Abraham Kuyper
Portrait of Abraham Kuyper by Jan Veth Image File history File links Portrait of Abraham Kuyper by Jan Veth (1900). ...
Prime Minister of the Netherlands
In office 1 August 1901 – 17 August 1905
Preceded by	Nicolaas Pierson
Succeeded by	Theo de Meester
Constituency	several
Born	October 29, 1837(1837-10-29) Maassluis, Netherlands
Died	November 8, 1920 The Hague, Netherlands
Political party	Anti Revolutionaire Partij
Spouse	Johanna Hendrika Schaay
Religion	Reformed
Signature

Abraham Kuyper (October 29, 1837, Maassluis – November 8, 1920 The Hague; name officially "Kuijper") was a Dutch politician, journalist, statesman and theologian. He founded the Anti-Revolutionary Party and was prime minister of the Netherlands between 1901 and 1905. The prime minister of the Netherlands is the head of the cabinet, and, as such, coordinates the policy of the government. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Nicolaas Gerard Pierson (February 7, 1839 - December 24, 1909) was born in the city of Amsterdam and was a Dutch Liberal financial and economic expert, and statesman. ... Theodoor Herman de Meester (union-liberal) was Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1905-1908. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Church of Maassluis Maassluis (population: 32,847 in 2004) is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006)  - Municipality 98. ... The Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (Dutch for Anti Revolutionary Party) was the first Dutch political party. ... The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, in short Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest protestant church in the Netherlands until it merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands in 2004. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Church of Maassluis Maassluis (population: 32,847 in 2004) is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006)  - Municipality 98. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A politician is an individual who is a formally recognized and active member of a government, or a person who influences the way a society is governed through an understanding of political power and group dynamics. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Statesman is a respectful term used to refer to politicians, and other notable figures of state. ... Theology is literally rational discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, rational discourse). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. ... The Anti Revolutionary Party (in Dutch: Anti Revolutionaire Partij, ARP) is a dutch protestant, Christian democratic political party. ... The prime minister of the Netherlands is the head of the cabinet, and, as such, coordinates the policy of the government. ...

Life

Life before politics

Kuyper was home schooled by his father, Jan Frederik Kuyper, who was a minister for the Dutch Reformed Church in Hoogmade, Maassluis, Middelburg and Leiden. He had no formal primary education, but received secondary education at the Gymnasium of Leiden. In 1855 he graduated from the gymnasium and began to study literature, philosophy and theology at Leiden University. He received his propedeuse literature in 1857, summa cum laude, and philosophy in 1858, also summa cum laude. He also took classes in Arabic, Armenian, and physics. In 1862 he was promoted to doctor in Theology on basis of a dissertation called "Disquisitio historico-theologica, exhibens Johannis Calvini et Johannis à Lasco de Ecclesia Sententiarum inter se compositionem" (Theological-historical dissertation showing the differences in the rules of the church, between John Calvin and John Łaski). It compared the views of John Calvin and Jan Łaski, Kuyper showed a clear sympathy for the more liberal Łaski. During his studies Kuyper was a member of the modern tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. Homeschooling (also called home education) is the education of children at home and in the community, in contrast to education in an institution such as a public or parochial school. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Jacobswoude (population: 10,692, 2004/01/01) is a municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. ... Church of Maassluis Maassluis (population: 32,847 in 2004) is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. ... This is about the city in the Netherlands. ... Leyden redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Secondary education - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The different levels of education in the Netherlands Education in the Netherlands is characterized by division: education is oriented toward the needs and background of the pupil. ... Old book bindings at the Merton College library. ... The philosopher Socrates about to take poison hemlock as ordered by the court. ... Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... Leiden University, located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands[1]. It is a member of the Coimbra Group, the Europaeum and the League of European Research Universities. ... Upon the introduction of the international bachelor-master system, the Netherlands has maintained a diploma called the propedeuse[1], often referred to as P by students in Dutch. ... Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an academic degree was earned. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... This is a discussion of a present category of science. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. ... Jan Łaski Jan Łaski, John Laski, Johannes Alasco, John a Lasco (b. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Liberal Christianity, sometimes called...

