The Aboriginal History of Western Australia is the history of the indigenous inhabitants of the western third of the Australian continent, from their own perspective. Languages Several hundred Indigenous Australian languages (many extinct or nearly so), Australian English, Australian Aboriginal English, Torres Strait Creole, Kriol Religions Primarily Christian, with minorities of other religions including various forms of Traditional belief systems based around the Dreamtime Related ethnic groups see List of Indigenous Australian group names Indigenous...

On the writing of Aboriginal history

See also: History of Western Australia

The documentation of Aboriginal history is problematic^[1]. As history is generally the interpretation and analysis of written documentation, the fact that Aboriginal people lived in pre-literate cultures prior to 1827 in Western Australia, means that they are often called a "pre-historic" people. Even since western contact, hearing Aboriginal voices in history has been difficult. There have been very few Aboriginal people who have ever become historians, and the systematic collection of documentation related to Aboriginal people in Western Australia is a task that has commenced only in the last half century, through the work of such historians as Neville Green^[2][3]. Prior to that the study of Aboriginal history was a part of the anthropology of culture contact, and for a long time it was assumed that the best policies for Aboriginal people were, in the words of Daisy Bates, ^[4] "to smooth the pillow of a dieing race". The human history of Western Australia spans between the first inhabitants arriving on the northwest coast about 55,000 years ago to events in the twentieth century. ... Aboriginal Flag Australian Aborigines is a name used to collectively describe most of the indigenous peoples of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ... Prehistory (Greek words προ = before and ιστορία = history) is the period of human history prior to the advent of writing (which marks the beginning of recorded history). ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Aboriginal history in Western Australia has been enriched in recent years in part by the fact that people like Lois Tilbrook ^[5] have started collecting Native Welfare information and records on key Western Australian Aboriginal Families (indeed, thanks to the comprehensiveness of the records of the paternalistic Department of Native Affairs, significantly more is known about Aboriginal families than about most European Western Australian families). Anna Haebich^[6][7] has written of the Moore River Native Settlement^[8] and the "Stolen Generations", for which extensive documentation exists.

Over the last half century, too the maturation of Western Australian Aboriginal archaeology, through the work of such scientists as Sylvia Hallam ^[9] and Charles Dorch^[10], has also come of age, and has enabled us to understand a great deal of the 'pre-historical' history of Aboriginal people, the period called here, 'Autonomy to Contact'. Added to this is the realization that Aboriginal people themselves, through the preservation in an oral tradition of stories of their own past, do have a history. For example, Aboriginal coastal dwellers in both the south and the north of Western Australia, not only preserve stories about extinct Australian megafauna, but also preserved quite accurate stories about the rising sea levels and the loss of lands offshore as a result of the sea level rise of the Flandrian transgression, at the end of the Pleistocene Ice Age. Marsupial Lion skeleton in Naracoorte Caves, South Australia. ... The Flandrian interglacial or stage is the name given by geologists and archaeologists in the British Isles to the first, and so far only, stage of the Holocene, covering the period from around 10,000 years ago when the last ice age ended to the present day. ... The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) on the geologic timescale is the period from 1,808,000 to 11,550 years BP. The Pleistocene epoch had been intended to cover the worlds recent period of repeated glaciations. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ...

Oral history accounts, of both legendary and cultural information, and personal biographical accounts, have immensely enriched the writing and study of Western Australian Aboriginal history. Sally Morgan's "My Place" was one of the first Aboriginal biographies in Western Australia, and a large number of Aboriginal people have started telling the stories of the lives of themselves and their families. The recent internationally acclaimed "Rabbit Proof Fence" is just the last of a large number of autobiographies that have been written in the last twenty years. Oral history is an account of something passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another. ... Sally Jane Morgan (née Milroy, born 18 January 1951 in Perth, Western Australia) is an Australian Aborigine author, scriptwriter and artist. ... Movie poster for Rabbit-Proof Fence Rabbit-Proof Fence is an Australian film based on the book of the same name by Doris Pilkington Garimara allegedly based on historical events about three young half-caste Aboriginal girls who ran away from a Western Australian settlement in which they were placed...

The importance of Aboriginal history of Western Australia

Most people who have ever lived in Western Australia have been Aboriginal. Despite the numerical predominance of European Australians over the last century, there have been many more Aboriginal people living in this land than any European. Unlike Europeans, whose settlements and cultural monuments have been immediately visible, the Aboriginal presence has been easy to ignore. Most Western Australians, however, are unaware of the impact of Aboriginal people on the Western Australian environment, as it has been assumed, erroneously, that the landscape in 1829 was a "natural" one, produced completely by natural non-human forces, whereas we are learning that the Western Australian landscape is in fact a cultural product, created by Aboriginal people living in the land for over 50,000 years. At first contact, for instance, every one of 27 rivers, extending from the Moore River to the North to the Fitzgerald River to the south east, was a fresh-water stream of potable drinking water. Today, every one is considered too saline for human consumption. Indeed, it has been stated that the continued "health" of the Australian landscape has been the greatest cultural achievement of the Aboriginal people. Moore River is a national park in Western Australia (Australia), 95 km north of Perth. ... Fitzgerald River is a national park in Western Australia (Australia), 419 km southeast of Perth, in the Shire of Ravensthorpe. ...

The writing of Aboriginal history of Australia, has recently been condemned by the Australian Prime Minister, John Howard, as promoting a "Black Arm Band" view of Australian history. This view has been supported by such writers as Geoffrey Blainey^[11] and Keith Windshuttle^[12]. They claim that Australia was settled peacefully by well intentioned European settlers, and that the collapse of Aboriginal cultures was due to their inferiority when confronted with modern western European technology. This view perpetuates the ethnocentric and Eurocentrism view that claims that Aboriginal people were a "stone age" people, analogous to the Upper Paleolithic hunters and gatherers of Ice Age Europe. But this view of history, of "blaming the victim", is mistaken for two reasons. John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939) is an Australian politician and the 25th Prime Minister of Australia. ... The black armband view of history is a phrase coined by Australian historian Professor Geoffrey Blainey in his 1993 Sir John Latham Memorial Lecture. ... Professor Geoffrey Blainey AC (born 11 March 1930), is one of Australias most significant historians. ... Keith Windschuttle (born 1942) is an Australian writer who is the author of several books, including Unemployment (1979) which analyses the economic causes and social consequences of unemployment in Australia and advocates a socialist response, The Media: a New Analysis of the Press, Television, Radio and Advertising in Australia (1984... Ethnocentrism (Greek ethnos nation + -centrism) is a set of beliefs or practices based on the view that ones own group is the center of everything. ... Eurocentrism is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing emphasis on European (and, generally, Western) concerns, culture and values at the expense of those of other cultures. ... Stone Age fishing hook. ... The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ... In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... Victim-blaming consists of holding victims of crimes or other misfortunes wholly or partly responsible for what has happened to them. ...

Firstly it forgets that Aboriginal people at the time of first settlement had a history as long and as complex as that of Europe itself, and that Aboriginal people are fully modern humans, just as modern as are European Australians themselves. It is true that before contact Aboriginal people made tools and weapons of stone, but material technology is just one part of a culture, and in their stories, songs, ceremonies, languages and law, Aboriginal culture is comparable, though very different, to that of European Australians, and bears very little if any resemblance to that of earlier European "stone age" people.

The second weakness is that such critics of Aboriginal history of such writers as Henry Reynolds^[13] and others all too often forget is that conventional history is written usually from the point of view of the "winners". In this way, non-elite voices are usually drowned out as a result of the shortage of documents and commentary that relate to their concerns. As students of "Labour History" or "Women's History" are fully aware, the study of these "hidden histories" often expose aspects of the past that the dominant culture may have difficulty accepting about itself. But as the work of the Reconciliation Commission in Australia has shown, the survival, indeed the thriving, of Aboriginal culture in Australia in general and in Western Australia in particular, will eventually come to be recognised as a great feat of human endurance, an event of huge historical significance, and of cultural importance to our children and grandchildren. Henry Reynolds is an Australian historian. ... Labor or labour history is a broad field of study concerned with the development of the labor movement and the working class. ... Womens history is a term that refers to information about the past in regard to the female human being. ...

Western Australian Aboriginal Peoples

Despite white settlers treating Aboriginal people as though they were dealing with just one group, this was not the case either prior to contact, nor since. On the basis of cultural affinity, Aboriginal people in Western Australia identify on the basis of culture, shared history and sense of thinking of themselves as belonging to one of five large groupings or "people", closely associated with "country".

• Noongar - occupying the area of the South West Agricultural Division of Western Australia - impacted from 1827 onwards, and today represented by the South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council. It includes five cultural groups

1. Perth Type: Matrilineal moieties and totemic clans. Patrilineal local descent groups. Includes Amangu, Yued, Wadjuk, Binjareb, Wardandi, Ganeang and Wilmen.
2. Nyakinyaki Type: Alternate generational levels similar to Western Desert tpe, with patrilineal local descent groups. Includes Balardong and Nyakinyaki.
3. Bibelmen type: Patrilieal moieties and patrilineal local descent groups. Includes Bibulmen and Mineng.
4. Wudjari type: similar to Nyakinyaki except they have named patrilineal totemic local descent groups.
5. Nyunga type: similar to Wangai with two endogamous named divisions (Bee-eater and King fisher), in which marriage took place within one's own division but children were in the opposite, modified from the Western Desert system. Includes Nyunga.

• Yamatji - occupying the Murchison, Gascoyne and Pilbara Regions of Western Australia - impacted from 1840s onwards, represented today by the Yamatji Bana Baaba Marlpa Land and Sea Council.

1. Nganda type:Patrilineal totemic local descent groups, no moieties or sections. Includes Nganda and Nandu.
2. Inggadi-Badimaia gtype: Sections not well defined, Patrilineal totemic local clans grouped into larger divisions. Includes Inggada, Dadei, Malgada, Ngugan, Widi, Badimaia, Wadjari, and Goara.
3. Djalenji-Maia type: Sections corelaed with kin terms, Matrilineal descent groups. Includes Noala, Djalenji, Yinigudira, Baiyungu, Maia, Malgaru, Dargari, Buduna, Guwari, Warianga, Djiwali, Djururu, Nyanu, Bandjima, Inawongga, Gurama, Binigura and Guwari.
4. Nyangamada type: Sections with indirect matrilineal descent, with patrilineal local descent groups. Includes Bailgu, Indjibandji, Mardudunera, Yaburara, Ngaluma, Gareira, Nyamal, Ngala, and Nyangamada.

• Wankai or Wongai - occupying the Goldfields and Nullarbor regions of Western Australia impacted from 1880s onwards, represented today by the Goldfields Land and Sea Aboriginal Council Corporation.

1. Galamaia-Gelago type: Like Nyunga, but practicing circumcision. Includes Galamaia, Ngurlu, Maduwongga, and Gelago.
2. Mirning Type: Patrilineal local totemic descent groups, No moieties or secions. Similar to the Western Desert type. Includes Ngadjunmaia, Mirning.

• Kimberley peoples - speaking a variety of languages and impacted from 1870s onwards, represented today by the Kimberley Land Council.

1. Garadjeri type: As for Nyangamada. Includes Garadjeri, Mangala, Yaoro, Djungun, Ngombal, Djaberadjabera, and Nyulnyul.
2. Bardi type. Psatrilineal local descent groups, no moieties or sections. Includes Warwar,Nimanburu, Ongarang, Djaul Djaui.
3. Ungarinyin type: Patrilineal. Includes Umedi, Wungemi, Worora, Wunumbul

• Ngaanyatjarra - occupying the Central Desert region - and being much less impacted than the other Aboriginal groups of Western Australia.

