The abortion debate refers to discussion and controversy surrounding the moral and legal status of abortion. The two main groups involved in the abortion debate are the pro-choice movement, which generally supports access to abortion and regards it as morally permissible, and the pro-life movement, which generally opposes access to abortion and regards it as morally wrong. Each movement has, with varying results, sought to influence public opinion and to attain legal support for its position. In Canada, for example, abortion is available on demand,^[1] while in Nicaragua abortions are always illegal. In the USA, abortion is generally legal but subject to restrictions in some jurisdictions and circumstances. In some cases, the abortion debate has led to the use of violence. This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... This article is about the social movement. ... The controversial abortion-breast cancer (ABC) hypothesis posits a causal relationship between having an induced abortion and a higher risk of developing breast cancer in the future. ... A crisis pregnancy center is a non-profit organization, generally established by Christian pro-life supporters, as a means of encouraging pregnant women not to have abortions. ... The legalized abortion and crime effect is the highly controversial theory that the legalization of abortion in the United States, due to Roe v. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The issue of when a fetus can feel pain is a highly divisive and keenly debated one when considering the experience of a fetus during abortion. ... The term fetal rights can refer either to legal rights accorded to fetuses or to the moral rights that some people ascribe to them. ... Issues of discussion The genetics and abortion issue is an extension of the abortion debate and the disability rights movement. ... Late-term abortions are abortions which are performed during the late stages of pregnancy. ... A uniquely controversial issue, particularly in American politics, is abortion. ... Issues of discussion Post-abortion syndrome (PAS), post-traumatic abortion syndrome and abortion trauma syndrome, are terms primarily used by opponents of abortion[1][2] and a minority of health care professionals to describe a proposed diagnosis of psychopathological characteristics which may be observed in some women following a medically... Many jurisdictions have laws applying to minors and abortion. ... The paternal rights and abortion issue is an extension of both the abortion debate and the fathers rights movement. ... Societal attitudes towards abortion have varied throughout different historal periods and cultures. ... A self-induced abortion is an abortion that a pregnant woman causes herself to have without direct medical aid. ... Issues of discussion Sex-selective abortion is the targeted abortion of a fetus based upon its sex. ... Issues of discussion Unsafe abortion is a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in the world, especially in developing countries (95% of unsafe abortions take place in developing countries). ... The term women’s rights typically refers to freedoms inherently possessed by women and girls of all ages, which may be institutionalized or ignored and/or illegitimately suppressed by law or custom in a particular society. ... Issues of discussion Abortion-related violence is criminal violence committed against individuals and organizations that provide abortion. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... This article is about the social movement. ... Issues of discussion Abortion-related violence is criminal violence committed against individuals and organizations that provide abortion. ...

Terminology

Many of the terms used in the debate are seen as political framing: terms used to validate one's own stance while invalidating the opposition's. For example, the labels "pro-choice" and "pro-life" imply endorsement of widely held values such as liberty and freedom, while suggesting that the opposition must be "anti-choice" or "anti-life" (alternatively "pro-coercion" or "pro-death"). Such terms gloss over the underlying issue of which choice or life is being considered and whose choice or what kind of life is deemed most important. In media studies, sociology and psychology, framing is a process of selective control over the individuals perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases. ... Liberty is generally considered a concept of political philosophy and identifies the condition in which an individual has immunity from the arbitrary exercise of authority. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Appeals are often made in the abortion debate to the alleged "rights" of the fetus, pregnant woman or other parties. Such appeals can generate confusion if the type of rights is not specified (whether civil, natural, or otherwise), or if it is simply assumed that the right appealed to takes precedence over all other competing rights (an example of begging the question). For the direction right, see left and right or starboard. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... For other uses, see Universalism (disambiguation). ... In logic, begging the question describes a type of logical fallacy, petitio principii, in which the conclusion of an argument is implicitly or explicitly assumed in one of the premises. ...