In may 1862 he was officially made minister and 1863 he became minister for the Dutch Reformed Church for the parish in Beesd. In the same year he married Johanna Hendrika Schaay. They would have five sons and three daughters. In 1864 he began corresponding with the anti-revolutionary MP Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, who heavily influenced his political and theological views (see below). Since 1866 he began to sympathize with the orthodox tendency within the Dutch Reformed Church. He was inspired by the simple reformed faith of Pietje Balthus, a farmer's wife. He began to oppose the centralization in the church, the role of the King and began to plead for the separation of church and state. In 1867 Kuyper was asked to become minister for the parish in Utrecht and he left Beesd. In 1870 he was asked to come to Amsterdam. In 1871 he began to write for the "De Heraut" ("The Herald") . In 1872 he founded his own paper, "De Standaard" ("the Standard") this paper would lay the foundation for the network of reformed organization, (the reformed pillar), which Kuyper would found. For other types of minister, see Minister In Christian churches, a minister is a man or woman who serves a congregation or participates in a role in a parachurch ministry; such persons can minister as a Pastor, Preacher, Bishop, Chaplain, Deacon or Elder. ... Geldermalsen is a municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. ... Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (August 21, 1801 - May 19, 1876), Dutch politician and historian, was born at Voorburg, near the Hague. ... The Netherlands have been an independent monarchy since March 16, 1815, and have been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau since. ... Constantines Conversion, depicting the conversion of Emperor Constantine the Great to Christianity, by Peter Paul Rubens. ... Utrecht ( (help· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... Nickname: Motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig (Valiant, Determined, Compassionate) Location of Amsterdam Coordinates: , Country Province Government  - Mayor Job Cohen (PvdA)  - Aldermen Lodewijk Asscher Hennah Buyne Carolien Gehrels Tjeerd Herrema Maarten van Poelgeest Marijke Vos  - Secretary Erik Gerritsen Area [1][2]  - City 219 km²  (84. ... Pillarization is a term used to describe the way their dutch and belgians dealt with the multicultural societies. ...

Political Life

Member of Parliament

In 1873 he tried to enter parliament for the district Gouda, but he was defeated by the conservative lord Willem de Brauw. In 1874 Kuyper succeeded and was elected into the Tweede Kamer for the district of Gouda. He defeated the liberal Herman Verners van der Loeff. He consequently moved to the Hague, without telling his friends in Amsterdam. In parliament he showed particular interest for education, especially the equal financing of public and religious schools. In 1876 he wrote "Our Program" which would lay the foundation for the Anti Revolutionary Party Kuyper would found. In this program he formulated the principle of antithesis, the conflict between the religious (reformed and catholics) and non-religious. In 1877 he left the Tweede Kamer because of problems with his mental health, suffering from overexertion. Goudas 15th Century Town Hall Flag of Gouda Goudas Cheese Market Gouda (population 71,797 in 2004) is a city in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. ... The Tweede Kamer (second chamber) is the lower house of the Staten-Generaal, the parliament in the Netherlands. ... Coordinates: , Country Netherlands Province South Holland Area (2006)  - Municipality 98. ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... The Anti Revolutionary Party (in Dutch: Anti Revolutionaire Partij, ARP) was a Dutch Protestant Christian democratic political party. ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ...

In 1878 he returned to politics, he led the petition against a new law on education, which would further disadvantage religious schools. This was an important impetus for the foundation of the Anti-Revolutuonary Party (ARP) in 1879, of which Kuyper would be chairman between 1879 and 1905. He would be the indisputed leader of the party between 1879 and 1920. His followers gave him the nickname "Abraham de Geweldige" (Abraham the Great). In 1880 he founded the Free University in Amsterdam and he was made professor of Theology there. He also served as its first rector magnificus. In 1881 he also became professor of literature. In 1886 he left the Dutch Reformed Church, with a large group of followers. The parish in Amsterdam was made independent of the church, and kept their own building. Between 1886 and 1892 they would be called the Dolerenden, (those with grievances). In 1892 those Dolerenden founded a new denomination called The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands after merging with other orthodox Reformed people who had seceded from the Dutch Reformed Church in 1834. Look up Petition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... Free University may refer to: The Free University of Berlin, a university in Berlin, Germany. ... The word rector (ruler, from the Latin regere) has a number of different meanings. ... The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, in short Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest protestant church in the Netherlands until it merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands in 2004. ...