These groupings, as culturally diverse as European nation states, prior to contact had significant cultural differences, which have tended to collapse and fuse as a result of European cultural contact. Nevertheless they remain strong parts of Aboriginal identity in contemporary Western Australia. The Noongar (alternate spellings: Nyungar/Nyoongar/Nyoongah),[1] are an indigenous Australian people who live in the southwest corner of Western Australia from Geraldton on the west coast to Esperance on the south coast. ... Yamatji is the name of an important Aboriginal people of the Murchison, Gascoyne and Pilbara regions of the North West of Western Australia, and comes from the word friend in the local languages of the area. ... Wangai, Wongai or Wankai is the name given by themselves to the 26 Aboriginal groups of the Goldfields of Western Australia. ... Wangai, Wongai or Wankai is the name given by themselves to the 26 Aboriginal groups of the Goldfields of Western Australia. ... NASA - Visible Earth, Nullarbor. ... Ngaanyatjarra is an Aboriginal Australian dialectal group of the Western Desert cultural bloc. ...

The periodisation of Western Australian Aboriginal history

Generally the Aboriginal history of Western Australia can be broadly defined into five periods.

Period 1: The Period from Autonomy to Contact - extending before 56,000 BCE until 1629

Period 2: The Period from Contact to Resistance - 1629 - 1829

Period 3: The Period from Resistance to Survival - 1829 - 1881

Period 4: The Period from Survival to Assimilation - 1881 - 1943

Period 5: The Period from Assimilation to Self Determination - 1943 to the present

Period 1: The period from autonomy to contact - extending before 56,000 BCE until 1629

This history has a long period to which dates cannot be put with any accuracy. It can be divided in two by the events of the fifteenth century, in which the Ming Chinese Admiral Cheng Ho and, later, Portuguese explorers, came to link the oceans of the world together. This period ended in about 1600, when the Dutch ousted the Portuguese, and dates for the first contacts between Aboriginal people and Europeans began to increase with frequency. However there is a first period to this contact which has rarely been considered. In the Kimberley, Aboriginal people were associated through long contact with Indonesian fishermen from Macassar, working seasonally with their praus. New skills were learned on both sides. When this contact began we do not know. It may even extend back thousands of years, to the time of the introduction into Australia of the dingo. This contact certainly made the Kimberley and Arnhem Land region a centre for cultural innovation for the whole of Australia, not just Western Australia, as the distribution of baler and Trochus shells throughout the continent indicates. It is not surprising that some have suggested that the Pama Nyungan language family that covers most of the continent may have begun here, spreading to carry those cultural traits like the "Dreaming" that we consider so typically "Aboriginal", right across the land. There is also a possibility that Portuguese may have settled not far from Derby, and that the English Pirate, William Dampier, was searching for this Portuguese settlement when he visited Western Australia. Makassar, (Macassar, Mangkasar) is the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, in Indonesia, on the island of Sulawesi. ... The Kimberley is one of the nine regions of Western Australia. ... Arnhem Land is an area of 97,000 km² in the north-eastern corner of the Northern Territory, Australia. ... Species See text. ... The Pama-Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Australian languages. ... William Dampier, pirate, navigator and explorer William Dampier (baptised 5 September 1651 – died March 1715) was an English buccaneer, sea captain, author and scientific observer. ...

Period 2: The period from contact to resistance - 1629 - 1829

It is hard to know what indigenous developments characterized Aboriginal life in the two centuries from 1629 to 1829. Certainly the increasing presence of Europeans around the Western Australian coastline had an effect. First contact, by and large seems to have been characterized by open trust and curiosity, with a willingness to defend themselves against any unwarranted intrusion. It is interesting to speculate on what would have happened if relationships of trust and sharing had continued. Unfortunately the imperialist expansionism of European civilization led to Western Australia being settled by people who were ecologically and ethnically ignorant of Aboriginal culture, and were incapable of treating the people they found as true equals. No doubt the settlements on the east coast of Australia in 1788 divided this period in half, making eventual English occupation of the west coast almost inevitable.

• 1594 The Spanish government pass a "Law of the Indies" which recognise indigenous land rights everywhere.

• 1629 Wreck of the Batavia, with 200 men and women on board. After a mutiny and a massacre, captain Pelsart, after sailing to Batavia (Jakarta) in an open boat, returns and executes the ringleaders and maroons two men on the mainland. It is not known whether these people or later Dutch shipwrecks are responsible for blood-groups from Leiden being found amongst Amandu Aboriginal people who lived opposite the Abrolhos.

• 1656 Wreck of the Vergulde Draeck or Gilt Dragon, 118 dead, 69 marooned on the beach and never heard of again.

• 1688 William Dampier in the Cygnet, a stolen ship, arrives on the northern coast, possibly looking for a Portuguese settlement he may have heard of in the Indies. He describes the Aboriginal people he met as "the most miserable people in the world". This statement was later used as justification for treating Aboriginal people poorly. Dampier spent time observing the Bardi people at the northern end of Cape Levique.

• December 1696 Vlamingh, with three ships, the Nyptang, Geelvink and Wesel, anchors off Wadjemup, which he named Rottnest, from the quokkas he observed. He then landed at Cottesloe and marches across to the Derbal Yaragan, which he named as the Swan River, for its numberless black swans.

• January 1697 further explorations by Vlamingh go as far as Heirisson Island. He left the area of the Swan River for the area today known as Port Hedland, in February.

• 1699 Return of Dampier in the Roebuck, exploring from Broome to the Pilbara. During this time the Portuguese in Timor raid the Kimberley for Aboriginal slaves.

• 1712 The Zuytdorp wrecked near Geraldton. Survivors are known to have landed, and the story of their welcome and preservation by local Aborigines was known as far south as Perth 122 years later. A rock carving of what appears to be a Dutch ship has been found at Walga Rock, some 300 kilometers from the coast, up the Murchison River.

• 1727 Zeewyk wrecked.

• 1763 In Canada, the Proclaimations of the Crown, recognised indigenous land rights, not granted Aboriginal people of Australia until the Mabo case.

• 1787 The USA passes the "Northwest Ordinance" establishing Land Rights for indigenous Americans.

• April 1787 Arthur Phillip, appointed Governor of New South Wales given instructions to "endeavour by every means possible to open intercourse with the natives, and to conciliate their affections, enjoining all our subjects to live in amity and kindness to them. And if our subjects shall wantonly destroy them, or give them unnecessary interruption in the exercise of their several occupations that you cause such offenders to be punished according to the degree of that offense". It has been estimated that by 1900 between 20-30,000 Aboriginal people were killed in various ways since that date, 10,000 being killed north of the Tropic of Capricorn. This is more than twice the number of Australians north of Capricorn killed in all overseas Wars between the Boer War and Vietnam. Fewer than 50 Europeans have been brought to trial for these killings.

• 1788 Smallpox and measles arrive on the east coast of Australia and spread like wildfire across the continent. Vials of live smallpox were included in the inventory of the first fleet. It is estimated that 1/3rd to half the population of Aboriginal people died within a decade.

• 1791 George Vancouver entered Albany harbour. He acknowledged the prior ownership of the land by Aboriginal Mineng people, but then took possession of the land for the British crown. His act was premature as annexation of the west was not allowed for another thirty five years.

• 1801 Matthew Flinders visits Western Australia. In King George Sound, although Aboriginal people indicated they did not want Europeans visiting their campsite, amicable relations prevailed and trading occurred. The Aborigines called the Europeans "Djanga", or spirits returned from the dead land of Kurrenup (Karrinyup?), the land beneath the Goomber Wardarn (Sea) in the direction of the setting sun. Flinders so appreciated their friendly behaviour that he gave a special parade of the soldiers under his command. A Kirrenup kening (Noongar "corroboree") was adopted by the local people and performed by aboriginal groups along the south coast for over a century ^[14]. The Swan River was explored by the French Captain Baudin in the Geographe, and his midshipman Heirisson, gives his name to the area known to the Wadjuk Noongar as Matagadup ("place of leg deep").

• 1818 The first of Philip Parker King's voyages to Western Australia. Mineng Nyungar from Albany assisted the sailors in food gathering. King also explored the Cambridge Gulf area of the Kimberley.

• 1822 King's last voyage. He was welcomed by the Mineng Noongar.

• 1826 Mokare, one of the Mineng Aboriginal people who later emerged as a key person for the success of early white-Aboriginal relations in Albany, was recorded in d'Urbville's visit of that year. Colbung, ancestor of Aboriginal activist Ken Colbung is also recorded.

• December 25, 1826 Major Edmund Lockyer, in the brig Amity, takes possession of King George Sound for the crown, at the orders of Governor Darling. On Michaelmas Island he was signalled by an Aboriginal man, who had been abducted and marooned by sealers. These eight sealers led by a certain Bailey, had also killed another man and abducted their women. Randall, another sealer from Tasmania, had also been abducting Aboriginal women, and was arrested by Lokyer. Aboriginal people here expressed their anger at Europeans cutting down trees, but Lokyer chose not to intervene. The Aboriginal site, Kin-gil-yilling is renamed Albany, after the Duke of Albany.

• 1827 James Stirling, in the Success, anchored off the mouth of the Swan River. Exploring the river he was attacked by Aboriginal people at Claisebrook. Nine years later the Aboriginal people of the area explained that the first party of whites they had seen was the marauding party of Randall. At Jane Brook, another party of Aboriginal men was found (women and children were seen hiding), who mimicked English calls of "How do you do!" and traded spears and womeras for clothing and swans shot by Stirling. Stirling explored as far as Guildford where he commented on the fine alluvial soils. He then sailed south to Albany. Lockyer was eager to return to Sydney with the Success, with Randall, the captive and to get him to stand trial for his crimes of murder and abduction. Stirling reluctantly agreed to allow Lockyer, but refused to allow the sealers and their women on board. They were released from custody, and later left Albany.

• 1828 Mokkare became friends, sharing the house and food, with the assistant surgeon, Isaac Scott-Nind, in Albany. When Scott-Nind's health deteriorated, Mokkare became companion, guide and advisor to successive commandants, Lieutenant Sleeman, Captain Wakefield and Captain Barker, living with Barker when seasonal fishing brought him to King George Sound. He became an especially good friend of Dr Collie. Mokkare and his brother Nakina, assisted troops recapture runaway convicts, and were given steel tomahawks as a reward.

