km²  (496. ... A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. ... The Servile Wars were a series of slave revolts that plagued the late Roman Republic. ... Combatants Army of escaped slaves Roman Republic Commanders Crixus†, Oenomaus, Spartacus† (presumed dead, body never found) Caius Glaber, Publius Valerius, Gnaeus Clodianus, Lucius Publicola, Cassius, Marcus Licinius Crassus, Pompey Magnus, Lucullus. ... Spartacus by Denis Foyatier, 1830 Spartacus, who was believed to be a Thracian (born in what is now Sandanski in present-day Bulgaria), was enslaved by the Romans and led a large slave uprising in what is now Italy during the period 73 BC to 71 BC. His army of...

Elizabethan England

In 1569, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, a lawsuit was brought against a man for beating another man he had bought as a slave overseas. The record states, "That in the 11th [year] of Elizabeth [1569], one Cartwright brought a slave from Russia and would scourge him; for which he was questioned [charged with assault]; and it was resolved, that England was too pure an air for a slave to breathe in." In other words the court ruled that English Common Law made no provision for slavery. The state did not recognize one person as the property of another. [Matter of Cartwright, 11 Elizabeth; 2 Rushworth's Coll 468 (1569)][1]

Pre-industrial Europe

Item 20 of The Grand Remonstrance[2], a list of grievances against Charles I and presented to him in 1641, contains the following: Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ... Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ...

"20. And although all this was taken upon pretence of guarding the seas, yet a new unheard-of tax of ship-money was devised, and upon the same pretence, by both which there was charged upon the subject near £700,000 some years, and yet the merchants have been left so naked to the violence of the Turkish pirates, that many great ships of value and thousands of His Majesty's subjects have been taken by them, and do still remain in miserable slavery."

In the 17th century, slavery was used as punishment by conquering English Parliament armies against native Catholics in Ireland. Between the years 1659 and 1663, during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland by the New Model Army, under the command of Oliver Cromwell, thousands of Irish Catholics were forced into slavery. Cromwell had a deep religious dislike of the Catholic religion, and many Irish Catholics who had participated in Confederate Ireland had all their land confiscated and were transported to the British West Indies as slaves. This article is about sea pirates. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of the English Parliament in 1649. ... The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ... Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper, 1657. ... Irish Catholics is a term used to describe Irish people or people of Irish descent who adhere to the Roman Catholic faith. ... Kilkenny Castle, where the Confederate General Assembly met. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ...

The Church was later implicated in slavery. Slaves owned by the Anglican Church's Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts on its sugar plantations in the West Indies had the word "society" branded on their chests with red-hot irons. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... The Anglican Communion is a world-wide organisation of Anglican Churches. ... Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts was a missionary organization of the Church of England. ... A sugarcane plantation at Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 2005 A plantation is a large tract of monoculture, as a tree plantation, a cotton plantation, a tea plantation or a tobacco plantation. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ...

When slaves were emancipated through the British Parliament in 1834 the British Government paid compensation to slave owners. In one case the Bishop of Exeter and three business colleagues got compensation for the 665 slaves they had to set free. This French poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery. ... The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Bishop of Exeter is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Exeter in the Province of Canterbury. ...

Recently (2006), Southwark Bishop Thomas Butler, at the Anglican Church's General Synod stated "The profits from the slave trade were part of the bedrock of our country's industrial development". 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Anglican Diocese of Southwark was formed in 1905 out of the Diocese of Rochester. ... The General Synod is the title of the governing body of some church organizations. ...

In that time second serfdom took place in Eastern Europe during this period (particularly in Austria, Hungary, Prussia, Russia and Poland). Only in 1768 was a law passed in Poland that discontinued the nobility's control of the right to life or death of serfs. Serfdom remained the practice on the most part of territory of Russia until February 19, 1861. Some of the Roma people were enslaved over five centuries in Romania until abolition in 1864. Costumes of Slaves or Serfs, from the Sixth to the Twelfth Centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel, from original Documents in the great Libraries of Europe. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: Prūsa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article is becoming very long. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Slavery in the French Republic was abolished on February 4, 1794. February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Modern Europe

Template:Mainarticles

Between 1933 and 1945, the Nazi regime created many Arbeitslager (labour camps) in Germany and Eastern Europe. Prisoners in Nazi labour camps were worked to death on short rations and in bad conditions, or killed if they became unable to work. Millions died as a direct result of forced labour under the Nazis. 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in forced labor. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ...

Main article: Gulag

Between 1930 and 1960, the Soviet regime created many Lageria (labour camps) in Siberia. Prisoners in Soviet labor camps were worked to death on extreme production quotas, brutality, hunger and harsh elements. Fatality rate was as high as 80% during the first months in many camps. Millions died as a direct result of forced labour under the Soviets. Today, North Korea sends its convicts to the Russian Far East to work in similar conditions as a way of repaying foreign debt^{[citation needed]}. Gulag ( , Russian: ) is an acronym for Главное Управление Исправительно—Трудовых Лагерей и колоний, Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii, The Chief Directorate [or Administration] of Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies of the NKVD. Anne Applebaum, in her book Gulag: A History, explains: Literally, the word GULAG is an acronym, meaning Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei, or Main Camp... 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... Soviet redirects here. ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in forced labor. ... Siberian Federal District (dark red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) Siberia (Russian: , Sibir’; Tatar: Seber) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of Northern Asia. ...

Slavery in Arabia, the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East

Main article: Arab slave trade

For Muslim views on slavery, see Religion and slavery.

The Arab world has traded in slaves like many other cultures of the region. It was one of the oldest slave trades, predating the European transatlantic slave trade by hundreds of years^[1]. The Arab or Middle Eastern slave trade is thought to have originated with trans-Saharan slavery. The Moors, starting in the 8th century, raided coastal areas of the Mediterranean and Northern European (including British and even as far north as Scandinavian) coastal areas and would carry away sometimes whole villages to the Moorish slave markets on the Barbary Coast. Nautical traders from the United States became targets, and frequent victims, of the Barbary pirates, as soon as that nation began trading with Europe and refused to pay the required tribute to the North African states. The slave trade from East Africa to Arabia was dominated by Arab and African traders in the coastal cities of Zanzibar, Dar Es Salaam and Mombasa. Slave trade means a trade in human beings treated as objects of commerce. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are predominantly speakers of the Arabic language, rather than a pure ethnic group, mainly found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Pencil and charcoal Drawing of Moor The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... The Barbary Coast, or Barbary, was the term used by Europeans till the 19th century to refer to the coastal regions of what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar (IPA pronunciation: ), as used today, is the collective name for two East African islands off mainland Tanzania: Unguja (also called Zanzibar) and Pemba. ... Dar es Salaam (دار السلام), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city (pop. ... Mombasa is the second largest city in Kenya. ...

Male slaves were employed as servants, soldiers, or laborers by their owners, while female slaves, mostly from Africa, were long traded to Middle Eastern countries and kingdoms by Arab, Indian, or Oriental traders, some as female servants, others as sexual slaves. Arab, Indian, and Oriental traders were involved in the capture and transport of slaves northward across the Sahara desert and the Indian Ocean region into Arabia and the Middle East, Persia, and the Indian subcontinent. As many African slaves may have crossed the Sahara Desert, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean as crossed the Atlantic, perhaps more. Some sources estimate that between 11 and 17 million slaves crossed the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert from 650 to 1900, compared to 11.6 million across the Atlantic from 1500 to the late 1860s. The Arab or Middle Eastern slave trade continued into the early 1900s^[1].