In 1894 Kuyper was re-elected into the Tweede Kamer for the district of Sliedrecht. He defeated the liberal Van Haaften and the anti-takkian anti-revolutionary Beelaerts van Blokland. He also ran as a candidate in Dordrecht and Amsterdam, but was defeated there. In the election he joined the so-called Takkians, in a conflict between the liberal minister Tak, and a majority Tweede Kamer. Tak wanted to reform the census-suffrage, but a majority in parliament rejected his proposal. Kuyper favoured the legislation because he expected the enfranchised lower class voters would favour his party. This orientation towards the lower classes gave him the nickname "De bellringer of the common people" (klokkeluider van de kleine luyden). His position on suffrage also led to a conflict within the ARP: a group around Alexander de Savornin Lohman was opposed on principle to universal suffrage because they rejected popular sovereignty; they left the ARP to found the CHU in 1901. The authoritarian leadership of Kuyper also played an important role in this conflict. Lohman opposed party discipline and wanted MPs to make up their own mind, while Kuyper favoured strong leadership. After the elections Kuyper became chair of the parliamentary caucus of the ARP. In his second term as MP he concentrated on more issues than education, like suffrage, labour, and foreign affairs. In foreign affairs especially the Second Boer War was of particular interest to him, in the conflict between the Dutch-speaking reformed farmers and the English-speaking anglicans he sided with the Boers, and heavily opposed the English. In 1896 Kuyper voted against the new suffrage law of Van Houten, because according to Kuyper the reforms did not go far enough. In the 1897 elections Kuyper competed in Zuidhorn, Sliedrecht and Amsterdam. He was defeated by liberals in Zuidhorn and Amsterdam, but he defeated the liberal Wisboom in Sliedrecht. In Amsterdam he was defeated by Johannes Tak van Poortvliet. As an MP Kuyper kept his job as journalist, and he even became chair of the Dutch Circle of Journalists in 1898; when he left in 1901 he was made honorary president. In the same year, at the invitation of B.B. Warfield, Kuyper delivered the Stone Lectures at Princeton Seminary, which was his first widespread exposure to a North American audience. He also received a honorary doctorate in law there. During his time in the United States, he also traveled to address several Dutch reformed congregations in Michigan and Iowa and presbyterian gatherings in Ohio and New Jersey. National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Liberal Union (Liberale Unie) Radical League (Radicale Bond), party formation of the Radicals Categories: Elections in the Netherlands | 1894 ... Sliedrecht (population: 23,837 in 2004) is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. ... Satellite image of part of the Rhine-Meuse delta, showing the Island of Dordrecht and the eponymous city (7) Dordrecht (population 119,649 (2004)), or in English: Dort, is a city in the Dutch province of South Holland, the third largest city of the province. ... Nickname: Motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig (Valiant, Determined, Compassionate) Location of Amsterdam Coordinates: , Country Province Government  - Mayor Job Cohen (PvdA)  - Aldermen Lodewijk Asscher Hennah Buyne Carolien Gehrels Tjeerd Herrema Maarten van Poelgeest Marijke Vos  - Secretary Erik Gerritsen Area [1][2]  - City 219 km²  (84. ... Householder Franchise or census suffrage is where a homeowner has the right to vote in an election. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, intelligence, or economic or social status. ... Pooybuttpular sovereignty is the doctrine that the state is created by and therefore subject to the will of its people, who are the source of all political power. ... The Christian-Historical Union (CHU) was a Dutch Protestant party. ... Party discipline is the ability of a political party to get its members to support the policies of the party leadership. ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... The labour movement (or labor movement) is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and political governments, in particular through the implementation of specific laws governing labor relations. ... This article is about a journal. ... Combatants British Empire Orange Free State South African Republic Commanders Sir Redvers Buller Lord Kitchener Lord Roberts Paul Kruger Louis Botha Koos de la Rey Martinus Steyn Christiaan de Wet Casualties 6,000 - 7,000 (A further ~14,000 from disease) 6,000 - 8,000 (Unknown number from disease) Civilians... Look up Wiktionary:Swadesh lists for Afrikaans and Dutch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Samuel van Houten (February 17, 1837 - 14 October 1930) was a Dutch liberal politician. ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Christian Historical Voters League (Christelijke-Historische Kiezersbond) Free Anti Revolutionary Party (Vrije Anti-Revolutionaire Partij), offshoot of the Anti Revolutionary Party Free Socialists (Vrije Socialisten) League of Free Liberals (Bond van Vrije Liberalen) Liberal Union (Liberale Unie) Radical League (Radicale Bond... Zuidhorn ( (help· info)) is a municipality and a town in the northeastern Netherlands. ... Sliedrecht (population: 23,837 in 2004) is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. ... Nickname: Motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig (Valiant, Determined, Compassionate) Location of Amsterdam Coordinates: , Country Province Government  - Mayor Job Cohen (PvdA)  - Aldermen Lodewijk Asscher Hennah Buyne Carolien Gehrels Tjeerd Herrema Maarten van Poelgeest Marijke Vos  - Secretary Erik Gerritsen Area [1][2]  - City 219 km²  (84. ... B. B. Warfield Benjamin Breckinridge (B.B.) Warfield (November 5, 1851 - February 16, 1921) was the principal of Princeton Seminary from 1887 to 1921. ... The steeple of Alexander Hall Princeton Theological Seminary is a theological seminary located in the Borough of Princeton, New Jersey in the United States. ...