For other meanings of Batavia see Batavia The Batavia was a ship of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), built in 1628 in Amsterdam, which was struck by mutiny and shipwreck during her maiden voyage. ... // Historical This site is significant in the early European exploration of Australia and parts of the Western Australian coast. ... William Dampier, pirate, navigator and explorer William Dampier (baptised 5 September 1651 – died March 1715) was an English buccaneer, sea captain, author and scientific observer. ... Willem de Vlamingh Willem de Vlamingh (born 28 November 1640, died ?) was a Dutch sea-captain who explored the southwest coast of Australia (then New Holland) in the late 17th century. ... Rottnest Island, a popular weekend getaway for both locals and visitors, is located 17 kilometres off the Western Australian coast near Fremantle. ... Cottesloe Beach is the premium metropolitan beach in Perth, Western Australia and arguably the nicest city beach in Australia. ... Landsat 7 imagery of the Swan River and surrounds The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia. ... Heirisson Island is named after Midshipman Francois Boniface Heirisson, who discovered it in June 1801. ... Locations named Broome: Broome, Western Australia - a town in the north of Western Australia Broome County, New York - a county in the USA Broome, New York - a town in Schoharie County, New York In England: Broome, Norfolk Broome, Shropshire Broome, Worcestershire People named Broome: David Broome, British equestrian Sir Frederick... The Pilbara is one of the nine regions of Western Australia. ... Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, part of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara with the surface of 11,883 sq mi (30,777 km²). The name is a variant of timur... The Kimberley is one of the nine regions of Western Australia. ... The VOC Zuytdorp (meaning South village) was a trading ship of the Dutch East India Company in the 1700s. ... Geraldton is a town in Western Australia located 424 km north of Perth. ... Murchison River may refer to the following: Murchison River, New Zealand Murchison River, Tasmania Murchison River, Western Australia This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... The Zeewijk (or Zeewyk) was a Dutch East India Company (VOC) ship that wrecked at the Houtman Abrolhos, off the coast of Western Australia, on 9 June 1727. ... Admiral Arthur Phillip RN (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British naval officer and colonial administrator. ... “NSW” redirects here. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ... A life sized statue covered in gold of George Vancouver on top of the British Columbia Parliament Buildings Captain George Vancouver RN (June 22, 1757 – May 12, 1798) was an officer of the Royal Navy, best known for his exploration of North America, including the Pacific coast along the modern... Captain Matthew Flinders RN (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was one of the most accomplished navigators and cartographers of his age. ... Nicolas Baudin Nicolas-Thomas Baudin (February 17, 1754 - September 16, 1803) was a French explorer. ... Admiral Phillip Parker King, R.N. F.R.S. (13 December 1793-1856) was an early explorer of the Australian coast. ... Statue of Mokare, Albany, Western Australia Mokare (c. ... Ken Colbung (born 2 September 1931), also known by his indigenous name Nundjan Djiridjarkan, is an indigenous Australian leader. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Edmund Lockyer (21 January 1784 – 10 June 1860) was a British major in the 57th regiment. ... General Sir Ralph Darling, Governor NSW (1825–1831). ... James Stirling may refer to: James Stirling (1692–1770), mathematician Admiral Sir James Stirling (1791–1865), Governor of Western Australia James Hutchison Stirling (1820–1909), Scottish philosopher James Stirling (1835–1931), locomotive engineer Sir James Stirling (1836-1916), British jurist James Stirling (1926–1992), architect James Stirling, Professor of Mathematical...

Period 3: The Period from Resistance to Survival - 1829 - 1881

Without doubt the settlement of Western Australia by Europeans, under James Stirling, was the greatest disaster ever to fall upon the Aboriginal people of Western Australia. From the start, the basic principles of natural justice and equality before the law, reputedly the basis of British Common Law, were set aside. By the early 1840s, what few constraints had been exercised by the first wave of settlers, in particular, had been dispensed with, and a new generation of colony born young men were engaged in supporting the widespread massacre of Aborigines and the imprisonment of any who dared question any white authority. A settlement pattern that could only proceed by the expropriation of the land and the exploitation of cheap labour and the extermination of any resistance by Aborigines, became the pattern. Admiral Sir James Stirling Admiral Sir James Stirling RN (January 28, 1791–April 23, 1865) was a British marine officer and colonial administrator. ...

• June 18, 1829 Declaration announcing the settlement within the Territory of Western Australia, recognising the “Aboriginal * inhabitants as British subjects and stated that any person behaving towards them in a ‘fraudulent, cruel or felonious Manner’ would be liable to prosecution and trial” ^[15]

• October 1829 Aboriginal people stole sheep, poultry and goats, and plundered a house of provisions in the Swan district. Settlers, like Robert Menli Lyon, deterred from taking up grants in outlying areas as a result of fear of Aboriginal attack. He moved to and rented, William Dixon’s land, which he later purchased. P.39 He mentioned that some of the soldiers, coming from Van Demon’s Land came “principally from those classes in the lower orders of society who would count it a fine sport to shoot a native as a Kangaroo”. ^[16]

• 1 November 1830 Captain Frederick Irwin dispatched a corporal and four privates to the Upper Swan, where they were joined by armed settlers, coming on a group of Aborigines who attempted to stop their passage. The Aboriginal leader, attempting to throw a spear, was shot dead by one of the settlers. Several others were captured and brought to Perth, and subsequently released. Irwin regretted the loss of life, but hoped the Aboriginal people would be taught a lesson. ^[17]

• 1831 George Fletcher Moore wrote the Aborigines were not so despicable a race as was first supposed… they are not very numerous and we are on good terms with them”. Aborigines often shared food, and returned lost settlers to their homes. George Fletcher Moore was one of the settlers who allowed Aboriginal people to continue hunting on his lands. Others drove them off.

• 3 October 1831 Stirling appointed Edward Barrett Lennard Commanding Officer of the Yeomanry of the Middle Swan, a citizens militia to pursue and capture Aboriginal offenders. Henry Bull was appointed Commander of the Upper Swan. The orders were that on being called out Yoemanry were “to cause the offending tribe to be instantly pursued, and if practicable captured and brought in at all hazard, and take such further decisive steps for bringing them to Punishment as the Circumstances of the Case may admit.” ^[18] From then on shepherds were armed.

• May 1832 William Gaze, a settler on the Canning was killed. A witness identified Yagan, son of Midgegooroo as the killer, He was declared outlaw, and twenty pounds offered for his capture,

• 26 June 1832 A meeting at Guildford to discuss the “Aboriginal Question” Robert Menli Lyon reminded settlers that they had seized Aboriginal lands and called for someone to act as mediator between the Aborigines and settlers. Amongst 4 resolutions passed called for whatever conciliatory or coercive measures it saw fit, and said if instead action was not taken the settlement may need to be abandoned.

• 1 August 1832 Stirling establishes the Corps of Mounted Police, under the command of Captain Theophilus Ellis, with a Mr Northcott as Assistant Superintendent, and orders were sent to Cape Town for horses.

• September 1832 Yagan was captured and sent to Carnac Island. He escaped 6 weeks later by taking the boat belonging to his captors. No attempt to recapture him was made, the six weeks being considered adequate penalty.

• 1833 Based on evidence learned from Yagan at Carnac Island R.M. Lyon described the territory of Yellagonga as Mooro, bounded by the Sea, Ellen Brook, the Swan River and Banister River (Gingin Brook or Moore River) to the north. The Daren people, headed by Weeip, were east of Ellen Brook and north of the Upper Swan, and east to the Darling Scarp. The Wurerup people, were in Upper Swan. The Beeliar, were the inhabitants west of the Canning River down to Rockingham, and were led by Midgegooroo. The Beeloo were south of the Swan and East of the Canning as far as the Scarp.

• 1833-34 Virtual war between Aborigines and settlers, based upon Aboriginal “pay-back” killings for natives that had been killed.

• 1833 Early in the year, in an attempt to prevent starving Aborigines stealing food from settlers, the Government established rationing stations giving flour and biscuit at Lake Monger and in the Upper Swan. Private settlers were forbidden to feed natives, except in return for work done. ^[19].

• February 1933 the first moves are taken to prevent Aborigines entering the area of the City of Perth.

• April 1833 A false rumour of 200 Aborigines attacking the Preston Point Ferry, saw every man in Frentle taking up arms to kill the Aborigines.

• 29 April 1933, whilst breaking into a store in Fremantle with two other Aborigines, Domjum, Yagan’s brother, was shot dead.

• 30 April 1833 Yagan, Midgegooroo and Munday, in reprisal, killed two white brothers named Velnick, who had been behaving badly to Aborigines, on the road between Bull Creek and Canning River. Yagan had been seen by Mr Phillips of Maddington Farm, repeatedly spearing one of the two men.

• 1 May 1833 Captain Frederick Irwin|Irwin]] declared the three to be outlaws. Thirty pounds was offered for Yagan dead or alive, twenty pounds for Munday and Midgegooroo. They were hunted for the next three months. The three were unaware they were being hunted.

• 16 May 1833, Captain Ellis was informed that Midgegooroo’s people were in the Helena Valley, and likely to cross at Drummond’s Ford, near Guildford, that night. Four soldiers of the 63rd Regiment stationed themselves at the spot, but Midgegooroo failed to appear.

• 17 May 1833, the soldiers with Mr Hardey of Peninsula Farm Maylands, and Hancock, a local bushman, found abandonned Aboriginal campsites in the Helena River, and captured Midgegooroo and his five year old son, after a short struggle, while he was looking after women and children whilst the men were away hunting, He was imprisoned in Perth jail.

• 21 May 1833, Midgegooroo was tried before Captain Irwin and the Executive Council, found guilty, and taken outside the jail immediately killed by firing squad, before a gathering of colonists. Those present expressed their satisfaction by loud exultations at his execution. Midgegooroo’s tribe expressed dissatisfaction when it was learned that he had been executed, and two parties of six soldiers each were sent to patrol the Swan and Canning Rivers to protect settlers from angry Aborigines. At the same time, Constable Hunt, together with four soldiers and three colonists were sent to the Upper Swan to capture Yagan and Munday, said to be hiding amongst Weeip’s people. Shortly afterwards Yagan approached George Fletcher Moore at Millendon, and in pidgin English insisted that it was wrong for Aborigines to steal from Europeans, and also wrong for whites to kill Aborigines caught stealing. When an Aborigine was killed by a white man, Yagan insisted that it was permissible for an Aboriginal to kill the European, as payback in accordance with their custom. Moore insisted that if a white man was caught steeling he would be shot too, as the Aboriginal had been. If killing and theft stopped, Moore explained their would be peace between the races. In Nyungar Yagan explained that the Europeans had come to disrupt the Aboriginal people in their lives, and are fired upon by Europeans in their own country. He declared the would take European lives in revenge for any death of Midgegooroo. The next day Mr Shaw informed Yagan that Midgegooroo had been executed. Settlers in Upper Swan seemed to be defying the order to capture him, and Lieutenant Ball gave orders to his servants that Yagan was not to be shot. Friendly overtures were extended to Weeip, despite the refuge he was giving to Yagan and Munday.

• June 1833, the Agricultural Society Meeting discussed the growing problem with Aborigines and suggested pacific measures rather than extermination be followed. A fortnight later, a party of the 63rd Regiment, under the command of Captain Ellis set out to hunt Yagan, and was promised help by Weeip in finding him, but was unsuccessful. Weeip was taken to Perth by Mr Bull and others from the Upper Swan to meet with the Lieutenant Governor.

• July 11, 1833, a young man of 18 years, William Keats, and his brother, two of Bull’s servants, on a cattle drive, saw a group of Aborigines, including Yagan, approaching Bull’s house for flour. The Aborigines were generally friendly. After two failed attempts over an extended period, William shot Yagan in the head, and was immediately speared to death by aborigines accompanying Yagan. James Keats then shot Heegan, one of the other Aboriginals who was about to throw his spear, and aimed at Weeip, also about to throw his spear, but missed. Keat’s brother James, then escaped by swimming the River, and saw a group, including Weeip, spearing William repeatedly. William Cruse, after hearing of the affair, accompanied by six others returned to the spot, found the gun had been used also as a club, and then following the sound of crying, found the wounded Heegan and the dead Yagan. Heegan was then shot through the head, to “put him out of his misery”. The Editor of the Perth Gazette condemned William Keats for his treachery in killing Yagan and warned settlers there would be another round of reprisals from Aborigines. Two weeks later, the Lieutenant Governor issued a proclamation that Munday was no longer an outlaw as sufficient retribution had been made for the death of the Velvick brothers. James Keats claimed the reward, and Heegan’s family infomed others that James Keats would be killed in retribution for the death of Heegan. Lieutenant Bull encouraged Keats to leave the colony on board the Cornwallis.

• January 1834, for the February meeting of the Agricultural Society of Guidford, R. M. Lyon gave notice of a motion to set aside lands for the sole use of Aborigines in every district. He said it was incumbent on settlers who had disposed the Aborigines of their lands to do so, and that the Legislative Council effectively secure Aboriginal rights and privileges as promised, including unrestricted fishing and hunting rights on all unclaimed lands. No vote was taken and the matter was deferred until Stirling returned to the colony. Lyon was expelled from the society by members when Stirling had returned.