The appropriate terms with which to designate the human organism prior to birth are also debated. The terms "embryo" and "fetus" are seen by pro-life advocates as dehumanizing; the terms "baby" and "unborn child" are seen by pro-choice advocates as emotionalized. Likewise, there is debate between use of the terms "woman" and "mother". For other uses, see Embryo (disambiguation). ... “Unborn child” redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... “Baby” redirects here. ... // What is it? Emotionalism has been mentioned in many books, movies, and plays. ... Diverse women. ... For other uses, see Mother (disambiguation). ...

Political debate

Politics refers to the processes, defined and limited through legal documents, by which decisions (laws) are made in governments. In politics, rights are the protections and privileges legally granted to citizens by the government. Regarding abortion law, the political debate usually surrounds a right to privacy, and when or how a government may regulate abortion. For example, there is abundant debate regarding the extent of abortion regulation. Some argue that it is illegal for governments to regulate abortion any more than other medical practices.^[2] Some argue that governments may regulate abortions after the 20th week,^[3] viability,^[4] or the second trimester.^[5] Some want to regulate all abortions, starting from conception.^[6] The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. ... This article is about law in society. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city but now a state), and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... International status of abortion law  Legal on demand  Legal for rape, maternal life, health, mental health, socioecomic factors, and/or fetal defects  Legal for or illegal with exception for rape, maternal life, health, fetal defects, and/or mental health  Illegal with exception for rape, maternal life, health, and/or mental... Privacy has no definite boundaries and it has different meanings for different people. ... “Unborn child” redirects here. ... The human gestation period of approximately 40 weeks between the time of the last menstrual cycle and delivery is traditionally divided into three periods of three months, or trimesters. ...

Privacy

Time has stated that the issue of bodily privacy is "the core" of the abortion debate.^[7] In political terms, privacy can be understood as a condition in which one is not observed or disturbed by government.^[8] Privacy, in relation to abortion, is defined as the ability of a woman to "decide what happens to her own body".^[7] Time (whose trademark is capitalized TIME) is a weekly American newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report. ... Privacy has no definite boundaries and it has different meanings for different people. ...

While governments are allowed to invade the privacy of their citizens in some cases, they are expected to protect privacy in all cases lacking a compelling state interest. Abortions are recognized as being private, but are criticized for producing the negative effect of the death a biological human. Critics argue that abortion regulation is valid because the state interest in protecting prenatal life is compelling. Defenders argue either that there is no state interest in regulating abortion, or that the woman's privacy is a more compelling interest. Strict scrutiny is the highest standard of judicial review used by courts in the United States. ...

Albert Wynn and Gloria Feldt on the steps of the U.S. Supreme Court to rally in support of Roe v. Wade.

File links The following pages link to this file: Roe v. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Roe v. ... Albert Wynn Albert Russell Wynn (born September 10, 1951) is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives representing the 4th district of the State of Maryland (map) since 1992. ... Gloria Feldt was the greatest woman I ever had the pleasure of meeting. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries  Atlas  Politics Portal      The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym... Holding Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion violated her due process rights. ...

U.S. judicial involvement

Roe v. Wade, which struck down state laws banning abortion in 1973, was the first of many cases that have defined abortion law in the United States. Since Roe, abortion has been legal throughout the country, but states have placed varying regulations on it, from requiring parental involvement in a minor's abortion to restricting late-term abortions. Holding Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion violated her due process rights. ... Many jurisdictions have laws applying to minors and abortion. ... Late-term abortions are abortions which are performed during the late stages of pregnancy. ...

Critics of the Roe decision argue that it is an example of judicial activism and that it should be overturned so that abortion law can be decided by legislatures.^[9] Justice Potter Stewart, who joined with the majority, viewed the Roe opinion as "legislative" and asked that more consideration be paid to state legislatures.^[10] In response to an argument that the judiciary can "call the contending sides of national controversy to end their national division", Justice Antonin Scalia wrote: Judicial activism is a term used by political commentators to describe a tendency by judges to consider outcomes, attitudinal preferences, and other public policy issues in interpreting applicable existing law. ... Potter Stewart (January 23, 1915 – December 7, 1985) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. ... Antonin Gregory Scalia (born March 11, 1936[1]) is an American jurist and the second most senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. ...