Minister President

Part of a series on Calvinism (see also Portal)

John Calvin

Background Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Five Solas Synod of Dort Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Calvinism is a theological... From [1], in the public domain This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. ... Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... “Augustinus” redirects here. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      For other uses, see Reformation (disambiguation). ... The Five Solas are five Latin phrases (or slogans) that emerged during the Protestant Reformation and summarize the Reformers basic beliefs and emphasis in contradistinction to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day. ... xxx cciiiox The Synod of Dort was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618/19, by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy in the Dutch churches initiated by the rise of Arminianism. ...

Distinctives Five Points (TULIP) Covenant Theology Regulative principle The Five points of Calvinism, sometimes called the doctrines of grace and remembered in the English-speaking world with the mnemonic TULIP, are a summary of the judgments (or canons) rendered by the Synod of Dordt reflecting the Calvinist understanding of the nature of divine grace and predestination as it... Covenant Theology is not to be confused with the Covenanters For Covenantal Theology in the Roman Catholic perspective, see Covenantal Theology (Roman Catholic). ... The regulative principle of worship is a Christian theological doctrine teaching that the public worship of God should include those and only those elements that are instituted, commanded, or appointed by command or example in the Bible; that God institutes in Scripture everything he requires for worship in the Church...

Documents Calvin's Institutes Confessions of faith Geneva Bible Institutes of the Christian Religion is John Calvins seminal work on Protestant theology. ... The Reformed churches express their consensus of faith in various creeds. ... The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. ...

Influences Theodore Beza John Knox Jonathan Edwards Princeton theologians To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other persons named John Knox, see John Knox (disambiguation). ... Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial American Congregational preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. ... The Princeton theology is a tradition of conservative, Christian, Reformed and Presbyterian theology at Princeton Seminary, in Princeton, New Jersey. ...

Churches Reformed Presbyterian Congregationalist Reformed Baptist -1... Presbyterianism is a form of church government which is most prevalent within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity. ... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... The name Reformed Baptist does not refer to a distinct Christian denomination, but instead is a description of the churchs theological leaning. ...

Peoples Afrikaner Calvinists Huguenots Pilgrims Puritans Scots Afrikaner Calvinism is, according to theory, a unique cultural development that combined the Calvinist religion with the political aspirations of the white Afrikaans speaking people of South Africa. ... In the 16th and 17th centuries, the name Huguenot was applied to a member of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, historically known as the French Calvinists. ... Pilgrims is the name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts. ... For the record label, see Puritan Records. ... “Scot” redirects here. ... This box: view • talk • edit