• February 1834, Aboriginal “theft” had increased again, and Lieutenant Governor Irwin appointed Captain Peter Pegus as an additional Superintendent of Native Tribes, with a staff of four soldiers, with duties to distribute rations and pursue Aboriginal “offenders”.

• April 1834 Calyute leads a raid by thirty Binjareb on Shenton's Mill in South Perth. Shenton was locked inside and the flour was taken. Calyute, Gunmal and Yedong were subsequently captured. Gunmal and Yedong were tied, flogged with 24 lashes at the St Georges Terrace whipping post. Calyute was transferred to Fremantle Round House, and there given another 60 lashes and released in May.

• May 1834 Mr Locke Burgess surprised a group of Aboriginal people steeling grain from their farm at Brook Mount. A warrant was sought for the arrest of Yeedamira, the leader of the group, who was arrested, but was shot dead on trying to escape from the Barracks. In retaliation Weeip and Godaljud led a group to the Barracks where in payback they killed Private Dennis Larkin, one of the soldiers there. A jury found Weeip, Bilyomeri, Goldaljud, Beguin, Gotark, Gregad, and Narrall, all "guilty of wilful murder", insisting, contrary to British justice, that the whole group was guilty for a crime perpetrated by one. This was unpopular amongst Upper Swan settlers, who admired Weeip and they petitioned the government claiming that Goodalyat had been the Aboriginal who had speered Larkin.

• June 1834 Bilyomeri, Weeip's son, captured by Captain Ellis and imprisoned in Fremantle. Captain Ellis, Captain Pegus and Mr Norcott were instructed to maintain constant patrols between the Swan and Canning and to conduct instant floggings of any Aboriginal caught committing an offence.

• July 1834 Calyute and twenty one other Binjareb were involved in the payback death of Thomas Nesbitt, a servant of Thomas Peel. Nesbitt had been friendly with the Aborigines and his death sparked major concern. Mr Parker, the Constable at Guildford, was told that a vessel had been seen wrecked six months earlier on the beach thirty days walking to the north and coins were found scattered on the beach.

• September 1834 Stirling, returning from Albany, pardons Weeip and his son, after Weeip, at the instigation of George Fletcher Moore, had travelled north looking unsuccessfully for the shipwreck and any survivors.

• 25-28 October 1834 the so-called "Battle of Pinjarra" in which between 15-40 Aboriginal men women and children were killed, and an unknown number wounded, and one European was wounded and another later lost his life, probably from a coma from concussion from falling from his horse. See Battle of Pinjarra

• 1 January 1835 Forty three starving Aborigines, gleaning fallen grain from an already harvested field in Maylands were shot at.

• 7 January 1835 Aborigines were expelled from their Lake Monger campsite as it was considered a threat to the nearby Leeder Farm.

• February 1835 John McKail wakes and shoots Gogalee, the adolescent son of Yellagonga, after suspecting Aborigines from a nearby camp were going through his possessions. Narrail, the son of Yagan was also clubbed to death.

• March 1835 Stirling attempts a reconciliation, realising things had gone too far. To prevent a payback killing from Yellagonga, or from his son Nandra, who was grieving over the death of hos brother, Stirling ordered the immediate arrest of McKail. Yellagonga was invited to witness his trial. Stirling then acted to seal a peace treaty with the Perth Noongar, distributing fifty loaves of bread, after the celebration of a peace "kening" (= Noongar, "corroboree") McKail was eventually let free on a legal technicality. Francis Armstrong secured the peace by ensuring that McKail repaid Yellagonga with food and blankets. McKail was then banished from Perth, and moved to Albany, where he became a well known local settler. The case established an unfortunate precedent, as henceforth an Aborigine's testament was not accepted unless supported by white testimony.

• May 1835 James Twine, traveling to York was speared, and his companion, Murphy was killed. Resistance massacres and payback reprisal killing now move into the Balardong lands.

• 1 June 1835 at the first Foundation Day celebration, Aborigines engaged in spear throwing competitions, chilren ran in races for sweats, and Miago (Mogo), a Canning Aboriginal won the race against white settlers and other Aboriginal people.

• June 1835 Trimmer, a York settler, determined to end Aboriginal pilfering from his farm, armed an illiterate labourer, Edward Gallop, in the roof of his barn. Gallop, that night, shot one of the two thieves dead. This ushered in a new and violent turn in the York resistance. Mr Trimmer, and Mr Bland, a government representative were attacked in reprisal and only escaped due to the speed of their horses. Yellagong was attacked as a payback reprisal by Balardong, for these and other white killings of Aborigines in the York area, and two Aboriginal children were killed.

• October 1835 Dr Collie, with deteriorating heath was given permission to return to Scotland, but with his illness could not leave King George Sound.

• 8 November 1835 Dr Collie dies and was buried, according to his wishes, in the same grave as his friend Mokkare, under what is now the Albany Town Hall.

• December 1835 Captain Frederick Irwin speaking to the Dublin Branch of the London Missionary Society explained the need to "Christianise the Natives". This lead to the establishment of the "West Australian Missionary Society".

• 1836 Francis Armstrong, the official Interpreter of the Native Tribes, stated that it was Aboriginal tradition that the Aboriginal population of the coast migrated from the plateau and that the Aboriginal people living on the coast are descendent from a few early families, at a time when Garden island was still joined to the coast (p.7) Garden Island and Rottnest were still joined to the mainland until 7,000 years ago.

• July 1836 The "West Australian Missionary Society" broughtLouis Gustiniani, an ex-Catholic priest, to Western Australia with his wife and two catechists (Waldecks), and travels to a site previously purchased by the "West Australian Missionary Society"in Middle Swan to begin his work. He was appalled at the way in which settlers were competing amongst themselves by collecting the ears of Aboriginal people they had slain. Balardong Nyungar were retailiating by spearing settlers and stock and burning homesteads. European settlers along the Avon had fenced all of the permanent summer waterholes and were shooting at natives seen inside these fences.^[20]

• July 1836 Lieutenant Bunbury is transferred from William to York, and becomes involved in killing local Aborigines. His diary records that in this month he nonchalantly "shot a few of them one night"

• August 1836 A massed attack on the Waylen household in Toodyay, defended by four settlers and two soldiers, left four Aboriginal men dead. Bunbury tracked one defenceless wounded Aboriginal man into the bush and in cold blood shot him through the head. Bunbury also recorded the names of another 11 Aboriginal men he killed during one occasion.

• September 1836 Bland, another York settler, shot and killed another Aboriginal "trespasser".

• 1836 Gear, a popular Aborigine, brought to the courthouse and accused of stealing wheat, is sentenced to 40 lashes. Louis Gustiniani^[21], horrified, offers to defend all future Aborigines brought to court free of charge. This makes him very unpopular with white settlers. Armstrong Records the removal of the Waugal eggs from the Goonininup sacred site at Mt Eliza. The subsequent loss of an anchor at the site led to attempts to get local Aborigines to dive and retrieve it. Wadjuk natives refuse, but a Yed man from Moore diver decides to, but he drowns and his body is not recovered, justifying to the local people that the site is winaitj (sacred).

• December 1836 The brother of the man shot by Bland, took revenge upon Knott, an old man living alone about 5 kilometers from York, Western Australia. Payback shootings and reprisals continued.

• 1837 The British House of Commons committee into the rights of Aboriginal people before the law debated "should district magistrates be allowed to issue summary punishments?" as was happening in Western Australia. "Should Aborigines ave the power o appear in court? Could they be represented by Counsel? Have the rights to an interpreter?" The Buxton Select Committee on Native Peoples ruled that within the recollections of many living men "every part of this territory was the undisputed property of the Aborigines". However, in the establishment of the colonies it did not appear that the "territorial rights of the natives were considered" and in fact their claims "whether as sovereigns or as proprietors of the soil, have been utterly disregarded. The land has been taken from them without the assertion of any title other than that of superior force." This was ruled as contrary to British common law, and the report acknowledged that it must be an oversight. It stated that the effects of this dispossession would continue to be enormous for the whites of the colony until the injustice had been corrected.

Francis Armstrong visits the 8 Wadjuk campsites around Perth and records only 295 people out of the 1500 there were estimated to have lived there at the time of the arrival of the first white settlers 7 years before. The smallest groups were those in greatest proximity to the white settlements. This would seem to indicate that contact with the Djanga (Spirits of the dead = the name given to the white settlers) was proving fatal to Aboriginal groups, through killings and reprisals, starvation, or disease, and there may have also been elevated intra-Aboriginal payback killings with a rising rate of accusation for sorcery - (a result of the increase inexplicable to Aboriginal people, of the rise in fatal diseases). Neville Green^[22] also believes there may have been a deliberate wish to avoid contact, amongst people who still had a viable culture.

Stirling warns the York settlers to have no dealings with Aboriginal people, trying to "impress on every white person the necessity there is by keeping arms in [working] order". As a result, Heal, a local "settler" set his dogs against a group of women trying to access what had been their local waterhole. The women were obliged to seek safety in a deep pool. A reprisal spearing of Heal, obtained whilst working with his partner, on Mr Burns, was prevented from becoming fatal by Mrs Burns threatening the attackers with a gun. Despite an offer of reward the "aggressors" were never captured. A corroboree and an offer of restitution by two men, brought the mnatter to a satisfactory conclusion. The new Government resident in York only made matters worse, when he arrested the two men supposedly involved and sent them to Perth for trial. One died along the way as a result of the brutality of his treatment in white hands initiated a new round of violence. Peter Chidlow and Edward Jones, were speared by Balardong Noongar, who had believed they had been deliberately trick3ed into taking lime instead of flour. Woods, a York settler, left a poisoned damper for Aboriginal people, and other gifts of poisoned flour were the cause of another round of reprisals.

• May 1837 Giustiniani protested against George Moore sentencing an Aboriginal for 7 years for stealing one bunch of grapes, growing on what until 1829 been his own land.

• June 1837 Yellagonga's wife was arrested on a triffling charge and forced to sleep on a cold stone floor without a blanked or any heating at all. She was released without trial in a very sick condition. George Fletcher Moore taunts Giustianini with finding Goordap guilty of killing a sheep. He was sentenced to 7 years transportation to Rottnest, "beyond the seas". Gear, another Wadjuk Noongar, is imprisonned for a month and given 48 lashes, for steeling a handful of flour.

• October 1837 Giustianini becomes the first white person to defend any Aboriginal person tried in a court of law. Durgap was sentenced for stealing a handful of dough, and sent for 7 years beyond the seas, Neu-anungdenied involvement in the theft, but admitted to eating some of the flour. He was sentenced to 6 months hard labour. Googot, a third prisoner, was sentenced to 7 years tranpsortation for steeling 10 lbs (5 kilos) of fresh butter. As a result of his efforts to help defend these Aborigines, Giustianini is ridiculed by the local media.

Moore then traveled throughout the York District, with Garbung, the son of one of the Aborigines defended by Giustianini, hoping to mediate a peace to the almost continuous killings that had been occurring over the previous 2 years.

• January 1838 Captain Wicham and John Stokes of the Beagle, arrive at the Swan River colony with orders to convey Lieutenant's Grey and Lushington north to explore the west Kimberleys. Maigo, the prominent Aboriginal of the Canning River people, went with them as Aboriginal interpreter. At Beagle Bay, the local Aborigines were very excited at seeing Maigo, but the languages were mutually unintelligible. Anchoring in Hanover Bay to replenish their water, they found the beach was thronged with armed natives, who only dispersed when shrapnel filled rockets were fired over their heads. Fifteen days later, Grey was attacked, probably in reprisal for Portuguese slaver raids operating out of Timor, by 200 Aboriginal Worora people.