Quite to the contrary, by foreclosing all democratic outlet for the deep passions this issue arouses, by banishing the issue from the political forum that gives all participants, even the losers, the satisfaction of a fair hearing and an honest fight, by continuing the imposition of a rigid national rule instead of allowing for regional differences, the Court merely prolongs and intensifies the anguish [over abortion].^[11]

Some also cite Gonzales v. Carhart as judicial activism.^[12] In upholding the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, Carhart is the first judicial opinion upholding a legal barrier to a specific abortion procedure. The majority of information on this page is speculative. ... It has been suggested that Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 1995 be merged into this article or section. ...

"No to abortion" at a 2007 meeting with Pope Benedict XVI in São Paulo, Brazil.

Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 525 pixels Full resolution (2701 × 1772 pixel, file size: 812 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Abortion debate Pro-life Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 525 pixels Full resolution (2701 × 1772 pixel, file size: 812 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Abortion debate Pro-life Metadata... This article is becoming very long. ... This article is about the city. ...

Church and state

The separation of church and state is an oft-debated topic in connection with abortion. Many churches have official positions on abortion, and there is a correlation between these official positions and the personal positions of adherents. Some argue that efforts to codify official church positions are an illegal breach of separation. Some argue that churches are an important source of information, resources, and incentives to engage in the political process.^[13] Religious influences are closely tied to ethical opposition of abortion,^[14] and ethical opposition often impels people toward political opposition. Some argue that separation of church and state should include separation of religion from politics.^[15] Arguments regarding church intrusion are defended by referencing the similar ethical arguments against abortion that are made by atheists.^[16] Constantines Conversion, depicting the conversion of Emperor Constantine the Great to Christianity, by Peter Paul Rubens. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Positive linear correlations between 1000 pairs of numbers. ... For information about the band, see Atheist (band). ...

Ethical debate

Main articles: Ethical aspects of abortion and Philosophical aspects of the abortion debate

Ethics refers to "moral philosophy," or the study of values and the analysis of right and wrong. In contrast with politics, ethics goes beyond what is or can be legal to what should be legal. In ethics, rights have no connection with legal documents, like a constitution, but are presented as inherent. Regarding abortion, the ethics debate usually surrounds whether an embryo has rights, and whether those rights should take precedence over a woman's. For many, there is a strong correlation between religion and abortion ethics. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Issues of discussion The philosophical aspects of the abortion debate are presented in the form of a number of logical arguments which can be made in support of or opposition to abortion. ... For other uses, see Ethics (disambiguation). ... A moral is a one sentence remark made at the end of many childrens stories that expresses the intended meaning, or the moral message, of the tale. ... The philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock as ordered by the court. ... Value is a term that expresses the concept of worth in general, and it is thought to be connected to reasons for certain practices, policies or actions. ... Ethics (from Greek ἦθος meaning custom) is the branch of axiology, one of the four major branches of philosophy, which attempts to understand the nature of morality; to distinguish that which is right from that which is wrong. ... For other uses, see Universalism (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Personhood

Some argue that abortion is wrong based on a belief that an embryo is an innocent person with a right to live.^[17] Others argue that the designation of an embryo as a person is incorrect. If it is accepted that an embryo is innocent and biologically human, it may be debated whether an embryo should be referred to as a person with any rights.^[18] Some define personhood through a set of criteria. A being need not exhibit every criterion to qualify as a person, but failure to exhibit most is proposed as disqualification. One list includes consciousness (at least the capacity to feel pain), reasoning, self motivation, the ability to communicate on many possible topics, and self-awareness.^[19] Right to life is a phrase that describes the belief that a human being has an essential right to live, particularly that a human being has the right not to be killed by another human being. ... In colloquial English, person is often synonymous with human. ... Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ... Reasoning is the mental (cognitive) process of looking for reasons to support beliefs, conclusions, actions or feelings. ... Self motivation is the ability to satisfy a desire, expectation, or goal without being influenced to do so by another person. ... Communication is a process that allows organisms to exchange information by several methods. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Self-consciousness. ...