In the 1901 elections Kuyper was re-elected in Sliedrecht, defeating the liberal De Klerk. In Amsterdam he was defeated again, now by the freethinking liberal Nolting. He did not take his seat in parliament however but was instead appointed formateur and later prime minister of the Dutch cabinet. He also served as minister of Home Affairs. He originally wanted to become minister of labour and enterprise, but neither Mackay or Heemskerk, prominent anti-revolutionaries, wanted to become minister of home affairs, forcing him to take the portfolio. During his time as prime minister he showed a very authoritarian leadership style: he changed the rules of procedure of cabinet in order to become chair of cabinet for four years (before him, the chairmanship of the cabinet had rotated among its members). National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Christian Democratic Party (Christen-Democratische Partij) Christian Historical Voters League (Christelijke-Historische Kiezersbond) Free Anti Revolutionary Party (Vrije Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Freethinking Democratic League (Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond), merger of the Radical League with an offshoot of the Liberal Union Free Socialists... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Historical liberal parties | Netherlands political parties ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... The prime minister of the Netherlands is the head of the cabinet, and, as such, coordinates the policy of the government. ... The Interior Minister is a member of a Cabinet in a Government. ... Æneas baron Mackay Jr. ... Theodorus Heemskerk (Amsterdam, July 20, 1852- Utrecht, June 12, 1932), son of Jan Heemskerk, was a Dutch politician of the party ARP. From 1908 to 1913 Heemskerk was minister of the Interior and president of the Council of Ministers (a post later dubbed Prime Minister). ... Look up Procedure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The portfolio of home affairs at the time was very broad: it involved local government, industrial relations, education and public morality. The 1903 railway strike was one of the decisive issues for his cabinet. Kuyper produced several particularly harsh laws to end the strikes (the so-called "worgwetten", strangling laws), and pushed them through parliament. He also proposed legislation to improve working conditions; however only those on fishing and harbour construction passed through parliament. In education Kuyper changed several education laws to improve the financial situation of religious schools. His law on higher education, which would make the diplomas of faith-based universities equal to that of the public universities, was defeated in the Eerste Kamer. Consequently Kuyper dissolved the Eerste Kamer and after a new upper house was elected the legislation was accepted. He was also heavily involved in foreign policy, giving him the nickname "Minister of Foreign Travels". It has been suggested that Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act be merged into this article or section. ... Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ... The Eerste Kamer (literally First Chamber in Dutch) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament, the States-General. ...

Minister of State

In 1905 his ARP lost the elections and was confined to opposition. Between 1905 and 1907 Kuyper made a grand tour around the Mediterranean. In 1907 Kuyper became honorary doctor at the Delft University of Technology. In 1907 he was re-elected chair of the ARP, a post which he would hold to his death in 1920. In 1907 Kuyper wanted to return to parliament. In a by-election in Sneek he needed the support of the local CHU. They refused him support. This led to a personal conflict between Kuyper and De Savorin Lohman. In 1908 he came into conflict with Heemskerk, who had not involved him in the formation of the CHU/ARP/Catholic General League cabinet, thereby denying him the chance to return as minister. In 1908 Kuyper received the honorary title of minister of state. He was elected into the Tweede Kamer for the district of Ommen in the by-elections in the same year, defeating the liberal De Meester. He also ran in Sneek where he was elected as sole candidate. Kuyper took the seat for Ommen. In 1909 he was made chair of the committee which would write the new orthography of the Dutch language. In the same year he also received an honorary doctorate at the University of Louvain. In the 1909 elections he was re-elected in Ommen, defeating the liberal Teesselink, but he was defeated in Dordrecht by the liberal De Kanter. National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Christian Historical Voters League (Christelijke-Historische Kiezersbond) Free Anti Revolutionary Party (Vrije Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Freethinking Democratic League (Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond) Free Socialists (Vrije Socialisten) Frisian Christian Historical Union (Friese Christelijk-Historische Unie) League of Free Liberals (Bond van Vrije Liberalen... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Founded in 1842, the Delft University of Technology, in Delft, the Netherlands, is one of the oldest, largest, and most comprehensive technical universities in the Netherlands, with over 13,000 students and 2,100 scientists (including 200 professors). ... Sneek (Frisian Snits) is a municipality and a city in Fryslân in the northern Netherlands. ... Theodorus Heemskerk (Amsterdam, July 20, 1852- Utrecht, June 12, 1932), son of Jan Heemskerk, was a Dutch politician of the party ARP. From 1908 to 1913 Heemskerk was minister of the Interior and president of the Council of Ministers (a post later dubbed Prime Minister). ... The Algemeene Bond van RK-kiesverenigingen (General League of Roman-Catholic Caucasuses, informally called General League) was a Dutch Catholic Chrisitian-democratic political party. ... Minister of State is a title borne by officials in certain countries governed under the parliamentary system. ... Country Netherlands Province Overijssel Area (2006)  - Municipality 181. ... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Historical liberal parties | Netherlands political parties ... The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of writing in that language. ... Dutch (  ) is a West Germanic language spoken by around 23 million people, mainly in the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname, but also by smaller groups of speakers in parts of France, Germany and several former Dutch colonies. ... The Catholic University of Leuven, founded in 1425, is now the names of two Belgian universities, after the original university split in 1968: the Dutch-speaking Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and the French-speaking Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium This is a disambiguation page — a... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie), merger of the Free Anti Revolutionary Party, the Christian Historical Voters League and the Frisian Christian Historical Union Freethinking Democratic League (Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond) League of Free Liberals (Bond van Vrije Liberalen) Liberal Union (Liberale...