Many Slavic males from the Balkans, and Turkic and Circassian males from the Caucasus Mountains and the eastern Black Sea regions were taken away from their homes and families and enlisted into special soldier classes of the army of the Ottoman Empire. These soldier classes were named Janissaries in the Balkans and Asia Minor, and Mamelukes in Egypt. The Janissaries eventually became a decisive factor in the intrigues of the Istanbul court of the Ottoman sultans, while the Mamelukes were mainly responsible for the expulsion of the Crusaders from Palestine and preventing the Mongols from entering Egypt. The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Circassia, also known as Cherkessia in Russian, is a region in Caucasia. ... The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ... Map of the Black Sea. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah... Chamberlain of Sultan Murad IV with janissaries The Janissaries (or janizaries; in Turkish: Yeniçeri (yeni çeri, meaning new soldier); in Greek: Γενίτσαροι; in Bulgarian: яничари; in Croatian and Bosnian: Janjičari; in Slovenian: Janjičarji; in Hungarian: Janicsárok; in Serbian :Јањичари; in Romanian: ieniceri; in Arabic: الانكشارية) comprised infantry units that formed... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural, and economic centre. ... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

The Arab trade in slaves continued into the 20th century. Written travelogues and other historical works are replete with references to slaves owned by wealthy traders, nobility and heads of state in the Arabian Peninsula well into the 1920s. T. E. Lawrence documented practices in which African Muslims performing the hajj would bring a son with them to Mecca and there sell him into slavery[3]. Slave owning and slave-like working conditions have been documented up to and including the present, in countries of the Middle East. Though the subject is considered taboo in the affected regions, a leading Saudi government cleric and author of the country's religious curriculum has called for the outright re-legalization of slavery[4][5]. T.E. Lawrence. ... The Hajj (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), (Turkish:Hac) is the Pilgrimage to Mecca in Islam. ... Mecca IPA: or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukarramah; Arabic: ‎, Turkish: Mekke) is the capital city of Saudi Arabias Makkah province, in the historic Hijaz region. ...

Slavery in Africa

Main article: African slave trade

French historian Fernand Braudel noted that slavery was endemic in Africa and part of the structure of everyday life. "Slavery came in different guises in different societies: there were court slaves, slaves incorporated into princely armies, domestic and household slaves, slaves working on the land, in industry, as couriers and intermediaries, even as traders" (Braudel 1984 p. 435). During the 16th century, Europe began to outpace the Arab world in the export traffic, with its slave traffic from Africa to the Americas. The Dutch imported slaves from Asia into their colony in South Africa. Later, the United Kingdom, which held vast colonial territories on the African continent (including South Africa), made the practice of slavery illegal in these regions. Ironically, the end of the slave trade and the decline of slavery was imposed upon Africa by its European conquerors. This action is what today may be called an instance of cultural imperialism. Slave transport in Africa, from a 19th century engraving The trading of slaves has been carried on for thousands of years in Africa. ... Fernand Braudel Fernand Braudel (August 24, 1902–November 27, 1985) was a French historian. ... Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting the culture or language of one nation in another. ...

The nature of the slave societies differed greatly across the continent. There were large plantations worked by slaves in Egypt, the Sudan and Zanzibar, but this was not a typical use of slaves in Africa as a whole. In some slave societies, slaves were protected and incorporated into the slave-owning family. In others, slaves were brutally abused, and even used for human sacrifices. Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar (IPA pronunciation: ), as used today, is the collective name for two East African islands off mainland Tanzania: Unguja (also called Zanzibar) and Pemba. ...

Slavery in North Africa

As practiced in ancient Egypt, slavery was not in accord with the modern view of the term. Persons became "slaves" in ancient Egypt by virtue of being captives (or prisoners) of war, committing criminal or other indecent acts, or indebtedness. In many instances, some peasants in ancient Egypt led better livelihoods as slaves than as free persons: some Egyptian peasants purposely sold themselves into slavery as a means of repaying their debts. Though slaves in ancient Egypt could be sold, inherited or offered as gifts, they were not prohibited from learning, achieving greater social rank, purchasing property or negotiating other contracts. One papyrus from the New Kingdom even records masters being testified against by slave witnesses. Slave children apparently enjoyed some authoritative protection, as a letter from the 18th dynasty records limits to their use for harsh labor, and Egyptian households further bore the responsibility of adequately raising children of slave parents. Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... The New Kingdom is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BCE, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Eighteenth Dynasty. ...

In the 15th and 16th centuries slaves were imported from Europe to North Africa. Slave-taking persisted into the 19th century when Barbary pirates would capture ships and enslave the crew. In all, about 1.5 million Europeans were transported to the Barbary Coast. It was a period when Europe was preoccupied by sectarian wars and European navies were depleted. The trade was run by expelled Moors and the slaving expeditions were often captained by Europeans with North African crews. In the early 19th century, European powers started to take action to free Christian slaves. The first major action was the bombardment of Algiers in 1816. (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... World map showing Europe Political map (neighboring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Barbary Coast, or Barbary, was the term used by Europeans till the 19th century to refer to the coastal regions of what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. ... Pencil and charcoal Drawing of Moor The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. ... The Bombardment of Algiers took place on August 27, 1816. ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Slavery in Sub-Saharan Africa

Slaves being transported in Africa, 19th century engraving.

Prior to the 16th century, the bulk of slaves exported from Africa were shipped from East Africa to the Arabian peninsula. Zanzibar became a leading port on this trade. Arab slave traders differed from European traders in that they would often conduct raiding expeditions themselves, sometimes penetrating deep into the continent. They also differed in that their market greatly preferred the purchase of female slaves over male slaves. Download high resolution version (924x536, 259 KB)This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Download high resolution version (924x536, 259 KB)This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ...  Eastern Africa (UN subregion)  East African Community  Central African Federation (defunct)  geographic, including above East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية, or جزيرة العرب) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ...

The increased presence of European rivals along the East coast led Arab traders to concentrate on the overland slave caravan routes across the Sahara from the Sahel to North Africa. The German explorer Gustav Nachtigal reported seeing slave caravans departing from Kukawa in Bornu bound for Tripoli and Egypt in 1870. The slave trade represented the major source of revenue for the state of Bornu as late as 1898. Further south, the eastern regions of the Central African Republic have never recovered demographically from the impact of nineteenth-century raids from the Sudan and still have a population density of less than 1 person/km?. The location of Sahel in Africa The Sahel (from Arabic ساحل, sahil, shore, border or coast of the Sahara desert) is the boundary zone in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the more fertile region to the south, known as the Sudan (not to be confused with the country... Gustav Nachtigal (February 23, 1834 - April 20, 1885), German explorer in Central Africa, son of a Lutheran pastor, was born at Eichstedt in the Mark of Brandenburg. ... Kukawa (previously Kuka) is a town in northeastern Nigeria, close to Lake Chad. ... Borno may refer to: Borno, Italy Borno State, Nigeria The Kanem-Bornu Empire A Fundamentalist Christian This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Tripoli (Arabic: طرابلس Tarābulus) is the capital city of Libya. ...