Lists like this are intended to help someone be able to objectively distinguish between a biological human and a person. According to the author of this list, an embryo is not a person because it satisfies only one criterion, namely consciousness (and this only after it becomes susceptible to pain).^[20] Other lists apply similar criteria, concluding that an embryo lacks personhood (and a right to life) because it lacks self-consciousness,^[21] rationality,^[22] and autonomy.^[23] These lists diverge over precisely which features confer a right to life,^[24] but tend to propose that they are developed psychological features not found in embryos. In science, the ideal of objectivity is an essential aspect of the scientific method, and is generally considered by the scientific community to come about as a result of strict observance of the scientific method, including the scientists willingness to submit their methods and results to an open debate by... The issue of when a fetus can feel pain is a highly divisive and keenly debated one when considering the experience of a fetus during abortion. ...

Criticism of this line of reasoning begins with two classes of persons (after birth) in which these criteria do not confer personhood: those who are comatose, and infants. Just like embryos, comatose patients (even when the coma is reversible) do not satisfy the criteria—they are not conscious, do not communicate, and so on. Therefore, based on the criteria, these are not "persons" and lack a right to life.^[25] Likewise, infants do not begin to exhibit additional criteria—beyond embryos— until around one year old. Mary Ann Warren concedes that infants are not "persons" by these criteria,^[26] and others state that infanticide could be morally acceptable under some circumstances (i.e. if the infant is severely disabled^[27] or in order to save the lives of other infants^[28]). Critics of this formulation argue that these allowances are a major failure of defining personhood by observed characteristics. In medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep) is a profound state of unconsciousness, which may result from a variety of conditions including intoxication (drug, alcohol or toxins), metabolic abnormalities (hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, etc. ... “Baby” redirects here. ... Mary Ann Warren is an American writer and philosophy professor. ... In sociology and biology, infanticide is the practice of intentionally causing the death of an infant of a given species, by members of the same species - often by the mother. ...

An alternate definition of personhood relies on a being's natural capacity instead of its current observable capacity. It is argued that being the kind of being that can develop itself to the point of exhibiting the criteria is what is crucial. Biological humans have this natural capacity—and have it essentially. By this view, personhood begins at conception^[29] and it is not possible for an embryo to fail to have a right to life.^[30] It is argued that both definitions rely on arbitrary distinctions.^[31][32] An essential property of an object is one that, if lost, would mean the object to cease being that type of object. ... The term conception can refer to more than one meaning: Concept Fertilisation This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Pro-life demonstrators in Washington, D.C. symbolically cover their mouths with red tape.

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x1278, 434 KB) Summary A pro-life group is symbolically gagged during a vigil in front of the Supreme Court in Washington DC. Photo by Ben Schumin on February 1, 2006. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x1278, 434 KB) Summary A pro-life group is symbolically gagged during a vigil in front of the Supreme Court in Washington DC. Photo by Ben Schumin on February 1, 2006. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ...

Deprivation

Some argue that abortion is wrong because it deprives the embryo of a valuable future.^[33] By this argument, killing any human being is wrong because it deprives the victim of a valuable future: any experiences, activities, projects, and enjoyments that would have been enjoyed.^[34] Thus, if a being has a valuable future ahead of it—a "future like ours"—then killing that being would be seriously wrong.^[35] As an embryo has a valuable future, the "overwhelming majority" of deliberate abortions are placed in the "same moral category" as killing an innocent adult human being.^[36] Not all abortions are deemed to be seriously wrong. According to this formulation, abortion may be justified if the same justification can be applied to killing a postnatal human.