• 13 February 1838 Giustianini leaves WA shocked and dismayed at the treatment of Aboriginal people by the white settlers. The failure of the governor to punish settlers in the York district, guilty of massacre meant that Balardong Nyungar in the area were decimated.

• March 1838 Some 40 km (20 miles) south of the Worora-Ngarinjin tribal border, Grey's party of 9 were attacked by a Worora party led by a light skinned man. Grey, wounded in the leg by four spears, shot the leader forcing others to withdraw.

• April 1838 The Beagle returned to Fremantle where Maigo, dressed in a Lieutenant's uniform, spent all of his wages buying bread for all of his people.

• May 1838 Aboriginal groups don't leave the coast as normal but gathered to feast off the carcases left by 13 whalers, gathered at Fremantle.

The Mount Eliza Aboriginal Feeding Station, the sacred site of Goonininup, is closed, and the site was purchased for a steam mill. (The Swan Brewery later acquired the site as it had sufficient fresh water to aid the brewing of beer).

• July 1838 The popular and charismatic, Molly Dobbin, was found guilty of breaking into a house and sentenced to transportation for 7 years. With 9 other Aboriginal prisoners he was taken to Rottnest under the supervision of Corporal Welch and 3 privates of the 21st regiment. They escaped by burning down the tree to which they had been chained at night, and took Mr Thompson's boat to the mainland., where one was drowned as the boat capsized in the surf. The prisoners were recaptured and returned with extended sentences.

With the closure of the Mt Eliza Feeding Station, Francis Armstrong was given a town house in St Georges Tce, and his neighbours complain of the Aborigines who were coming to see him. A petition was started which claimed for the first time that the "proximity of Aborigines would lower the value of the land". This culminated in new legislation to ban Aborigines from the Perth settlement.

• August 1838 Lieutenant George Grey whilst exploring the Yanchep region, is taken to be the reurned Djanga of a woman called Nginyeran. The Aborigines kept up a constant wailing outside Grey's house "She must see her son, she must see her son". Grey agreed to an enormous kening (corroboree) held in his honour at Yanchep. At the corroboree the group pated to allow the woman and her family to approach Grey. Hugging him around the neck she cried "Boondoo, boondoo. Nanga koolong" (=True, true. My boy)^[23].

• September 1838 Corporal Welch was replaced by Henry Vincent, as Superintendent of Aboriginal Prisoners.

The London based Aboriginal Protection Society sets up an Australian sub-committee that ruled that Britain had oppressed the Aborigines by taking their land "without treaties or consent founded on sufficient compensation".

• January 1, 1839 Following a House of Commons enquiry into the treatment of Aborigines by settlers, Governor Hutt appointed as second governor of Western Australia. Like Gipps in Queensland and George Grey in South Australia, as part of the concern of the British Crown into the poor treatment of Aborigines he was ordered to find ways of encouraging the civilising and Christianity of the natives. On arrival Hutt immediately set up a Department for the control of Aboriginal Affairs, to deal with the dispossessed natives and bring them rapidly into Christianity and civilise them. It consisted of 2 Commissioners, whose salaries were appointed and paid for from England, 2 protectors, a translator, 2 mounted inspectors and 18 mounted Aboriginal trackers, a jailer and a military guard on Rottnest. Francis Armstrong was appointed the first Commissioner.

• April 1, 1839 George Grey's 4th expeditionto explore between Shark Bay and Fremantle was wrecked at the mouth of the Murchison. The disaster was saved by Kaiber, a Binjareb man who had befriended Grey on his third expedition searching for a lost settler between Williams and Bunbury. Kaiber negotiated with local Yamatji tribes for safe passage and sustenancefor the shipwrecked crew. Grey was impressed by Kaiber's obvious intelligence. 320 kilometers north of Perth the party divided with Grey and Kaiber going ahead to secure aid. The Governor dispatched Weeip and Warrup to find the missing explorers who were located 100 km further north.

• 1839 The smallpox vaccine was brought to Western Australia, but for the next 15 years it was used only for the white settlers, despite its virulent effects on Aboriginal populations.

• January 1840 Edward John Eyre sets out with George Baxter, 2 New South Wales Aboriginals, Joey and Yarry, and Wylie, a young Mineng Noongar from Albany set out to cross from Fowlers' Bay to Albany.

• April 29 1840 Baxter killed by Joe and Yarry, and the supplies for the expedition were stolen.Wylie and Eyre push on with their rations reduced to spoonful of sugar and a strip of dried horse-meat.

• June, 1840 arrival of Methodist pastor, Reverend John Smithies, as a mission for the Aborigines, at Fremantle. He was met and welcomed by Francis Armstrong, in his new capacity, as protector for the Aborigines.

• July 9, 1840 Eyre and Wylie arrive in Albany, and Wylie is treated with joy follow his safe return, as he had been thought dead. Eyre gave him a shot-gun and the York Agricultural Society presented him with a badge and a gift of money.

• September 1840 Reverend Smithies opens opens an Aboriginal subscription based chapel in William street. Francis Amstrong (called Branji by the Noongar, and his wife May, were appointed as teachers, and started with a class of thirty boys and girls. This was the first and last secular attempt to educate children in their vernacular language first, until the 1970s. Unfortunately Armstrong and his wife removed the children from their parents, the first precedent for what was to become known as the Stolen Generations. At the end of their schooling they were sent to work as servants to selected white families in return for basic subsistence.

• 1840 Joseph Stokes marries a teenage graduate of the Perth Native School, the first recorded marriage between a European and a Noongar. Mrs Stokes taught her illiterate husband how to read and write. In London, the "Aboriginal Protection Society" published an "Outline for a System for Legistlation Securing the Protection of All Inhabitants of All Countries Colonised by Great Britain'" which "urged that it be a fundamental principle of colonisation that no settlement be made on any land possessed or claimed by its inhabitants, without consent, fomally obtained by treaty or otherwise substantially acknowledged by them". Today Aboriginal people are still awaiting their Treaty, and only 151 years later were their landrights leagally acknowledged.

• August 1841 The Aborigines who had remained at Goonininup (the Swan Brewery site) since the closure of the Aboriginal Feeding Station there, were moved to an Anglican run camp site at Jane Brook (the "West Australian Missionary Society" mission site) where the Reverend Giustianini's mission school was reopened under the control of Abraham Jones. Subsequently an Anglican Aboriginal school on similar lines was opened in Fremantle by Revd George King. An influenza outbreak that year killed 11 of the Abrham Jonme's school's 23 students, making parents very reluctant to have their children educated there. At this camp are the first recorded Aboriginal cases of veneral disease and tuberculosis as well as influenza. The diseases were subsequently to sweep through Aboriginal populations in the state.

• 1840 Governor Hutt announced a land bounty as a remission of a land purchase price for those white settlers who consent to train Aborigines. The Governor also creates the position of Aboriginal Police Aides, and Maigo, Molly Dobbin and Munday from Perth, Mundigo and Mando from the Canning, Tonquin and Winat from the Upper Swan, Denmar and Mornang from the Murray Binjareb, and Bunni from the Vasse Wardandi were all appointed, although Maigo was later dismissed for beating his wife. Also an Act was passed, establishing Rottnest as a prison, although the Governor states that it was to be a training establishment to domesticate and prepare Aborigines for employment. Stirling's "rations" for Aborigines displaced by settlement, were reduced to 500 grams of flour per month, only given in return for good behaviour. Eventually it was cut out altogether, forcing Aboriginal people to seek labouring jobs from the people who had seized their land.

• 1842 Crown versus Wewar tries the first Aboriginal for a tribal killing. After being found guilty Wewar was transported to Rottnest. Henry Trigg accompanied him to the island to build the Rottnest lighthouse, and learned that Wewar was perplexed at the governors displeasure. He stated that Aboriginal people never interfered with white ways of murders, why should whites interfere with what was a traditional Aboriginal matter. This precedent was to have adisasterous effect upon Noongar and other Aboriginal group's marriage customs, as Aboriginals who made winnaitj or mundju illegal liaisons, and would have been punished by losing their lives, now could make incestuous liaisons formerly outlawed by kinship principles, with impunity. Those enforcing the punishments were now not allowed to and were themselves punished by European courts, and could be tried and hanged. "Winnaitj" marriages proliferated, as traditional law gets flouted. Henry Trigg reported seeing Aboriginal prisoners at Rottnest weeping at the sight of cooking fires smoke from relatives cooking on the mainland. In York, Barrow resigns as Portector of the Aborigines to be replaced by R. H. Bland, who took a very punitive attitude to the local Balardong.

• June 10, 1843 Death of Yellagonga, by drowning.

• 1843 Father John Brady visits Western Australia and writes to Rome appealing for missionaries to be sent to the natives of Western Australia. Charles Symmonds, Protector of Aborigines, has the northern Aborigines Eanna and Bokoberry arrested and confined to Rottnest to "teach them, outwardly at least, to conform to our social regulations". Those who had acquired farming skills in Rottnest gardens, and assisted in harvesting salt, were given early pardon and allowed to return home. Wollaston noted that large numbers of Aborigines in the south west were dying from epidemics.

• 1844 Aboriginal school was shifted to Wanneroo. George Shenton, as Governor of the School, reports that it is hard work trying to destroy the natural habits of Aboriginal bush life. Cultural genocide was the educational policy and was now firmly established.

• 1846 George Grey leaves Western Australia. Writing of his experiences in the state, he said that despite those who treat Aborigines as inferior, that they were "as apt and intelligent as any race of men that I am acquainted with". His experience with indigenous people was to deepen throughout his life until as Governor of New Zealand he insisted in the New Zealand Constitution that seats be reserved for Maoris in the new Parliament.

• 1847 8,000 kangaroo skins exported from Albany.

• 1851 Few Balardong in the York district were left, and they were ravaged by starvation, veneral disease and influenza.

• 1852 Systematic raiding by Aborigines of cattle in the Geraldton area continues into 1853. It would seem that from 1829 some 30 European settlers in Western Australia had been killed by this time and another 34 had been wounded. No record was kept of aboriginal casualties but a ratio of 10-20 times this number is suggested.

• 1877 Just before her death Pangieran a.k.a. Mary Alice Cuper, who was an expert Morse Code operator trained another Aboriginal woman Mary Sarah Ninak, to take her place. Governor Ord issued a proclamation forbidding the practice of chaining natives together with neck chains, but it continued unabated.