In 1909 he came under heavy criticism in the so-called decorations affairs (lintjeszaak). While minister of home affairs, Kuyper allegedly received money from one Rudolf Lehman, to make him Officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau. A parliamentary debate was held on the subject and a committee of wise men was instituted to research the claim. In 1910 the committee reported that Kuyper was innocent. Between 1910 and 1912 he was member of the committee headed by Heemskerk, which prepared a revision of the constitution. In 1912 he resigned his seat in parliament for health reasons, but he returned to politics in the following year, this time as a member of the Eerste Kamer for the province of South Holland. He would retain this seat until his death. In 1913 he was made commander int the Order of the Dutch Lion. During the First World War Kuyper sided with the Germans, because he had opposed the English since the Boer wars. In 1918 Kuyper played an important role in the formation of the first cabinet led by Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck. In 1920, at the age of 83 Kuyper died in The Hague and was buried amid great public attention. Order of Orange-Nassau Knights Medal, military division (male version) The Order of Orange-Nassau (Dutch: Orde van Oranje Nassau) is a military and civil order of the Netherlands which was first created on 4 April 1892 by the Queen regent Emma of the Netherlands, acting on behalf of... The Eerste Kamer (literally First Chamber in Dutch) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament, the States-General. ... South Holland (Dutch Zuid-Holland) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the west of the country on the North Sea coast. ... The Order of the Dutch Lion (De Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw) is an order (decoration) of the Netherlands which was first created in 1815 by the first King of the Netherlands, King William I. The Order of the Dutch Lion was until recently awarded upon eminent individuals from all... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Jhr. ...

Views

Kuyper theological and political views are linked. His orthodox Protestant beliefs heavily influenced his anti-revolutionary politics.

Theological views

Theologically Kuyper has also been very influential. He opposed the liberal tendencies within the Dutch Reformed Church. This eventually led to secession and the foundation of Reformed Churches in the Netherlands. He developed so-called Neo-Calvinism, which differs from conventional Calvinism over issues such as divine grace and the role of the state. Furthermore, Kuyper was the first to formulate the principle of common grace in the context of a Reformed world-view. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, in short Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest protestant church in the Netherlands until it merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands in 2004. ... Neo-Calvinism, a form of Dutch Calvinism, is the movement initiated by the theologian and former Dutch prime minister Abraham Kuyper. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Common Grace is a theological concept in Protestant Christianity, primarily in Reformed and Calvinistic circles, referring to the grace of God that is common to all humankind. ...

Most important has been Kuyper's view on the role of God in everyday life. He believed that God continually influenced the life of believers, and daily events could show his workings. Kuyper famously said, "No single piece of our mental world is to be hermetically sealed off from the rest, and there is not a square inch in the whole domain of our human existence over which Christ, who is Sovereign over all, does not exclaim: 'Mine!'" God continually re-creates the universe through acts of grace. God's acts are necessary to ensure the continued existence of creation. Without his direct activity creation would self-destruct. This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... Creation (theology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

Political views

Kuypers political ideals were orthodox-Protestant and anti-revolutionary.

The concept of sphere sovereignty was very important for Kuyper. He rejected the popular sovereignty of France in which all rights originated with the individual, and the state-sovereignty of Germany in which all rights derived from the state. Instead, he wanted to honour the "intermediate bodies" in society, such as schools and universities, the press, business and industry, the arts etc., each of which would be sovereign in its own sphere. In the interest of a level playing field, he championed the right of every faith community (among whom he counted humanists and socialists) to operate their own schools, newspapers, hospitals, youth movements etc. He sought equal government finances for all faith-based institutions. He saw an important role for the state in upholding the morality of the Dutch people. He favoured monarchy, and saw the House of Orange as historically and religiously linked to the Dutch people. His commitment to universal suffrage was only tactical; he expected the ARP would be able to gain more seats this way. In actuality, Kuyper wanted householder franchise where fathers of each family would vote for his family. He also favoured an upper house representing the various interest, vocational and professional groups in society. In Neo-Calvinism, sphere sovereignty is the concept that each sphere (or sector) of life has its own distinct responsibilities and authority or competence, and stands equal to other spheres of life. ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, intelligence, or economic or social status. ...