Criticism of this line of reasoning follows several threads. Some argue that the personal identity of the embryo is questionable, arguing that humans are not biological organisms, but rather embodied minds that come into existence when the brain gives rise to certain developed psychological capacities.^[37] By this criticism, the embryo would not itself have a future of value, but would merely have the potential to give rise to a different entity that would have a future of value. Some argue that deprivation of a valuable future is not possible if there are no psychological connections (i.e. memory, belief, desire, etc.) between the being as it is at death and the being as it would have become.^[38] Some criticize this argument due to the inequalities it creates.^[39] As some futures appear to contain much more value than others—a middle class person’s future has much less gratuitous pain and suffering than someone in extreme poverty—some killings would turn out to be much less wrong than others. Some argue that killing is not wrong because of future value but because of the interest one has in its future. They argue that an embryo's lack of conscious interest in its future dismisses this formulation. Some argue that gametes have equal potential as a zygote, arguing that this reasoning deems contraception to be wrong. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The middle class (or middle classes) comprises a social group once defined by exception as an intermediate social class between the nobility and the peasantry. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows what he found. ... Gametes (in Greek: γαμέτες) —also known as sex cells, germ cells, or spores—are the specialized cells that come together during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. ... It has been suggested that Biparental zygote be merged into this article or section. ...

The 2004 March for Women's Lives near the Washington Monument.

Photo from the 2004 March for Womens Lives, taken by me File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Photo from the 2004 March for Womens Lives, taken by me File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Marchers on the National Mall Participants leaving the Washington Metro at Stadium-Armory after the march The March for Womens Lives was a demonstration for abortion rights and womens rights, held April 25, 2004 on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., and possibly the largest protest ever... The Washington Monument at dusk For other Washington Monuments, see Washington Monuments (world). ...

Bodily rights

Main article: A Defense of Abortion

Some argue that abortion is right (or permissible) because it allows a woman her right to control her body. This formulation is irrespective of the rights ascribed to embryos. The argument holds that the decision to carry an embryo to term falls within the prerogative of each woman. Forcing a woman to continue an unwanted pregnancy is made analogous to forcing one person's body to be used as a dialysis machine for another person suffering from kidney failure. A Defense of Abortion is a moral philosophical paper by Judith Jarvis Thomson first published in 1971. ... This article is about human pregnancy in biological females. ... In medicine, dialysis is a type of renal replacement therapy which is used to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function due to renal failure. ... Renal failure is when the kidneys fail to function properly. ...

Criticism of this line of reasoning argues that the given analogy is poor. It is argued that the analogy (with a person suffering from kidney failure) overlooks tacit consent^[40] and subsequent responsibility^[41] for having participated in intercourse; the embryo is the woman's child as opposed to a stranger^[42]; and that abortion kills the embryo and does not merely let it die.^[43][44] Some defend this formulation, dismissing these objections as morally irrelevant or inapplicable.^[45] In informal logic an objection, also known as a refutation, is a reason arguing against a premise, lemma or main contention. ...

Another argument in favor of abortion is the questionable quality of life for unwanted children when a woman is forced to carry a pregnancy to term. This is particularly relevant in the case of rape victims, as well as women who, due to youth or disability, are incapable of caring for a child, or sometimes even fully understanding the situation.