The Middle Passage, the crossing of the Atlantic to the Americas, endured by slaves laid out in rows in the holds of ships, was only one element of the well-known triangular trade engaged in by Portuguese, Dutch, French and British. Ships having landed slaves in Caribbean ports would take on sugar, indigo, raw cotton, and later coffee, and make for Liverpool, Nantes, Lisbon or Amsterdam. Ships leaving European ports for West Africa would carry printed cotton textiles, some originally from India, copper utensils and bangles, pewter plates and pots, iron bars more valued than gold, hats, trinkets, gunpowder and firearms and alcohol. Tropical shipworms were eliminated in the cold Atlantic waters, and at each unloading, a profit was made. The Middle Passage was the leg of the Atlantic slave trade that transported African people from Africa to slave markets in North America, South America and the Caribbean (The Americas). ... The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one_fifth of its surface. ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere historically considered to consist of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

The transatlantic slave trade peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured on raiding expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by coastal African kingdoms through more formal trade agreements with European traders or by slave raiding parties through more informal bounty agreements with European traders. The people captured on these expeditions were shipped by European traders to the colonies of the New World. As a result of the Spanish War of Succession, the United Kingdom obtained the monopoly (asiento de negros) of transporting captive Africans to Spanish America. It is estimated that over the centuries, twelve to twenty million people were shipped as slaves from Africa by European traders, of whom some 15 percent died during the terrible voyage, many during the arduous journey through the Middle Passage. The great majority were shipped to the Americas, but also went to Europe and the south of Africa. The Atlantic slave trade was the purchase of people in and transport from West Africa and Central Africa into slavery in the New World. ... This article refers to a colony in politics and history. ... Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, c. ... Charles II was the last Habsburg King of Spain. ... An asiento was similar to a patent in early modern England. ... Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Americas of Christopher Columbus in 1492. ... The Middle Passage was the leg of the Atlantic slave trade that transported African people from Africa to slave markets in North America, South America and the Caribbean (The Americas). ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

Some historians conclude that the total loss in persons removed, those who died on the arduous march to coastal slave marts and those killed in slave raids, far exceeded the 65–75 million inhabitants remaining in Sub-Saharan Africa at the trade's end. Others believe that slavers had a vested interest in capturing rather than killing, and in keeping their captives alive; and that this coupled with the disproportionate removal of males and the introduction of new crops from the Americas (cassava, maize) would have limited general population decline to particular regions of western Africa around 1760–1810, and in Mozambique and neighbouring areas half a century later. There has also been speculation that within Africa, females were most often captured as brides, with their male protectors being a "bycatch" who would have been killed if there had not been an export market for them. Binomial name Manihot esculenta Crantz The cassava or manioc (Manihot esculenta) is a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) that is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrate. ... Binomial name Zea mays L. Maize (Zea mays ssp. ...

Modern Africa

Slavery persists in Africa more than in all other continents. Slavery in Mauritania was legally abolished by laws passed in 1905, 1961, and 1981, but several human rights organizations are reporting that the practice continues there. The trading of children has been reported in modern Nigeria and Benin. In parts of Ghana, a family may be punished for an offense by having to turn over a virgin female to serve as a sex slave within the offended family. In this instance, the woman does not gain the title of "wife". In parts of Ghana, Togo, and Benin, shrine slavery persists, despite being illegal in Ghana since 1998. In this system of slavery, sometimes called trokosi (in Ghana) or voodoosi in Togo and Benin, or ritual servitude, young virgin girls are given as slaves in traditional shrines and are used sexually by the priests in addition to providing free labor for the shrine. In the Sudan, slavery continues as part of an ongoing civil war; see also the Slavery in Sudan article. Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery in cacao plantations in West Africa. See the chocolate and slavery article. Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... In some parts of Togo and Ghana, sexual slavery occurs in the traditional practice known as trokosi, whereby young girls, usually under the age of 10, are given to village fetish shrine priests as sexual/domestic slaves in compensation for offenses allegedly committed, or debts incurred, by a member of... Trokosi is a traditional practice of sexual slavery in some parts of Ghana, Togo, and Benin. ... Combatants Sudanese Government (North Sudan) Sudan Peoples Liberation Army Commanders Gaafar Nimeiry Sadiq al-Mahdi Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir John Garang Casualties Not Released 1. ... Slavery in the Sudan has a long history, beginning in ancient Egyptian times and continuing up to the present. ... Chocolate and slavery are alleged to be linked in contemporary chocolate plantations in west Africa. ...

Slavery in the Americas

Slavery among indigenous people of America

Main article: Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies

In Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica the most common forms of slavery were those of prisoners-of-war and debtors. People unable to pay back a debt could be sentenced to work as a slave to the person owed until the debt was worked off. Slavery was not usually hereditary; children of slaves were born free. In Tahuantinsuyu (or Inca Empire), workers were subject to a mita in lieu of taxes which they paid by working for the government. Each ayllu, or extended family, would decide which family member to send to do the work. Slavery in the Spanish colonies began with local Native Americans. ... The cultural areas of Mesoamerica The term Mesoamérica is used to refer to a geographical region that extends roughly from the Tropic of Cancer in central Mexico down through Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua to northwestern Costa Rica, and which is characterized by the particular cultural homogeneity... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Insert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... -1... Ayllu were the basic political unit of pre-Inca and Inca life. ...

Slavery in Brazil

Slavery in Brazil, Debret

During the colonial epoch, slavery was a mainstay of the Brazilian economy, especially in mining and sugar cane production. Image File history File links 024debret. ... Image File history File links 024debret. ... The Economic history of Brazil covers various economic events and traces the changes in the Brazilian economy of the course of the history of Brazil From Portugals discovery of Brazil in 1500 until the late 1930s, the Brazilian economy relied on the production of primary products for exports. ... Chuquicamata, the largest open pit copper mine in the world, Chile. ... Species Ref: ITIS 42058 as of 2004-05-05 Sugarcane is one of six species of a tall tropical southeast Asian grass (Family Poaceae) having stout fibrous jointed stalks whose sap at one time was the primary source of sugar. ...

Brazil obtained 37% of all African slaves traded, and more than 3 million slaves were sent to this one country. Starting around 1550, the Portuguese began to trade African slaves to work the sugar plantations once the native Tupi deteriorated. Although Portuguese Prime Minister Marquês do Pombal abolished slavery in mainland Portugal on the February 12th, 1761, slavery continued in her overseas colonies. The African slaves were useful for the sugar plantations in many ways. First, African slaves had immunities to tropical diseases. The white workers were less able to fend off deadly diseases of the Caribbean, such as malaria. Second, the benefits of the slaves far exceeded the costs. After 2-3 years, slaves worked off their worth, and plantation owners began to make profits from them. Plantation owners made lucrative profits even though there was approximately a 10% death rate per year, mainly due to harsh working conditions. Tupi is the name of one of the main ethnic groups of Brazilian indigenous people, together with the related Guarani. ...

The very harsh manual labour of the sugar cane fields saw slaves use hoes to dig large trenches. The slaves planted sugar cane in the trenches and then used their bare hands to spread manure. The average life span of a slave was eight years.