• 1879 Alexander Forrest explored from the De Grey River north to Beagle Bay, and then along the Fitzroy River to the Victoria River in the Northern Territory. It seems that the method of capturing local natives to torture them into telling where the water holes were had become a common practice, which explains why Forrest reported that the natives appeared excessively frightened of the whites. At Beagle Bay however, he was surprised by the friendliness of the natives, many of whom spoke Broken English.

is the 169th day of the year (170th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Robert Menli Lyon (born 1789, date of death unknown) was an early Western Australian settler who became one of the first outspoken advocates of Australian Aboriginal rights and welfare in the colony. ... is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Chidley Irwin was Governor of Western Australia from 1847 to 1848. ... George Fletcher Moore (10 December 1798–30 December 1886) was a prominent early settler in colonial Western Australia, and one [of] the key figures in early Western Australias ruling elite (Cameron, 2000). ... is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Admiral Sir James Stirling Admiral Sir James Stirling RN (January 28, 1791–April 23, 1865) was a British marine officer and colonial administrator. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Midgegooroo (date of birth unknown, died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian of the Noongar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Robert Menli Lyon (born 1789, date of death unknown) was an early Western Australian settler who became one of the first outspoken advocates of Australian Aboriginal rights and welfare in the colony. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Admiral Sir James Stirling Admiral Sir James Stirling RN (January 28, 1791–April 23, 1865) was a British marine officer and colonial administrator. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Carnac Island is an A Class nature reserve approximately 10 kilometres south west of Fremantle, Western Australia. ... Yellagonga was the leader of the Whadjuk Noongar on the north side of the Swan River (Aboriginal = Derbal Yaragan). ... The Mooro were a Nyungar Indigenous clan who lived in and to the north of Perth, Western Australia, until shortly after European settlement at the Swan River Colony in 1829. ... Beeliar may refer to: the Beeliar people, a now defunct tribe of Indigenous Australians from the area of Perth, Western Australia; Beeliar, Western Australia, a suburb of Perth. ... Midgegooroo (date of birth unknown, died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian of the Noongar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. ... NASA World Wind image of Perth, Western Australia with Lake Monger centred at the crosshair Lake Monger is a large urban wetland on the Swan Coastal Plain in suburban Perth, Western Australia nestled between the suburbs of Leederville, Wembley and Glendalough (). Less than five kilometres from the city of Perth... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Fremantle is a city located within the Perth metropolitan area on Australias western coast, at the mouth of the Swan River, 19 kilometres south from Perths Central Business District. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Midgegooroo (date of birth unknown, died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian of the Noongar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. ... Munday can refer to: Anthony Munday, an English dramatist Munday, Texas Category: ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Munday can refer to: Anthony Munday, an English dramatist Munday, Texas Category: ... Midgegooroo (date of birth unknown, died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian of the Noongar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Midgegooroo (date of birth unknown, died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian of the Noongar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. ... is the 137th day of the year (138th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Midgegooroo (date of birth unknown, died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian of the Noongar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. ... is the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Midgegooroo (date of birth unknown, died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian of the Noongar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. ... Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Chidley Irwin was Governor of Western Australia from 1847 to 1848. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Munday can refer to: Anthony Munday, an English dramatist Munday, Texas Category: ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Midgegooroo (date of birth unknown, died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian of the Noongar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Midgegooroo (date of birth unknown, died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian of the Noongar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Portrait of Yagan by George Cruikshank. ... Munday can refer to: Anthony Munday, an English dramatist Munday, Texas Category: ... Calyute (fl. ... The Binjareb, Pindjarup or Pinjareb is the name of the Indigenous Australian group of Noongar speakers, living in the region of South West Western Australia between Port Kennedy on the coast, between Rockingham and Mandurah to Australind on the Leschenault Inlet, and between a point between Byford and Armadale on... The City of South Perth is a Local Government Area of Western Australia. ... Calyute (fl. ... Calyute (fl. ... Thomas Peel (1795-1864) was one of the very early settlers of Western Australia. ... George Fletcher Moore (10 December 1798–30 December 1886) was a prominent early settler in colonial Western Australia, and one [of] the key figures in early Western Australias ruling elite (Cameron, 2000). ... is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1834 (MDCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants British colonists Pinjarup tribe Commanders Governor Captain James Stirling Possibly Calyute Strength 25 soldiers 60-80 men, women and children Casualties Unknown 14-40 dead, unknown injured The Battle of Pinjarra was a conflict that occurred in Pinjarra, Western Australia, between a group of 60-80 Australian Aborigines and... Combatants British colonists Pinjarup tribe Commanders Governor Captain James Stirling Possibly Calyute Strength 25 soldiers 60-80 men, women and children Casualties Unknown 14-40 dead, unknown injured The Battle of Pinjarra was a conflict that occurred in Pinjarra, Western Australia, between a group of 60-80 Australian Aborigines and... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Transperth Maylands Train Station Maylands is a suburb approximately 5 kilometres north-east of Perth located on the shore of the Swan River. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... NASA World Wind image of Perth, Western Australia with Lake Monger centred at the crosshair Lake Monger is a large urban wetland on the Swan Coastal Plain in suburban Perth, Western Australia nestled between the suburbs of Leederville, Wembley and Glendalough (). Less than five kilometres from the city of Perth... Yellagonga was the leader of the Whadjuk Noongar on the north side of the Swan River (Aboriginal = Derbal Yaragan). ... Yellagonga was the leader of the Whadjuk Noongar on the north side of the Swan River (Aboriginal = Derbal Yaragan). ... A Corroboree is a ceremonial meeting of Australian Aborigines. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Chidley Irwin was Governor of Western Australia from 1847 to 1848. ... The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists, largely Congregationalist in outlook, with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... York Town Hall. ... The Kimberley is one of the nine regions of Western Australia. ... Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, part of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara with the surface of 11,883 sq mi (30,777 km²). The name is a variant of timur... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Jöns Jakob Berzelius, discoverer of protein 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... There have been two famous people by the name of George Grey. ... Yanchep is located 56 km north of Perth, Western Australia. ... A Corroboree is a ceremonial meeting of Australian Aborigines. ... Yanchep is located 56 km north of Perth, Western Australia. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Yamatji is the name of an important Aboriginal people of the Murchison, Gascoyne and Pilbara regions of the North West of Western Australia, and comes from the word friend in the local languages of the area. ... Smallpox vaccine being administered. ... The Stolen Generation is a term used to describe the Australian Aboriginal children, usually of mixed descent, who were removed from their families by Australian government agencies and church missions, under various state acts of parliament, denying the rights of parents and making all Aboriginal cildren wards of the state... Maigo is a 5th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Norte, Philippines. ... Munday can refer to: Anthony Munday, an English dramatist Munday, Texas Category: ... The Binjareb, Pindjarup or Pinjareb is the name of the Indigenous Australian group of Noongar speakers, living in the region of South West Western Australia between Port Kennedy on the coast, between Rockingham and Mandurah to Australind on the Leschenault Inlet, and between a point between Byford and Armadale on... There have been two famous people by the name of George Grey. ... Geraldton is a town in Western Australia located 424 km north of Perth. ...

Period 4: The Period from Survival to Assimilation - 1881 - 1943

The sixty years from 1881 to the 1940s can be neatly divided into two by the passage of the 1905 Aboriginal Act, which created institutionalised racism and created what amounted to Aboriginal "concentration camps" in which the Aboriginal people were to be confined until the race became extinct. It began with the Fairburn Report which first drew attention to the "Aboriginal Problem". This institutionalised racism, like the racism of the Nazi period in Germany, the racism of the southern states of the USA, and the racism of South Africa, reached its peak in the 1930s. The "final solution to the Aboriginal problem" was to take all children from Aboriginal parents, who were considered as "biologically capable of having children, but not socially capable of raising them". This "solution" continued beyond this period until well into the 1970s. The major task confronting Aboriginal people throughout this period was how their cultures could survive.

• 1881 C.D.F. Foss appointed magistrate and with a company of police troops and 3 Aboriginal trackers, he travelled across the Gascoyne investigating complaints and imposing sentences that were later shown to be illegal and excessive. Pastoralists had made Aboriginal people de-facto slaves on their own land, in contravention of British law. By marking a cross on a "contract", Aboriginal people were forced to work as a shepherd, shearer, shed hand, domestic servant or concubine. Once "assigned" the men and women were considered the "property" of the station, and could be arrested and sent back by the police if they "absconded". Consistent absconders had their feet burned or were branded by their master's initial. The Fairburn Report, which reported on these abuses was howled down by angry pastoralists in Parliament. Aboriginal labour in the state was recorded as 1,640 men and 706 women, nearly 7% of the total white population of the time, estimated at 30,013 people.

• June 1881 The first judicial court held on Brockman's station. Four Aboriginal men were tried and sentenced to be transported to Rottnest Island. Aboriginal resistance in the north grew in intensity. Gascoyne, Lyons and the Upper Minilya tribes were said to be the worst in the state. Charles Gayle asked that the government to shut its eyes for 6 months and he would put an end to the depredations by exterminating the troublemakers.

• 1882 Flogging of Aboriginal prisoners on Rottnest was legalised, although it had already been abolished for whites. John Forrest spoke in favour of the punishment. Only the cat-of-nine-tails was prohibited, but its use continued, being used at the Moore River settlement at least until 1940. It was admitted in the Legislative Council that the great majority of convictions of Aboriginal people to Rottnest, had been illegal. Governor Ord intervened and a large number of Aboriginal people were released from custody. Alexander Crawfords, running a sheep station in the Murchison, and writing to his fiance, Lillie Matthews in Victoria, wrote of the continuous way in which whites "in arms" were engaged in "nigger hunts". Lillie was horrified at the brutality he so casually described. The Gold Rushes brought still more unattached men to Western Australia, many contracting both legal and defacto marriages with Aboriginal women. Typical was Anderson, a Fin, who married Lucy Bobbinet, and having three children before she was abandoned by her husband in 1899.

• 1883 The Attorney General, Hensman, introduces a bill to parliament to extend the powers of Magistrates in the north, and to legalise all questionable sentences to Rottnest Island that had occurred. The Colonial Secretary, Malcolm Fraser, said at the second reading speech, the bill was intended to "affirm the convictions made by Mr Foss at the Gascoyne"^[24]. A Commission of Inquiry into the treatment of Aboriginal prisoners on Rottnest confirmed that the identifying disks on prisoners were sometimes exchanged, resulting in the alteration of sentences, and the release of prisoners often in alien territory from which they were then forbidden to leave. Over 179 Rottnest island prisoners, mostly from the north, were in conditions so overcrowded that more than 60 died from a bout of influenza. The second great measles epidemic entered the state via Albany, spreading to Bunbury, York, Fremantle, Perth, Geraldton and Carnarvon. Ten died at New Norcia as a result, and with a combined influenza outbreak, it combined to kill 64 prisoners at Rottnest. In this year Victoria River station, in the Kimberley, was stocked for the first time.

• 1884 Alexander Forrest publishes his report on the Kimberley expedition, estimating that some 10 million acres are available for grazing sheep and cattle. Just before Forrest had left Darwin, the Commissioner of Crown Lands had been presented with 26 applications to take up the most promising lands in the Kimberley. Adam Johns and Phil Saunders, following Forrest's route, discovered Gold at Halls Creek. David Carly wrote to England saying "the whole system of Horrors as is done to the Natives" would continue until the "Home Government send someone here who has got a mind that will not be ruled by a few Settlers whose Heart is set on getting Gold by any means". In Bridgetown, a third Aboriginal reserve of 100 acres was established.

• 1885 The Duracks settle Lissadell station in the Kimberleys. E.T. Hardiman, the government geologist, confirms the find of Halls Creek gold. Fifteen men at the field clash with local Aborigines, but resistance to miners declined as the numbers increased. An amendment to the Dog Act states that Aboriginal people in the state are only allowed one dog and then only if it is licensed. Most Aboriginal people in the state could not afford the license, and so police could shoot any Aboriginal hunting dog any time they wished.

• January 1885 Henry Parry, the Anglican Archibishop lodged for new "mission reserves" to be established for the Vasse, Murchison, Ashburton and Gascoyne. He welcomes the Rev. J.B. Gribble and sends him to work amongst the Aborigines in the Gascoyne. Gribble arrives in Perth and is introduced to the Governor, Sir Napier Broome. He is given letters of introduction to Maitland Brown and Alexander Forrest. On arriving in Carnarvon Gribble was welcomed by Foss the Magistrate, however, at the time he witnessed six Aboriginal men and one Aboriginal woman, chained by the neck to a tree, awaiting the magistrates visit, still some weeks away. Thirty seven men were chained inside a tin shed in the summer heat. Moving to the Kimberley, Gribble discovered that police raiding parties, along the Fitzroy were organised to keep the pearling industry supplied with "blackbirded" Aborigines to work on the luggers, in contravention of the earlier Pearl Shell Fisheries Act. Many pastoralists and jackeroos had taken Aboriginal concubines, but any girl who tried to run away was rounded up and escorted by police back to her "master". Finding no support amongst locals to end these practices Gribble travelled back to Perth to publicise what he had found. The uproar was huge. Rather than alienate those pastoralists who were contributing to the building of St Georges Cathedral, Bishop Parry decided to sacrifice Gribble to the indignation of the pastoralists.