See also

The controversial abortion-breast cancer (ABC) hypothesis posits a causal relationship between having an induced abortion and a higher risk of developing breast cancer in the future. ... Governments sometimes take measures designed to afford legal protection of access to abortion. ... Conscience clauses are clauses in laws in some parts of the United States which permit pharmacists, physicians, and other providers of health care not to provide certain medical services for reasons of religion or conscience. ... There is widespread controversy over stem cell research fue to techniques used in the creation and usage of embryonic stem cells. ... Abortion, in its most common usage, refers to the voluntary or induced termination of pregnancy, generally through the use of surgical procedures or drugs. ... Issues of discussion The genetics and abortion issue is an extension of the abortion debate and the disability rights movement. ... The legalized abortion and crime effect is the highly controversial theory that the legalization of abortion in the United States, due to Roe v. ... The paternal rights and abortion issue is an extension of both the abortion debate and the fathers rights movement. ... Issues of discussion Post-abortion syndrome (PAS), post-traumatic abortion syndrome and abortion trauma syndrome, are terms primarily used by opponents of abortion[1][2] and a minority of health care professionals to describe a proposed diagnosis of psychopathological characteristics which may be observed in some women following a medically... The Roe effect is a theory about the long-term effect of abortion on the political balance of the United States, which suggests that since supporters of abortion rights, cause the erosion of their own political base, the practice of abortion will eventually lead to the restriction or illegalization of... Sex-selective abortion is the practice of aborting a fetus after a determination (usually by ultrasound but also rarely by amniocentesis or another procedure) that the fetus is an undesired sex, typically female. ... Societal attitudes towards abortion have varied throughout different historal periods and cultures. ...

Notes

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) was the 70th Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Holding A Pennsylvania law that required spousal notification prior to obtaining an abortion was invalid under the Fourteenth Amendment because it created an undue burden on married women seeking an abortion. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ... The term conception can refer to more than one meaning: Concept Fertilisation This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Look up prima facie in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

References

• Boonin, David (2003). A Defense of Abortion, Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy. Boulder: University of Colorado. ISBN 0521520355. 
• Lee, Patrick (1996). Abortion and Unborn Human Life. Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 0813208467. 
• Lee, Patrick (June 2004). "The Pro-Life Argument from Substantial Identity: A Defense". Bioethics 18 (3): 249. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00393.x. Lay summary – Blackwell Synergy (2007-05-25). 
• Mappes, Thomas A.; David DeGrazia (2001). Biomedical Ethics. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0072303654. 
• Marquis, Don (April 1989). "Why Abortion is Immoral". The Journal of Philosophy 86 (4): 183-202. DOI:10.2307/2026961. Lay summary – JSTOR (2007-05-25). 
• McMahan, Jeff (2002). The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life, Oxford Ethics Series. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195169824. 
• Warren, Mary Ann (1973). "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion". Thomas A. Mappes, David DeGrazia Biomedical Ethics: 456-461, McGraw-Hill. 
• Warren, Mary Ann (1982). "Postscript on Infanticide". Thomas A. Mappes, David DeGrazia Biomedical Ethics: 461-463, McGraw-Hill. 
• Schwarz, Stephen D. (1990). The Moral Question of Abortion. Chicago: Loyola University Press. ISBN 0829406239. 
• Singer, Peter (2000). Writings on an Ethical Life. Ecco (HarperCollins). ISBN 0060198389. 
• Stone, Jim (December 1987). "Why Potentiality Matters". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 17 (4): 815-830. 
• Stretton, Dean (June 2004). "Essential Properties and the Right to Life: A Response to Lee". Bioethics 18 (3): 264-282. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00394.x. Lay summary – Blackwell Synergy (2007-05-25). 
• Tooley, Michael (1972). "Abortion and Infanticide". Philosophy and Public Affairs 2 (1): 37-65. Lay summary – JSTOR (2007-05-25). 

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jeff McMahan is an American philosopher. ... Mary Ann Warren is an American writer and philosophy professor. ... Mary Ann Warren is an American writer and philosophy professor. ... For other persons named Peter Singer, see Peter Singer (disambiguation). ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Overview of abortion policies in Europe, from the BBC
• Findlaw: full text of Roe V Wade decision, plus discussion
• Abortion and Ethics Case studies, ethical and Christian responses and resources for students
• Public opinion on when abortion is acceptable
• Reasons why women have induced abortions, evidence from 27 countries
• Experimental Wiki for Exploring the Abortion issue
• Are There 'Pro-Life' Libertarians?, a question answered by Dr. Mary Ruwart