Escaped slaves formed Maroon communities which played an important role in the histories of Brazil and other countries such as Suriname, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. In Brazil the Maroon villages were called palenques or quilombos. Maroons survived by growing vegetables and hunting. They also raided plantations. At these attacks, the maroons would burn crops, steal livestock and tools, kill slavemasters, and invite other slaves to join their communities. The word Maroon can have the following meanings: Maroon is a color mixture composed of brown and purple. ... A palenque was a type of village hidden in the jungles of Spanish America. ... A quilombo (from a Kimbundu word) is a hinterland settlement originally created by runaway slaves in Brazil and sometimes included a minority of marginalised Portuguese, indigenous Native Americans and other non-black, non-slave Brazilians. ... A sugarcane plantation at Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 2005 A plantation is a large tract of monoculture, as a tree plantation, a cotton plantation, a tea plantation or a tobacco plantation. ...

In the mid to late 19th century, many Amerindians were enslaved to work on rubber plantations. See I?? for more information. Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ...

The Clapham Sect, a group of evangelical reformers, campaigned during much of the 19th century for the United Kingdom to use its influence and power to stop the traffic of slaves to Brazil. Besides moral qualms, the low cost of slave-produced Brazilian sugar meant that British colonies in the West Indies were unable to match the market prices of Brazilian sugar, and each Briton was consuming 16 pounds (7 kg) of sugar a year by the 19th century. This combination led to intensive pressure from the British government for Brazil to end this practice, which it did by steps over several decades. The Clapham Sect was an influential group of like-minded social reformers in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century (active c. ... The Four Evangelists, by Jakob Jordaens Evangelism is the proclaiming of the Christian Gospel or, by extension, any other form of preaching or proselytizing. ...

Brazil's 1877-78 Grande Seca (Great Drought) in the cotton-growing northeast, led to major turmoil, starvation, poverty and internal migration. As wealthy plantation holders rushed to sell their slaves south, popular resistance and resentment grew, inspiring numerous emancipation societies. They succeeded in banning slavery altogether in the province of Ceara by 1884. (Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, 88-90) Slavery was legally ended nationwide on May 13 by the Lei Aurea ("Golden Law") of 1888. Brazil was the last nation in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery. May 13 is the 133rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (134th in leap years). ... Lei Áurea (Golden Law) was the law that finally abolished slavery in Brazil, passed on May 13, 1888. ... 1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ...

However, in 2004 the government acknowledged to the United Nations that at least 25,000 Brazilians work under conditions "analogous to slavery." The top anti-slavery official in Brasilia, the capital, puts the number of modern slaves at 50,000. [6]

Slavery in the British and French Caribbean

Main article: Slavery in the British and French Caribbean

Slavery was commonly used in the parts of the Caribbean controlled by France and the British Empire. The Lesser Antilles islands of Barbados, St. Kitts, Antigua, Martinique and Guadeloupe, which were the first important slave societies of the Caribbean, began the widespread use of African slaves by the end of the 17th century, as their economies converted from tobacco to sugar production. Slavery in the British and French Caribbean refers to slavery in the parts of the Caribbean dominated by France or the British Empire. ... World map depicting Caribbean: West Indies redirects here. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... The Lesser Antilles are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas form the West Indies. ... At the time of European discovery, Island Carib inhabited the islands of St. ... The Caribbean The History of the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. ... on tobacco usage see Tobacco smoking Species Nicotiana acuminata Nicotiana alata Nicotiana attenuata Nicotiana benthamiana Nicotiana clevelandii Nicotiana excelsior Nicotiana forgetiana Nicotiana glauca Nicotiana glutinosa Nicotiana langsdorffii Nicotiana longiflora Nicotiana obtusifolia Nicotiana paniculata Nicotiana plumbagifolia Nicotiana quadrivalvis Nicotiana repanda Nicotiana rustica Nicotianasuaveolens Nicotiana sylvestris Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana tomentosa Ref: ITIS... Magnified crystals of refined sugar Magnification of typical sugar In general use, non-scientists take sugar to mean sucrose, also called table sugar or saccharose, a white crystalline solid disaccharide. ...

The slaves were treated terribly, often beaten and raped. They had such miserable lives that death was considered a welcome release.

By the middle of the 18th century, British Jamaica and French Saint-Domingue had become the largest slave societies of the region, rivaling Brazil as a destination for enslaved Africans. Due to overwork, the death rates for Caribbean slaves were greater than birth rates. The conditions led to increasing numbers of slave revolts, escaped slaves forming Maroon communities and fighting guerrilla wars against the plantation owners, campaigns against slavery in Europe, and the abolition of slavery in the European empires. Saint-Domingue was a French colony from 1697 to 1804 that is today the independent nation of Haiti. ... A slave revolt, like a rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. ... It has been suggested that Cimaroons be merged into this article. ... Distinguish from the type of ape called a gorilla. ... A plantation is an intentional planting of a crop, on a larger scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. ... This article is about the abolition of slavery. ...

Slavery in North America

Main Articles: Slavery in Colonial America, Slavery in Canada, History of slavery in the United States, Atlantic slave trade Slavery was introduced in Colonial British North America in the 17th century, in imitation of labor practices used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies in South American colonies. ... Slavery in Canada was first practised by some aboriginal nations, who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. ... Slave sale in Easton, Maryland The history of slavery in the United States began soon after Europeans first settled in what in 1776 became the United States. ... The Atlantic slave trade was the purchase of people in and transport from West Africa and Central Africa into slavery in the New World. ...

The first recorded slaves in the United States, in 1619 twenty Africans were brought by a Dutch man of war and sold to the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia as indentured servants. The transformation from indentured servitude to racial slavery happened gradually. It wasn't until 1661 that a reference to slavery entered into Virginia law, directed at Caucasian servants who ran away with a black servant. It wouldn't be until the Slave Codes of 1705 that the status of African Americans as slaves would be sealed. This status would last for another 160 years, until after the end of the American Civil War with the ratification of the 13th Amendment in December 1865. Events May 13 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been accused of treason. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... An indentured servant is a labourer under contract (an indenture--explained below) to work (for a specified amount of time) for another person or a company/corporation, often without any monetary pay, but in exchange for accommodation, food, other essentials, training, or passage to a new country. ... Events January 6 - The fifth monarchy men unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert Edward Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total...

Return of slavery to British law

• 1641 - Massachusetts becomes the first colony to legalize slavery.
• 1650 - Connecticut legalizes slavery.
• 1661 - Virginia officially recognizes slavery by statute.
• 1662 - A Virginia statute declares that children born would have the same status as their mother.
• 1663 - Maryland legalizes slavery.
• 1664 - Slavery is legalized in New York and New Jersey. (Source:Timeline of Slavery in America-African American History[7])

Official language(s) English Capital Boston Largest city Boston Area  Ranked 44th  - Total 10,555 sq mi (27,360 km²)  - Width 183 miles (295 km)  - Length 113 miles (182 km)  - % water 13. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,417 sq mi (32,160 km²)  - Width 90 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37°53N to 39°43N  - Longitude 75°4W to 79°33... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Development of slavery

The first imported Africans were brought as indentured servants, not slaves. They were required, as white indentured servants were, to serve nine years. Many were brought to the British North American colonies, specifically Jamestown, Virginia in 1620. However, the slave trade did not immediately expand in North America. Mexico and Canada had completely abolished slavery by 1810. For other American colonies, see European colonization of the Americas or British colonization of the Americas. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Slavery under European rule began with importation of European indentured labourers, was followed by the enslavement of indigenous peoples in the Caribbean, and eventually was primarily replaced with Africans imported through a large slave trade. An Indentured servant is an unfree labourer under contract to work (for a specified amount of time) for another person, often without any pay, but in exchange for accommodation, food, other essentials and/or free passage to a new country. ... Indigenous peoples are: Peoples living in an area prior to colonization by a state Peoples living in an area within a nation-state, prior to the formation of a nation-state, but who do not identify with the dominant nation. ... World map depicting Caribbean: West Indies redirects here. ...