With his ideals he defended the interests of a group of middle class orthodox reformed, who were often referred to as "the little people" (de kleine luyden). He formulated the principle of antithesis: a divide between secular and religious politics. Liberals and socialists, who were opposed to mixing religion and politics were his natural opponents. Catholics were a natural ally, for not only did they want to practice religiously inspired politics, but they also were no electoral opponent, because they appealed to different religious groups. Socialists, who preached class conflict were a danger to the reformed workers. He called for workers to accept their fates and be happy with a simple life, because the afterlife would be much more satisfying and revolution would only lead to instability. At the same time he argued that the system of unrestricted free enterprise was in need of "architectonic critique" and he urged government to adopt labour legislation and to inspect workplaces. There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Historical liberal parties | Netherlands political parties ... The Social Democratic Workers Party (in Dutch: Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij, SDAP) was a Dutch socialist political party and a predecessor of the social-democratic PvdA. // Party History 1893-1904 The SDAP was founded by members of the Sociaal-Democratische Bond (SDB) after a conflict between anarchist and reformist factions. ... Class conflict is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different social classes and the underlying tensions or antagonisms which exist in society. ... The afterlife, or life after death, is a generic term referring to a continuation of existence, typically spiritual, experiential, or ghost-like, beyond this world (eg. ...

Legacy

Kuyper's political views and acts have influenced Dutch politics. Kuyper stood at the cradle of pillarization, the social expression of the anti-thesis in public life. His championing of parity treatment for faith-based organizations and institutions created the basis for the alliance between Protestants and Catholics that would dominate Dutch politics to the present day. One of the current governing parties of the Netherlands, the CDA, is still heavily influenced by Kuyper's thought. His greatest theological act, the founding of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands was undone in 2005 with the creation of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands which united the Dutch Reformed Church, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democracy, a constitutional monarchy and a decentralised unitary state. ... Pillarization is a term used to describe the way their dutch and belgians dealt with the multicultural societies. ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) (Dutch: Christen Democratisch Appèl) is a Dutch Christian-democratic political party. ... The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, in short Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest protestant church in the Netherlands until it merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands in 2004. ... The Protestant Church in the Netherlands (Protestantse Kerk in Nederland, PKN) is an organisation created on 1 May 2004 from the merger of the Dutch Reformed Church (Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk, NHK), the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, GKN) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Synod Seal of the Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1818-2004) The Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Evangelisch-Lutherse Kerk in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden) was a denomination in the Netherlands which existed from 1818 to 2004. ...

In the United States Kuyper's political and theological views have had a significant impact, especially in the Reformed community. He is considered the father of Dutch Neo-Calvinism and had considerable influence on the thought of philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd. Others that have been influenced by Kuyper include Francis Schaeffer, Cornelius Van Til, Alvin Plantinga, Nicholas Wolterstorff, Chuck Colson, Stephen Perks, R Tudur Jones and Bobi Jones. In 2006, Reformed Bible College, located in Grand Rapids, Michigan was renamed in honor of Abraham Kuyper and is now Kuyper College. Herman Dooyeweerd Herman Dooyeweerd (1894-1977) was a Dutch juridical scholar by training, who by vocation was a philosopher, and the founder of a new approach called, the philosophy of the cosmonomic idea. ... Francis A. Schaeffer (30 January 1912 – 15 May 1984), an American Evangelical theologian, philosopher, and Presbyterian pastor, is most famous for his writings and his establishment of the LAbri community in Switzerland. ... Cornelius Van Til Cornelius Van Til (May 4, 1895 - April 17, 1987), born in Grootegast, the Netherlands, was a Christian philosopher, Reformed theologian, and presuppositional apologist. ... Alvin Cornelius Plantinga (born 15 November 1932 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, of Frisian ancestry) is a contemporary American philosopher known for his work in epistemology, metaphysics, and the philosophy of religion. ... The philosopher Nicholas Paul Wolterstorff was born January 21, 1932 in Bigelow, Minnesota. ... Charles Wendell Chuck Colson was the chief counsel for President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... R. Tudur Jones R. Tudur Jones (1921-1998) was a Welsh Nationalist and a Protestant Christian. ... Emeritus Professor Robert Maynard Jones (born 1929) a Christian and a Welshman, best known as Bobi Jones is probably the most prolific Welsh writer in the history of the language. ... Kuyper College is a ministry-focused Christian leadership college located in Grand Rapids Charter Township, just northeast of the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan. ... Grand Rapids is the name of several places in the United States of America: Grand Rapids, Michigan Grand Rapids, Minnesota Grand Rapids, Ohio Grand Rapids, Wisconsin is the former name of Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin Grand Rapids is also the name of a town in Canada: Grand Rapids, Manitoba. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Area  Ranked 11th  - Total 97,990 sq mi (253,793 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 491 miles (790 km)  - % water 41. ... Kuyper College is a small ministry-focused Christian leadership college located in Grand Charter Rapids Township, just northeast of the city of Grand Rapids. ...