• December 1885 a meeting of pastoralists in Carnarvon appoint Brockman, Maitland Brown and others to condemn Gribble's missionary work. Nothing changed. There was still no attempt to properly establish guilt of Aboriginal people "sentenced" to Rottnest from the north. For instance in December 28 men were found a quarter of a mile away from speared cattle and were found guilty of an offence without any evidence being presented, and were sentenced to 2 years on Rottnest

• January 1886 A petition is circulated to have Gribble removed. Gribble travelled then to Victoria, trying to drum up support against the WA pastoralists of the Gascoyne, and entertained people to packed halls with the stories of the atrocities he had witnessed. So grim were the reports that women and children were refused admittance. In his talks he exposed the widespread practice of "child labour" and condemned the "assignment system" as slavery. He protested the abuses of the court system in Carnarvon, where it was admitted that convictions against Aboriginals were secured with a single uncorroborated word of any settler, with the person being transported to Rottnest, often to die. Gribble reported that he had been shot at in the bush and nearly lynched when sailing to Perth. When he was met by "Christian communicants" in Fremantle, he was told that Aboriginal people should be treated "only as horses or dogs". Winthrop Hackett, then Editor of the Western Australian called Gribble "a lying, canting humbug", and Gribble sued him for libel. At the height of the controversy, Governor Broome classified as confidential a series of reports from the Government Resident of Roebourne, Lieutenant Colonel E. F. Angelo, documenting the slavery and murder perpetrated by local pearlers, settlers, and the local magistrate, who was offering to kidnap Aborigines for the pearlers at a cost of five pounds a head, or to shoot them for 2s 6p each. "The fears of the whites" he wrote, was "more a cause of disorder than the aggression of the blacks". About 6-700 Aborigines were then used in diving off the pearling luggers. Had these reports been made available Gribble would have won his case against Hackett, but he lost, and in disgrace, Gribble left the state, and publishes "Dark Deeds in a Sunny Land" a fierce castigation of his opponents that created a furore so that the welfare of the Aboriginals was obscured by much blackening of reputations until the 1905 Aboriginal Act.

• 1886 Following the furor over the Fairburn Report and the work of the Rev. John Gribble, parliament introduced the Aborigines Protection Act 1886 (WA) which introduced employment contracts between employers and Aboriginal workers over the age of 14. There was no provision in the 1886 WA Act for contracts to include wages. However, employees were to be provided with "substantial, good and sufficient rations", clothing and blankets. The 1886 WA Act provided a Resident Magistrate with the power to indenture 'half-caste' and Aboriginal children, from a suitable age, until they turned 21. An Aboriginal Protection Board, was also established to prevent the abuses reported earlier, but rather than protect Aborigines, it mainly succeeded in putting them under tighter government control. It was intended to enforce contracts, employment of prisoners and apprenticeships, but there was not sufficient power to enforce clauses in the north, and they were openly flouted. The Act defined as "Aboriginal" "every Aboriginal native of Australia, every Aboriginal half-caste, or child of a half-caste". Governor Broome insisted that the act contain within it a clause permitting traditional owners to continue hunting on their tribal lands. The effect of the Act was to give increasing power to the Board over Aboriginal people, rather than setting up a system to punish whites for wrong-doing in relation to Aboriginal people. An Aboriginal Department was set up, under the office of the Chief Protector of Aborigines. Nearly half of the Legislative Council voted to amend the act for contract labour as low as 10 but it was defeated. Mackenzie Grant, the member for the north claimed that child labour of 6 or 7 was a necessary commonplace, as "in this way they gradually become domesticated". The Atourney General Septimus Burt, in debate on the 2nd reading speech, claimed that contracts were being issued, not for current work, but to hold Aboriginal people as slaves on stations for potential future work, and so prevent them from being free to leave.

• 1886 dealings with "natives" in Western Australia had been the responsibility of the British Colonial Office. In 1886 an Aboriginal Protection Board was established with five members and a secretary, all of whom were nominated by the Governor. Protectors of Aborigines were appointed by the board under the conditions laid down in the Aborigines Protection Act of 1886. In theory, Protectors of Aborigines were empowered to undertake legal proceedings on behalf of Aboriginal people. As the board had very limited funds Protectors received very limited remuneration, and so a range of people were appointed as local Protectors, including Resident Magistrates, Jail Wardens, Justices of the Peace and in some cases ministers of religion, though most were local Police Inspectors. The minutes of the board show they mostly dealt with matters of requests from religious bodies for financial relief and reports from Resident or Police Magistrates pertaining to trials and convictions of Aboriginal people under their jurisdiction.^{[citation needed]}

• 1893 Education Act of Western Australia gave white parents the power to object to any Aboriginal child attending any school also attended by their children, a provision which saw Aboriginal children progressively and completely excluded from the state education system.

• 1897, as part of the Western Australian Government's attempt to gain control of Aboriginal Affairs, the Aborigines Department was set up as a result of the Aborigines Act 1897, which had abolished the Aborigines Protection Board. The Department operated as a subdepartment of the Treasury, with a very small staff under the Chief Protector of Aborigines, Henry Charles Prinsep. Repeated cuts in finances for the operating budget of the Aborigines Department, partly resulting from the 1905 Aborigines Act, saw this department merged in 1909 to form the Department of Aborigines and Fisheries.

• 1904 Royal Commission on the Administration of Aborigines and the Condition of the Natives chaired by Dr Walter Edmund Roth (1861-1933), Chief Protector of Aborigines in Queensland, was conducted in 1904, and discussed the growing "half-caste problem". Most Aborigines were living in regional areas, where sexual exploitation of Aboriginal women by whites led to an increasing number of "degenerate" mixed race children who were subsequently abandoned by their fathers. It led in 1905 to a new Act which extended the definition of Aboriginal to all half caste children and made all Aboriginal persons as wards of the state with the Chief Protector of Aborigines made legal guardian in place of the parents, with powers to remove children from their parents care and place them in custodial situations.

As the The Honourable J.M. Drew stated

I think it is our duty not to allow these children, whose blood is half-British, to grow up as vagrants and outcasts, as their mothers are now. There is a large number of absolutely worthless black and half-castes about who grow up to lives of prostitution and idleness; they are a perfect nuisance; if they were taken away from their surroundings of temptation much good might be done with them. There is no power to do this now, consequently a half - caste who possesses few of the virtues and nearly all the vices of whites, grows up to be a mischievous and very immoral subject. This Bill will tend, in a great measure, to remedy this abuse. I may say it may appear to be a cruel thing to tear away an Aborigine child from its mother, but it is necessary in some cases to be cruel to be kind.

• 1908 Bernier and Dorre Islands were used for the isolation and treatment of Aboriginal people from north Western Australia believed to be suffering from venereal disease. The Lock Hospitals were established with female patients residing in an existing house on Bernier Island, and accommodation for males being built near White Beach on Dorre Island. It seems that the patients and their families often had little idea of where or why they were taken. Patients were kept on the islands until they were cured or died. Those who were fit enough hunted game, fished and worked to establish and maintain the hospitals. Remnants of the hospital buildings and artefacts from this era still remain on the islands.

• 1910 Daisy Bates visits Bernier and Dore Islands and describes the hospitals as "tombs of the living dead".

• 1911 Aborigines Act Amendment Act significantly extended the Protector's guardianship power to remove Aboriginal children to the 'exclusion of the rights of the mother of an illegitimate or half caste child'. In that year 200 Aboriginal people had camped on the fringes of Katanning, in order to allow their children to get an education, but under the powers of the 1893 Education Act, parents in 1914 demanded that Aboriginal children be excluded from their school, and in 1915 the Katanning white community, acting on its own, had local police remove the Aboriginal fringe dwellers to what was the equivalent of a concentration camp at Carrolup.

• 1913 Admissions decrease on Bernier and Dore Island due to increased costs.

• 1915, the appointment of A. O. Neville as Protector of Aborigines saw a change in policy. He saw the Aboriginal population of Western Australia as comprising two groups

• Full blood Aborigines, who were to be segregated from the community in order that they could become extinct.
• Half-caste Aborigines, who were to be assimilated through intermarriage within the white community as quickly as possible.

• 1918 Bernier and Dore Islands abandoned and the hospitals were closed and the patients and buildings relocated to Port Headland. Hospital records were poorly kept so exact figures cannot be ascertained, but more than 700 patients were admitted of whom close to 200 died on the islands.

• 1922 in interests of economy and expediency the Carrolup River Native Settlement was shut and inmates transferred to Moore River Native Settlement near Moora, and the Carrolup land taken over by local farmers.

• 1934 The Moseley Royal Commission heard evidence in 1934 that the Moore River Native Settlement a 'woeful spectacle', buildings over-crowded (by at least 50%), buildings and clothing was vermin ridden, there was no vocational training except for the chores given by staff, the diet lacked all fresh fruit, vegetables, eggs, milk, and health of inmates was seriously affected. Solitary confinement imprisonment of children in the "Boob" was stated to be barbarous and must be stopped. The Commission ruled that in its present condition it had 'no hope of success' with the children in its care.

Nevertheless Neville continued in his role as Chief Protector to argue before the Moseley Royal Commission of 1934 for an extension of his powers, and despite some opposition to this the commission agreed to support his recommendation. In 1936 Sections 8 and 12 of the new Native Administration Act the Chief Protector's guardianship powers were increased still further by a new definition of "native child" to mean any child with any Aboriginal descent, and further widened the scope of the Chief Protector's guardianship and therefore jurisdiction over all Aboriginal people in Western Australia.

is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British colonies. ... Images of Aboriginal people from a 1914 student textbook. ... Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Katanning is a town located 277 km south east of Perth, Western Australia. ... Fringe Dwellers is often the name given to groups of Aboriginal Australians who camp on the outskirts of Australian towns and cities, that through law or land alienation they have become excluded from. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Auber Octavius Neville (October 20, 1875–April 18, 1954) was a bureaucrat in Western Australia. ... The Moore River Native Settlement was the name of the now defunct Aboriginal settlement located 135 km north of Perth and 10 km west of Mogumber in Western Australia, near the headwaters of the Moore River. ... Moora, Western Australia. ... The Moseley Royal Commission, officially titled the Royal Commission Appointed to Investigate, Report and Advise Upon Matters in Relation to the Condition and Treatment of Aborigines. ...

Period 5: The period from assimilation to self determination - 1943 to the present

This period began with the first modern resistance to covert white exploitation; the Great Stockman's Strike of 1946. It, like the other periods, can be divided into two by the events of 1967, in which Aboriginal people were at last recognised as Australian, and by the passage of the 1975 Racial Discrimination Act, which for the first time since 1829 recognised Aboriginal people as equal under the law. The passing of the Mabo and Wik High Court Decisions, which recognised Aboriginal people as in possession of the land at the date of white settlement, is an appendix to these changes. This period is still not complete, as the Western Australian Labor government is still resisting the Native Title claim of the Noongar people. The 1946 Pilbara strike was a landmark strike by Indigenous Australian pastoral workers in the Pilbara region of Western Australia for human rights recognition and payment of fair wages and working conditions. ...