The shift from indentured servants to African slaves was prompted by a dwindling class of former servants who had worked through the terms of their indentures and thus became competitors to their former masters. These newly freed servants were rarely able to support themselves comfortably, and the tobacco industry was increasingly dominated by large planters. This caused domestic unrest culminating in Bacon's Rebellion. Eventually, chattel slavery became the norm in regions dominated by plantations. An indentured servant is a labourer under contract (an indenture--explained below) to work (for a specified amount of time) for another person or a company/corporation, often without any monetary pay, but in exchange for accommodation, food, other essentials, training, or passage to a new country. ... Bacons Rebellion, also known as the Virginia Rebellion, was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. ...

Many slaves were owned by plantation owners who lived in Britain. The British courts had made a series of contradictory rulings on the legality of slavery (National Archives Link) which encouraged several thousand slaves to flee the newly-independent United States as refugees along with the retreating British in 1783. The British courts having ruled in 1772 that such slaves could not be forcibly returned to North America (see James Somersett and Mansfield Decision for a review of the Somerset Decision), the British Government resettled them as free men in Sierra Leone. 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... James Somersett or Somerset was a slave who was brought by his owner from Virginia to England. ... The Mansfield Decision was a legal ruling by a British judge in 1772 that there was no legal basis for slavery in England, effectively abolishing the practice of slavery in the country (although not in the British colonies). ...

Example of abusive slave treatment: Back deeply scarred from whipping

Several slave rebellions took place during the 17th and 18th centuries. Image File history File links Slavetreatment. ... Image File history File links Slavetreatment. ... A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

Through the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (also known as the Freedom Ordinance) under the Continental Congress, slavery was prohibited in the Interior/Central States. In the East, though, slavery was not abolished until later. The importation of slaves into the United States was banned on January 1, 1808; but not the internal slave trade, or involvement in the international slave trade externally. The Northwest Ordinance (formally An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio, and also known as the Freedom Ordinance) was an act of the Continental Congress of the United States passed on July 13, 1787 under the Articles of Confederation. ... The Continental Congress is the label given to three successive bodies of representatives: The First Continental Congress met from September 5, 1774 to October 26, 1774. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Aggregation of northern free states gave rise to one contiguous geographic area, north of the Ohio River and the old Mason-Dixon line. This separation of a free North and an enslaved South launched a massive political, cultural and economic struggle. Ohio River viewed from Liberty Hill in Ripley, Ohio. ... The original Mason-Dixon Line The Mason–Dixon Line (or Mason and Dixons Line) is a line of demarcation between states in the United States. ...

Refugees from slavery fled the South across the Ohio River to the North via the Underground Railroad, and their presence agitated Northerners. Midwestern state governments asserted States Rights arguments to refuse Federal jurisdiction over fugitives. Some juries exercised their right of jury nullification and refused to convict those indicted under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In American politics and constitutional law, states rights are guaranteed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, (i. ... Jury nullification is a jurys refusal to render a verdict according to the law, as instructed by the court, regardless of the weight of evidence presented. ... The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850 as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slaveholding interests and Northern Free-Soilers and abolitionists. ...

The Dred Scott decision of 1857 asserted that one could take one's property anywhere (Even if one's property was chattel and one crossed into a free territory). It also asserted that African Americans could not be citizens, as many Northern states granted blacks citizenship, who (in some states) could even vote. This was an example of Slave Power, the plantation aristocracy's attempt to control the North. This turned Northern public opinion even further against slavery. After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, armed conflict broke out in Kansas Territory, where the question of whether it would be admitted to the Union as a slave state or a free state had been left to the inhabitants. The radical abolitionist John Brown was active in the mayhem and killing in "Bleeding Kansas." Anti-slavery legislators took office under the banner of the Republican Party. Holding Blacks, whether slaves or free, could not become United States citizens and the plaintiff therefore lacked the capacity to file a lawsuit. ... Personal property is a type of property. ... The Slave Power was the term used in the Northern United States in the period 1840-1865 to describe the political power of the slaveholding class in the South. ... The Kansas–Nebraska Act was a United States federal law passed on May 30, 1854, organizing a territorial government for the lands that later became the states of Kansas and Nebraska. ... Kansas Territory was a historic, organized territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854 to January 29, 1861, when Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. ... John Browns Oath Engraving from daguerreotype by Augustus Washington, ca. ... Division of the states during the Civil War:  Union states  Union territories  Border states  Bleeding Kansas  The Confederacy  Confederate territories (not always held) Bleeding Kansas, sometimes referred to in the history of Kansas as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a sequence of violent events involving Free-Staters (anti... This article is about the modern United States Republican Party. ...

In the election of 1860, the Republicans swept Abraham Lincoln into the Presidency (with only 39.8% of the popular vote) and legislators into Congress. Lincoln however, did not appear on the ballots in most southern states and his election split the nation along sectional lines. After decades of controlling the Federal Government, the Southern states seceded from the U.S. (the Union) to form the Confederate States of America. Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was an American politician who served as the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: With God As Our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (April 3–April 10, 1865) Largest city New Orleans...

Northern leaders like Lincoln viewed the prospect of a new Southern nation, with control over the Mississippi River and the West, as unacceptable. This led to the outbreak of the Civil War. Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert Edward Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total...

The Civil War spelled the end for chattel slavery in America. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 was a reluctant gesture that proclaimed freedom for slaves within the Confederacy, although not those in strategically important Border states or the rest of the Union. However, the proclamation made the abolition of slavery an official war goal and it was implemented as the Union captured territory from the Confederacy. Slaves in many parts of the south were freed by Union armies or when they simply left their former owners. Many joined the Union Army as workers or troops, and many more fled to Northern cities. The Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential order in 1863 that freed most (but not all) of the slaves in the United States. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... In a European context, the term Border states policy, and Border states in a specific sense, refer to attempts during the interbellum to unite the countries that had won their independence from Imperial Russia due to the Russian Revolution, the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and ultimately the defeat of Imperial... The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of Shermans veterans. ...

Legally, slaves within the United States remained enslaved until the final ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution on December 6, 1865 (with final recognition of the amendment on December 18), eight months after the cessation of hostilities. Only in the Border state of Kentucky did a significant slave population remain by that time. Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution abolished slavery and, with the exception of allowing punishments for crimes, prohibits involuntary servitude. ... December 6 is the 340th day (341st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

After the failure of Reconstruction, freed slaves in the United States were treated as second class citizens. For decades after their emancipation, many former slaves living in the South sharecropped and had a low standard of living. In some states, it was only after the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s that blacks obtained legal protection from racial discrimination (see segregation). // Reconstruction was the period in United States history, 1865–1876, that attempted to resolve the issues of the American Civil War when both the Confederacy and its system of slavery were destroyed. ... Sharecropping is a system of sharefarming in which farmers work a parcel of land which they do not own in return for a portion of the parcels crop production and/or a wage. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Segregation means separation. ...