Bibliography

Works by Kuyper

Kuyper wrote several theological and political books during his lifetime.

• "Disquisitio historico-theologica, exhibens Johannis Calvini et Johannis à Lasco de Ecclesia Sententiarum inter se compositionem (Theological-historical dissertation showing the differences in the rules of the church, between John Calvin and John Łaski; his dissertation, 1862)
• "Conservatisme en Orthodoxie" (Conservatism and Orthodoxy; 1870)
• "Het Calvinisme, oorsprong en waarborg onzer constitutionele vrijheden. Een nederlandse gedachte" (Calvinism; the source and the safeguard of our constitutional freedoms. A Dutch thought; 1874)
• "Ons Program" (Our program; ARP political program, 1879)
• Antirevolutionair óók in uw huisgezin" (Anti-revolutionary in your family too; 1880)
• "Soevereiniteit in eigen kring" (Sovereignty in its own circle; 1880)
• Handenarbeid" (1889; Manual Labour)
• "Maranatha" (1891)
• "Het sociale vraagstuk en de Christelijke Religie" (The Social Question and the Christian Religion; 1891)
• "Encyclopaedie der Heilige Godgeleerdheid" (Encyclopedia of Sacred Theology; 1893-1895)
• "Calvinisme" (Lectures on Calvinism; six stone lectures Kuyper held at Princeton 1899)
• "De Gemene Gratie" (Common Grace; 1902-1905)
• "Parlementaire Redevoeringen" (parliamentary speeches; 1908-1910)
• "Starrentritsen" (1915)
• "Antirevolutionaire Staatkunde" (Anti-revolutionary politics; 1916-1917)
• "Vrouwen uit de Heilige schrift" (1897)

The steeple of Alexander Hall Princeton Theological Seminary is a theological seminary located in the Borough of Princeton, New Jersey in the United States. ... The steeple of Alexander Hall Princeton Theological Seminary is a theological seminary located in the Borough of Princeton, New Jersey in the United States. ...

Works about Kuyper

• Leroy Vogel (1937). Die Politischen Ideen Abraham Kypers und Seine Entwicklung als Staatsmann. University of Heidelberg. 
• Frank Vanden Berg [1960] (1978). Abraham Kuyper. St. Catharines, Ont.: Paideia Press. ISBN 0-88815-015-6. 
• Louis Praamsma (1985). Let Christ be King : Reflections on the Life and Times of Abraham Kuyper. Ontario: Paideia Press. ISBN 0-88815-064-4. 
• James D. Bratt (1998). Abraham Kuyper: A Centennial Reader. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 
• Peter Heslam (1998). Creating a Christian Worldview: Abraham Kuyper's Lectures on Calvinism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 
• James E. McGoldrick (2000). Abraham Kuyper, God's Renaissance Man. Evangelical Press. ISBN 0-85234-446-5. 
• John Bolt (2001). A Free Church, A Holy Nation: Abraham Kuyper's American Public Theology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 

External links

• Kuyper's Works at www.ccel.org
• Kuyperian articles
• Abraham Kuyper Center of Public Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary, which has some of his works online
• Online bibliography of literature about Abraham Kuyper maintained by Princeton Theological Seminary and the Vrije Universiteit
• Encyclopedia of Sacred Theology : Its Principles by Kuyper (in English translation) with a preface by B. B. Warfield
• Onze eeredienst by Kuyper (in Dutch)
• Biography
• "Heroes of the Faith: Abraham Kuyper", a lecture by W. Robert Godfrey of Westminster Seminary California

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