• 1954 A new Native Welfare Act in 1954 did nothing to limit these removal powers under the 1936 Act, which continued unabated. However amendments to the Native Welfare Act in 1963 repealed all previous legislation and abolished the Chief Protector's powers to remove children of Aboriginal descent from their biological parents. Nevertheless the removal of Aboriginal children continued under the arbitrary implementation of the broad provisions of the Child Welfare Act of 1947.

• 1972 a departmental reorganisation resulted in the functions of the then Native Welfare Department being spilt between two newly created Departments, the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority (AAPA) and the Department of Community Welfare (now the Department for Community Development), responsible for the care and placement of Aboriginal children in the welfare sector. The creation of the AAPA led to the end of the "Stolen Generation" as for the first time policies were enacted which allowed children of Aboriginal descent, considered at risk of neglect, to be fostered first and foremost by other members of their families. In this way, a century of acute suffering finally came to an end, having effectively achieved a large degree of the cultural genocide of Aboriginal groups south of the 26th parallel under its sway.

• 16 October 1987 Prime Minister Robert Hawke launches the Muirhead Royal Commission Inquiry into Deaths in Custody found Western Australia had the greatest number of cases to be heard with 36 deaths being reported to the Commission. Of those, 32 were found to be within jurisdiction and reported upon.

• 28 June 1988 with the hearing into the death of Charles Michael. Due to the enormity of the task in Western Australia with the number of deaths to be investigated and size of the State, it was decided that another Commissioner was needed to assist with the conduct of inquiries in this State.

• 27 October 1988 Commonwealth Letters Patent issued to conduct inquiries into the deaths of Aboriginals who had died in custody in Western Australia and elsewhere in Australia as directed by Commissioner Muirhead.

• 30 May 1989 Presentation of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. Very many of the recommendations were never implemented, leading to a continuation of the problem of Aboriginal deaths in custody.

• 3 June 1992, The Ruling of the Australian Supreme Court, under Justice Gerard Brennan, in the case Eddie Mabo versus the state of Queensland (2) accepts for the first time in Australian history that Indigenous people did have legal rights to land in Australia, and that the legal ruling terra nullius was not a legal situation.

• 10 December 1992 In launching the International Year of Indigenous Peoples, Prime Minister Paul Keeting in his Redfern Address stated "It was we who did the dispossessing. We took the traditional lands and smashed the traditional way of life. We brought the diseases. The alcohol. We committed the murders. We took the children from their mothers. We practised discrimination and exclusion. It was our ignorance and our prejudice. And our failure to imagine these things being done to us."

• October 1994 the Federal Minister for Aboriginal Affairs. addressing the Going Home Conference in Darwin, announced he would be writing to Michael Levarch, the Attormey-General, with the suggestion that the Equal Rights and Opportunities Commission investigate why thousands of Aboriginal children had been separated from their families and communities in the 20th century^[25].

• 1994 Australian Bureau of Statistics finds that 10.1% of those aged between twenty five years of age and 44 years of age had been separated from their families, and 10.6% of those aged more than 44 had suffered the same.

• 1996 inquiry headed by Sir Ronald Wilson, former High Court Judge and President of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, and Mick Dodson, Social Justice Commissioner, takes 2 years collecting oral and written evidence across Australia, with assistance of all Australian governments except the Howard Commonwealth Government, which refused them access to Northern Territory records, and refused the inquiry's request for additional funds ^[26]. Dr Eric Hunter conducted a report on Aborigines in the Kimberley and found that one quarter of elderly Aborigines and one in seven of those middle aged had been separated from their families.

• December 1996 the Wik People versus Queensland case demonstrates that pastoral agreements do not exitinguish native title as established under the Mabo judgement. This in 1998 required modification of the Native Title Tribunal legislation of 1994.

• 26 May 1997 The Bringing Them Home Report also called "Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families", presented to Federal Government, confirms that Aboriginal people from 1910 until 1970s saw the removal of between one in three to one in ten Aboriginal children who had suffered "gross violation of their human rights" and comprised "an act of genocide, aimed at wiping out Indigenous families, communities and cultures". The Federal Government of John Winston Howard refuses to apologise for the genocidal destruction of the Aboriginal people and their culture, out of fear that financial compensation may be required.

• June 1997 Australians for Native Title launch the "Sorry Book" initiative giving ordinary Australians a chance to respond to the failure of the Federal Government to give an unreserved apology under the findings of the Bringing them Home Report. The books became a popular way for ordinary Australians to express their desires for Reconciliation.

• 6 September 1997, Robert Bropho sues cartoonist Dean Acheson of the Western Australian for a cartoon that pointed offensively to the struggle amongst Western Australian Noongars after the return of Yaga's head to the state.

• 26 May 1998 declared "Sorry Day" as an annual day of celebration of reconciliation between Aboriginal communities and non-Indigenous Australians.

• 6 March 2000 Richard Court, Premier of Western Australia fails to achieve modification of Native Title Legislation, modelled upon the failed Liberal Federal Government legislation in the Northern Territory, after having spent millions of dollars of tax payers money in an attempt to secure the extinguishment of native title on pastoral leases in Western Australia, in contravention of the Wik ruling.

• 2000 the Spinifex People of the Eastern Wangai are the second Western Australian group to be awarded lands under the Native Title ruling,

• December 2002 the Gordon Inquiry, "Putting People First" tabled in Western Australian parliament. The report stressed

• The urgent need to strengthen and improve responses to abuse and violence in Aboriginal communities.
• The need for long term strategies and solutions to address the endemic nature of abuse and violence in many communities.
• Meeting the needs of current and future generations of Aboriginal children through simultaneous, long-term environmental, social and economic improvements that will result in sustainable communities.^[27]

• 10 August 2004 the collection of 461 Sorry Books out of the estimated 1,000 that were produced held by the AIATSIS Library was inscribed on the UNESCO Australian Memory of the World Register.

• 16 September 2006 The ruling by Supreme Court Judge Wilcox in the Bennell versus Western Australia case, confims the survival of the Noongar people and their customary title to lands of the south west corner of Western Australia. "Justice Wilcox found the Noongar community had continued to exist despite the descent system being disrupted through mixed marriage and people being forced off their land and dispersed to other areas as a result of white settlement. Justice Wilcox said families had kept in contact. Many, if not most, children learned at least some Noongar language while traditional skills, beliefs and as much as possible, land laws, had been preserved. As a consequence, Justice Wilcox found there was a case for native title"^[28]. The Labor Party Government of Alan Carpenter announces that they will appeal against the deal.

• 14 May, 2007 ABC Lateline program reports graphic details of rampant sexual abuse of Aboriginal children, following from the Roger's report on “Child Sexual Assault and Some Cultural Issues in the Northern Territory.”

• 21 May 2007 Report finds that Aboriginal people are "grossly disadvantaged in negotiations with miners bcause the Native Title Tribunal has failed for more than a decade to exercise its veto over mining leases". As a result companies have known leases would be granted even if negotiations failed. As a result Aboriginal groups have been forced to agree to "grossly inadequate compensation packages", because their "hands are tied behind their backs" ^[29]. As a result Aboriginal groups are seriously missing out on the resources boom currently propelling growth in the Australian economy.

• 31 May 2007 The Western Australian State Government announces on the 40th Anniversary of the Referendum that it will investigate wages stolen from Aboriginal people. Up to 75% of all Aboriginal Wages paid to Aboriginal people according to provisions of the 1905 Aboriginal Act were held in a Trust Account by state government and never repaid, following the "Stolen Wages" enquiry of the Australian Federal Senate. Brian Wyatt of the Goldfields Land and Sea Council, announces for the Goldfields Region alone the amount could amount to $150 million. The NSW Government set up a compensation scheme in 2005, and the Queensland government set up a special compensation fund of $56 million in 2002 ^[30].

• 21 June 2007 Australia’s Aborigines were stripped of the right of self-rule after the Government declared the widespread sexual abuse of Aboriginal children to be a national emergency equivalent to the Katrina Hurricane in the USA. John Howard, the Prime Minister, banned the sale of alcohol across an area the size of France and imposed restrictions on access to pornography. He also announced tight controls on welfare benefits, which will be cut if children fail to attend school. Aboriginal families will be required to spend at least half their fortnightly welfare on food and essentials.

• 25 July 2007 The Federal Government Minister of Aboriginal Affairs Mal Brough announces his intention to abolish the Community Development Employment Program, a "work for the dole scheme" which enabled Aboriginal people in many remote areas to obtain work working in not-for-profit Aboriginal-run organisations providing subsidised services to remote Aboriginal communities, not provided by conventional government or industry. As this is the major source of employment for these areas, unemployment in remote Aboriginal communities is likely to rise from 30% to over 50%, and the quality of life experienced by people living in such centres is expected to fall.

• 5 August 2007 The high rate of suicide in indigenous communities in Western Australia will be scrutinised by the State Coroner, Alastair Hope. The ABC reported the coordinator of the Kimberley Aboriginal Law and Culture Centre, Wes Morris, says there was a recent public meeting of 180 residents concerned about the high number of suicides. "In addition to the suicides there is also the large number of accidental deaths and we know that one of the root causes of both the suicides and the accidental deaths is the high rate of alcohol use in this community", he said. "There's absolute despair in the community. There's so many families within the community who have been affected in such a deep and personal way."^[31]

• 5 September 2007 The results of the 2006 Census show the average life expectancy of Aboriginal people is 17 years less than non-Aboriginal Western Australians. Survival at birth for Aboriginal people in Western Australia is less than that for rural Bangladesh.

Portrayal of The taking of the children on the Great Australian Clock, Queen Victoria Building, Sydney The Stolen Generation (or Stolen Generations) is a term used to describe the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, usually of mixed descent who were removed from their families, under the rationale of... For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... Hon Bob Hawke Robert James Lee Hawke (born December 9, 1929), Australian trade union leader and politician, was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia. ... is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (1987-1991) investigated allegations of murder of Australian Aboriginals in prison. ... is the 154th day of the year (155th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Sir Gerard Brennan, was born in Rockhampton, Queensland, on 22 May 1928. ... Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (commonly known as Mabo) was a landmark Australian court case which was decided by the High Court of Australia on June 3, 1992. ... Terra nullius (English pronunciation , Latin pronunciation IPA: ) is a Latin expression deriving from Roman Law meaning no mans land, i. ... is the 344th day of the year (345th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... The Wik Decision is a decision of the High Court of Australia in Wik Peoples v. ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Bringing Them Home cover Bringing Them Home is the title of the Australian Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families. The enquiry was established by the federal Attorney-General, Michael Lavarch, on 11 May 1995, in response to efforts... John Howard John Winston Howard (born July 26, 1939), is an Australian politician and the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, coming to office on March 11, 1996 and winning re-election in 1998, 2001 and 2004. ... is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Robert Bropho (born 1930) is an indigenous Australian activist in Perth, Western Australia. ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Richard Fairfax Court AC (born Nedlands, September 27, 1947), was Liberal Party Premier of Western Australia between 1993 and 2001. ... Native title is a concept in the law of Australia that recognises the continued ownership of land by local Indigenous Australians. ... The Wik Decision is a decision of the High Court of Australia in Wik Peoples v. ... The vast and harsh Nullarbor plain, as seen from space. ... Wangai, Wongai or Wankai is the name given by themselves to the 26 Aboriginal groups of the Goldfields of Western Australia. ... Native title is a concept in the law of Australia that recognises the continued ownership of land by local Indigenous Australians. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Noongar (alternate spellings: Nyungar/Nyoongar/Nyoongah),[1] are an indigenous Australian people who live in the southwest corner of Western Australia from Geraldton on the west coast to Esperance on the south coast. ... Alan Carpenter Alan Carpenter (born January 4, 1957), Australian politician, is the 28th Premier of Western Australia. ... is the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 151st day of the year (152nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

References