Although slavery has been illegal in the United States for nearly a century and a half, the United States Department of Labor occasionally prosecutes cases against people for false imprisonment and involuntary servitude. These cases often involve illegal immigrants who are forced to work as slaves in factories to pay off a debt claimed by the people who transported them into the United States. Other cases have involved domestics. The United States Department of Labor is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance benefits, re-employment services, and some economic statistics. ...

Slavery in Asia

South Asia

The Greek historian Arrian writes in his book Indica: Alexander the Great Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon (c. ... Indica is the name of an ancient book about India written by Arrian, one of the main ancient historians of Alexander the Great. ...

"This also is remarkable in India, that all Indians are free, and no Indian at all is a slave. In this the Indians agree with the Lacedaemonians. Yet the Lacedaemonians have Helots for slaves, who perform the duties of slaves; but the Indians have no slaves at all, much less is any Indian a slave."

Though any formalised slave trade has not existed in South Asia, unfree labour has existed for centuries in the Medieval ages, in different forms. The most common forms have been kinds of bonded labour. During the epoch of the Mughals, debt bondage reached its peak, and it was common for money lenders to make slaves of peasants and others who failed to repay debts. Under these practices, more than one generation could be forced into unfree labour; for example, a son could be sold into bonded labour for life to pay off the debt, along with interest. Laconia (Λακωνία; see also List of traditional Greek place names), also known as Lacedaemonia, was in ancient Greece the portion of the Peloponnese of which the most important city was Sparta. ... Helots were Peloponnesian Greeks who were enslaved under Spartan rule. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir) South Asia, also Southern Asia, is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ...

Arab slave traders also brought slaves as early as the first century AD from Africa. Most of the African slaves were brought however in the 17th century and were taken into Western India.

Much of the northern and central parts of the subcontinent was ruled by the so-called Slave Dynasty of Turkic origin from 1206-1290: Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a slave of Muhammad Ghori rose to power following his master's death. For almost a century, his descendants ruled presiding over the introduction of Tankas and building of Qutub Minar. The Slave dynasty (Urdu: سلطنت غلامان) served as the first Sultans of Delhi in India from 1206 to 1290. ... This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ... Qutb-ud-din Aybak was a ruler of Medieval India, the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Slave dynasty (also known as the Mamluk dynasty). ... Muhammad of Ghor or Muhammad Ghori (originally named Muizz-ad-din) (1162 - 1206) was a Persian conqueror and sultan between 1171 and 1206. ... At 72. ...

China

Slavery in China has repeatedly come in and out of favor. Due to the enoromous population of the region throughout most of her history, China has relatively had an almost unlimited workforce of cheap labor. Thus, the economy would naturally rely on a system of serfdom, slavery, or a combination of both. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Japan

Main article: Slavery in Japan

Slavery in Japan was, for most of its history, indigenous, since the export and import of slaves was restricted by Japan being a group of islands. The export of a slave from Japan is recorded in 3rd century Chinese history, although the system involved is unclear. These slaves were called seiko (生口, seiko^?), lit. "living mouth". Slavery in Japan was, for the most of its history, endogenous. ...

In the 8th century, a slave was called nuhi (奴婢, nuhi^?) and series of laws on slavery was issued. In an area of present-day Ibaraki prefecture, out of a population of 190,000, around 2,000 were slaves; the proportion is believed to have been even higher in western Japan. Ibaraki may refer to: Ibaraki, Osaka Ibaraki prefecture This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

By the time of the Sengoku period (1467-1615), the attitude that slavery was anachronistic had become widespread. In a meeting with Catholic priests, Oda Nobunaga was presented with a black slave, the first recorded encounter between a Japanese and an African. In 1588, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered all slave trading to be abolished. This was continued by his successors. The Sengoku period (Japanese: 戦国時代, Sengoku-jidai) or Warring States period, was a period of civil war in the history of Japan that spans from the middle 15th to the early 17th centuries. ... Oda Nobunaga (織田 信長 , June 23, 1534–June 21, 1582) was a major daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history. ... 1588 was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... Hideyoshi in old age. ...

As the Empire of Japan annexed Asian countries, from the late 19th century onwards, archaic institutions including slavery were abolished in those countries. However, during the Pacific War of 1937-45, the Japanese military used hundreds of thousands of civilians and prisoners of war as forced labour, on projects such as the Burma Railway. (For further details, see Japanese war crimes.) Official language Japanese Capital Tokyo Area 7. ... US landings in the Pacific, 1942–1945 The Pacific War was the part of World War II that occurred in the Pacific Ocean, its islands, and in East Asia, 1937 to 1945. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Thailand to Myanmar) by the Japanese during World War II to complete the route from Bangkok to Rangoon and support the Japanese occupation of Burma. ... The term Japanese war crimes refers to events which occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. ...

Korea

Indigenous slaves existed in Korea. It is widely known that the last names "Bang", "Ji", and "Chuk" are recognizable as last names having once been given to slaves. Slavery was official abolished with the Gabo Reform of 1894. Korea (Korean: (ì¡°ì„  or 한국, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... The Gabo Reform or Gabo Gyeongjang (갑오 경장; 甲午更張) describes a series of sweeping reforms introduced into Korea (at that time called Joseon) in 1894, during the reign of King Gojong. ...

Aotearoa / New Zealand

In traditional Māori society, prisoners of war became slaves, (unless released, ransomed or eaten).^{[citation needed]} With some exceptions, the child of a slave remained a slave. As far as it is possible to tell slavery seems to have increased in the early Nineteenth century, as a result of increased numbers of prisoners being taken by Māori military leaders such as Hongi Hika and Te Rauparaha in the Musket Wars, the need for labour to supply whalers and traders with food, flax and timber in return for western goods and missionary condemnation of cannibalism. Slavery was outlawed on English Annexation of New Zealand in 1840, immediately prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, although it did not end completely until government was effectively extended over the whole of the country with the defeat of the King movement in the New Zealand Wars of the mid 1860s. Look up Aotearoa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the Māori language, see Māori language. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Hongi Hika (1772?–1828) was a New Zealand Maori rangatira (chief) and war leader of the Ngapuhi iwi (tribe). ... Te Rauparaha (1760s?-1849) was a Maori Chief and War Leader of the Ngati Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. ... The Musket Wars were a series of battles fought between various tribal groups of Maori in the early 1800s, primarily on the North Island in New Zealand. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Treaty of Waitangi The Treaty of Waitangi (Māori: Te Tiriti o Waitangi) was signed on February 6, 1840 at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. ... The Māori Wars, now more commonly being referred to as The Land Wars and also as the New Zealand Wars, refers to a series of conflicts that happened in New Zealand between 1845 and 1872. ...

Child Slavery: Trafficked children as young as 2 years old are forced to work up to 18 hours a day as camel jockeys in the Middle East - Pic by Ansar Burney Trust

Image File history File linksMetadata Camel_jockey_ansarburney. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Camel_jockey_ansarburney. ... Slavery is any of a number of related conditions involving control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other clear forms of coercion. ...

Middle East

Children as young as two years old are used for slavery as child camel jockeys across the Arab countries of the Middle East. Though strict laws have been introduced recently in Qatar and UAE - thanks to better awareness of the issue and lobbying by human rights organisations such as the Ansar Burney Trust - the use of children still continues in the far flung areas and during secret night time races. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... UAE redirects here; for other uses of that term, see UAE (disambiguation) The United Arab Emirates is an oil-rich country situated in the south-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia, comprising seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. ... // Background www. ...

Abolitionist movements

Main article: Abolitionism

Slavery has existed, in one form or another, through the whole of human history. So, too, have movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves. Moses led Israelite slaves from ancient Egypt according to the Biblical Book of Exodus - possibly the first detailed account of a movement to free slaves, though modern archeology throws doubt on the claims of such a mass exodus. However, abolitionism should be distinguished from efforts to help a particular group of slaves, or to restrict one practice, such as the slave trade. This French poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery. ... Moses strikes water from the stone, by Bacchiacca Moses or Moshe (Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה, Standard Tiberian ; Arabic: موسى, ; Geez: ሙሴ Musse) is a legendary Hebrew liberator, leader, lawgiver, prophet, and historian. ... Khafres Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... Torah () is a Hebrew word meaning teaching, instruction, or law. It is the central and most important document of Judaism revered by Jews through the ages. ... This article is about the second book in the Torah. ... This French poster depicting the horrific conditions on slave ships was influential in mobilizing public opinion against slavery. ...

In 1772, a legal case concerning James Somersett made it illegal to remove a slave from England against his will. A similar case, that of Joseph Knight, took place in Scotland five years later and ruled slavery to be contrary to the law of Scotland. James Somersett or Somerset was a slave who was brought by his owner from Virginia to England. ... Joseph Knight was a slave born in Africa and sold in Jamaica to a Scottish owner. ...

Following the work of campaigners in the United Kingdom, the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act was passed by Parliament on March 25, 1807. The act imposed a fine of £100 for every slave found aboard a British ship. The intention was to entirely outlaw the slave trade within the whole British Empire. The Slave Trade Act (citation ) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed in 1807 the long title of which is An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Main article: Atlantic slave trade The act abolished the slave trade in the British empire. ... The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories. ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Atlantic slave trade was the purchase of people in and transport from West Africa and Central Africa into slavery in the New World. ...

The Slavery Abolition Act, passed on August 23, 1833, outlawed slavery itself in the British colonies. On August 1, 1834 all slaves in the British Empire were emancipated, but still indentured to their former owners in an apprenticeship system which was finally abolished in 1838. The Slavery Abolition Act was an 1833 act of the British Parliament abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire. ... August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... August 1 is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Proclamation of the abolition of slavery by Victor Hughes in the Guadeloupe, the 1st November 1794

There were slaves in mainland France, but the institution was never fully authorized there. However, slavery was vitally important in France's Caribbean possessions, especially Saint-Domingue. In 1793, unable to repress the massive slave revolt of August 1791 that had become the Haitian Revolution, the French Revolutionary commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel declared general emancipation. In Paris, on February 4, 1794, Abbé Grégoire and the Convention ratified this action by officially abolishing slavery in all French territories. Napoleon sent troops to the Caribbean in 1802 to try to re-establish slavery. They succeeded in Guadeloupe, but the ex-slaves of Saint-Domingue defeated the French army and declared independence. The colony became Haiti, the first black republic, on January 1, 1804. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... World map depicting Caribbean: West Indies redirects here. ... Saint-Domingue was a French colony from 1697 to 1804 that is today the independent nation of Haiti. ... The Haitian Revolution was the first and only successful slave rebellion in the Western Hemisphere and established Haiti as a free, black republic, the first of its kind. ... Leger-Félicité Sonthonax, son of a prosperous French merchant, was a revolutionary affiliated with the Girondin party. ... Étienne Polverel was one of two French Revolutionary Civil Commissioners who ended slavery in Saint-Domingue in 1793 during the Haitian Revolution. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Henri Grégoire Henri Grégoire (December 4, 1750-May 20, 1831) was a French Revolutionary leader and constitutional bishop of Blois. ... It has been suggested that Protocol (treaty) be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

Sierra Leone was established as a country for former slaves of the British Empire in Africa. Liberia served an analogous purpose for American slaves. The goal of the abolitionists was repatriation of the slaves to Africa. Also some trade unions did not want the cheap labour of former slaves around. Nevertheless, most former slaves stayed in America. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Slaves in the United States who escaped ownership would often make their way north to Canada via the "Underground Railroad". Famously active abolitionists of the U.S. include Harriet Tubman, Nat Turner, Frederick Douglass and John Brown. Slavery was abolished in the United States in 1865. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the abolition of slavery. ... Harriet Tubman in 1880 Harriet Tubman (c. ... Nat Turner preaches religion. ... Frederick Douglass, ca. ... John Browns Oath Engraving from daguerreotype by Augustus Washington, ca. ... Amendment XIII (the Thirteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution abolished slavery and, with the exception of allowing punishments for crimes, prohibits involuntary servitude. ...

The 1926 Slavery Convention, an initiative of the League of Nations, was a turning point in banning global slavery. Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948 by the UN General Assembly, explicitly banned slavery. The United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery was convened to outlaw and ban slavery worldwide, including child slavery. In December 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which was developed from the Universal Declaraction of Human Rights. Article 8 of this international treaty bans slavery. The treaty came into force in March 1976 after it had been ratified by 35 nations. As of November 2003, 104 nations had ratified the treaty. The Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, built between 1929 and 1938, was constructed as the Leagues headquarters. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (also UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/217, December 10, 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris), outlining the organizations view on the human... ... The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a United Nations treaty based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created in 1966 and entered into force on 23 March 1976. ...

Slavery is defined as a crime against humanity by a French law of 2001^[2]. A crime against humanity is a term in international law that refers to acts of murderous persecution against a body of people, as being the criminal offence above all others. ...

References

The Palais Bourbon, front The French National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) is one of the two houses of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. ... May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...

See also

Famous slaves and former slaves

From the list of famous slaves: . ...

• Bilal ibn Ribah, slave during the 6th century who was freed and converted to a Muslim in early days of Islam. He was a Sahaba and was chosen by Prophet Muhammad to be his muezzin.
• Saint Patrick, abducted from Britain, enslaved in Ireland, escaped to Britain, returned to Ireland as a missionary
• John Brown, escaped and wrote of conditions in Deep South
• Olaudah Equiano also sometimes called Gustavus Vassa, prominent African/British author and figure in the abolitionist cause
• Ann Plato (1820–?), free black schoolmistress and writer, member of the Talcott Street Congregational Church, Hartford CT and the first African American woman to publish a book of essays (1841)
• Frederick Douglass, abolitionist writer and speaker
• Enrique, the slave of Ferdinand Magellan, who became the first man to go around the globe.
• Juan Francisco Manzano, Cuban slave and poet.
• Malinche, famous translator during the Spanish conquest of Mexico
• Estebanico, one of the only 4 men that survived the failed expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez
• Onesimus, owned by Philemon mentioned in the Bible
• Aesop, Greek author, famous for his fables
• Spartacus, led the Servile Revolt
• Toussaint L'Ouverture, led the independence of Haiti slave revolt after being freed.
• Harriet Tubman, nicknamed Moses because of her efforts in helping other slaves escape through the Underground Railway.
• Nat Turner, escaped and led revolt in Southampton County, Virginia
• Zumbi, in colonial Brazil, escaped and joined the Quilombo dos Palmares – the largest ever settlement of escaped slaves in Brazil – later becoming its last and most famous leader.
• Mende Nazer, a woman who was an alleged slave in Sudan and transferred to London to serve a diplomat's family there
• Terence, Roman comic poet who wrote before and possibly after his freedom.
• Granny Nanny, famous female leader of Jamaican Maroons
• Dred Scott, a slave who attempted to sue for his freedom in Scott v. Sandford.

Bilal redirects here. ... In Islam, the Sahāba (الصحابة) were the companions of the prophet Muhammad. ... For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... The müezzin (the word is pronounced this way Turkish, Urdu, etc. ... Saint Patrick Saint Patrick (386–March 17, 493, see below) was a missionary and is regarded as the patron saint of Ireland (along with Saint Brigid and Saint Columba). ... John Brown For the abolitionist, redirect to John Brown John Brown [1810]-[1876] also known by his slave name of Fed, was a slave in Virginia. ... Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano (c. ... Ann Plato was a nineteenth century American Black educator and author. ... Frederick Douglass, ca. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães, IPA pronunciation: //; Spanish: Fernando or Hernando de Magallanes; Spring 1480–April 27, 1521) was a Portuguese maritime explorer who, at the service of Spain, led the first successful attempt to sail around the entire Earth. ... La Malinche (c. ... Estevanico (ca. ... Pánfilo de Narváez Pánfilo de Narváez (1470 – 1528) was a Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas. ... Onesimus In the New Testament, Onesimus (d. ... Philemon was a citizen of Colossae in Phrygia in the 1st century, to whom Paul of Tarsus addressed a private letter, unique in the New Testament, which bears his name, the Epistle to Philemon. ... For other uses, see Bible (disambiguation). ... Aesop, as depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle. ... Aesops Fables or Aesopica refers to a collection of fables credited to Aesop (circa 620 BC – 560 BC), a slave and story-teller living in Ancient Greece. ... Spartacus by Denis Foyatier, 1830 Spartacus, who was believed to be a Thracian (born in what is now Sandanski in present-day Bulgaria), was enslaved by the Romans and led a large slave uprising in what is now Italy during the period 73 BC to 71 BC. His army of... Combatants Army of escaped slaves Roman Republic Commanders Crixus†, Oenomaus, Spartacus† (presumed dead, body never found) Caius Glaber, Publius Valerius, Gnaeus Clodianus, Lucius Publicola, Cassius, Marcus Licinius Crassus, Pompey Magnus, Lucullus. ... François-Dominique Toussaint LOuverture François-Dominique Toussaint LOuverture, also Toussaint Bréda, Toussaint-Louverture (c. ... Harriet Tubman in 1880 Harriet Tubman (c. ... This page refers to urban rail mass transit systems. ... Nat Turner preaches religion. ... Southampton County is a county located in the state of Virginia. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Zumbi (1655 - November 20, 1695, pronounced: ) was the last of the leaders of Quilombo dos Palmares, in the present-day state of Alagoas, Brazil. ... Zumbi (1655 - November 20, 1695, pronounced: Zoom-bee) was the last of the leaders of Quilombo dos Palmares, in the present-day state of Alagoas, Brazil. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Publius Terentius Afer, better known as Terence, was a comic playwright of the Roman Republic. ... The Right Excellent Granny Nanny (also known as Nanny of the Maroons), a National Hero of Jamaica, was a well-known leader of the Maroons of Jamaica. ... The word Maroon can have the following meanings: Maroon is a color mixture composed of brown and purple. ... Dred Scott Dred Scott (ca. ... Holding Blacks, whether slaves or free, could not become United States citizens and the plaintiff therefore lacked the capacity to file a lawsuit. ...

Various

• Anti-Slavery Society
• Arab slave trade
• Blackbirding
• Child slavery
• Compensated Emancipation
• Coolies
• Fazendas
• Forced labour
• History of slavery in the United States
  • Origins of the American Civil War
  • North Carolina v. Mann
• Indentured servitude
• International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition
• Religion and slavery
• Sambo's Grave
• Serfdom
• Slave narrative
• Slave rebellion
• Slave ship
• Slave soldiers:
  • janissaries
  • Mamluks
  • Saqaliba
• Slave trade
  • African slave trade
  • Arab slave trade
  • Atlantic slave trade
  • Coastwise slave trade
  • Swedish slave trade
• United States National Slavery Museum
• William Lynch Speech
• William Wilberforce

The Anti-Slavery Society was founded in Britain in 1823. ... Slave trade means a trade in human beings treated as objects of commerce. ... Blackbirding refers to the recruitment of people through trickery and kidnappings to work on plantations, particularly sugar cane plantations. ... Slavery is any of a number of related conditions involving control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other clear forms of coercion. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Coolie refers to unskilled laborers from Asia of the 1800s to early 1900s who were sent to the United States, Australia, New Zealand, North Africa and the West Indies. ... Fazendas were coffee estates that spread within the interior of Brazil between 1840 and 186, which created major export commodities for Brazilian trade, but also led to intensification of slavery in Brazil. ... Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for forms of work, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed without wages, or for a minimal wage. ... Slave sale in Easton, Maryland The history of slavery in the United States began soon after Europeans first settled in what in 1776 became the United States. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Southern rights. ... The requested page title was invalid, empty, an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title, or contained illegal characters. ... An Indentured servant is an unfree labourer under contract to work (for a specified amount of time) for another person, often without any pay, but in exchange for accommodation, food, other essentials and/or free passage to a new country. ... 2004 was declared the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition by the United Nations General Assembly. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Sambos Grave is the burial site of a young African cabin boy or slave, in the small village of Sunderland Point, near Heysham and Overton, Lancashire. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The slave narrative is a literary form which grew out of the experience of enslaved Africans in the New World. ... A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ... Chamberlain of Sultan Murad IV with janissaries The Janissaries (or janizaries; in Turkish: Yeniçeri (yeni çeri, meaning new soldier); in Greek: Γενίτσαροι; in Bulgarian: яничари; in Croatian and Bosnian: Janjičari; in Slovenian: Janjičarji; in Hungarian: Janicsárok; in Serbian :Јањичари; in Romanian: ieniceri; in Arabic: الانكشارية) comprised infantry units that formed... A Mamluk cavalryman, drawn in 1810 A mamluk (Arabic: مملوك (singular), مماليك (plural), owned; also transliterated mameluk, mameluke, or mamluke) was a slave soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid during the Middle Ages. ... In the medieval Arab world, the term Saqaliba (سقالبة, sg. ... Slave transport in Africa, from a 19th century engraving The trading of slaves has been carried on for thousands of years in Africa. ... Slave trade means a trade in human beings treated as objects of commerce. ... The Atlantic slave trade was the purchase of people in and transport from West Africa and Central Africa into slavery in the New World. ... The coastwise slave trade existed along the eastern coastal areas of North America. ... Throughout the history of Sweden, there have been instances of slave trade. ... The United States National Slavery Museum is a non-profit organization based in Fredericksburg, Virginia that is fundraising and campaigning to establish a national museum on slavery in America. ... The William (or Willie) Lynch Speech (or Letter) is a text of spurious origin which drew widespread attention when it circulated throughout the Internet during the 1990s. ... William Wilberforce William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 - 29 July 1833) was an English parliamentarian and leader of the campaign against the slave trade. ...

External links

• Digital History - Slavery Facts & Myths
• African Holocaust Society - Anti-slavery and self-determination working to educate via media
• African history by Africans
• Slavery in the Bible